What is economic value, and who creates it? | Mariana Mazzucato

303,954 views ใƒป 2020-01-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shai Hakim
00:12
Value creation.
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืจืš,
00:14
Wealth creation.
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื•ืฉืจ.
ืืœื” ืžืœื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
00:16
These are really powerful words.
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00:17
Maybe you think of finance, you think of innovation,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื, ืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
00:20
you think of creativity.
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ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
00:22
But who are the value creators?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืขืจืš?
00:24
If we use that word, we must be implying that some people aren't creating value.
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ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืจืš.
00:28
Who are they?
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ืžื™ ื”ื?
00:29
The couch potatoes?
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ื‘ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืจืกื?
00:30
The value extractors?
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ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ ื”ืขืจืš?
00:32
The value destroyers?
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ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื™ ื”ืขืจืš?
00:34
To answer this question, we actually have to have a proper theory of value.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืš.
00:39
And I'm here as an economist to break it to you
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื”
00:42
that we've kind of lost our way on this question.
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•.
00:44
Now, don't look so surprised.
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ืืœ ืชื™ืจืื• ื›ื” ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื.
00:46
What I mean by that is, we've stopped contesting it.
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืกืงื ื• ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
00:50
We've stopped actually asking really tough questions
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ื”ืคืกืงื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฉื•ืช
ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืจืš ืœืžืฉื™ื›ืช ืขืจืš,
00:53
about what is the difference between value creation and value extraction,
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ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจืกื•ืช.
00:57
productive and unproductive activities.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื”ืงืฉืจ.
00:59
Now, let me just give you some context here.
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01:01
2009 was just about a year and a half after
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2009 ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™
ืื—ืจื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•,
01:05
one of the biggest financial crises of our time,
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01:07
second only to the 1929 Great Depression,
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ืฉื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ 1929,
ื•ืžื ื›"ืœ "ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ ื–ืงืก" ืืžืจ,
01:11
and the CEO of Goldman Sachs said
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01:13
Goldman Sachs workers are the most productive in the world.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ ื–ืงืก ื”ื ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:17
Productivity and productiveness, for an economist,
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ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ,
01:20
actually has a lot to do with value.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืื“ ืœืขืจืš.
01:21
You're producing stuff,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืงื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
ื”ืคืงื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื”.
01:23
you're producing it dynamically and efficiently.
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01:25
You're also producing things that the world needs, wants and buys.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ืคืงื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš, ืจื•ืฆื” ื•ืงื•ื ื”.
01:28
Now, how this could have been said just one year after the crisis,
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ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ
ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื --
01:32
which actually had this bank as well as many other banks --
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01:35
I'm just kind of picking on Goldman Sachs here --
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ื ื˜ืคืœืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ืœื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ ื–ืงืก --
01:37
at the center of the crisis, because they had actually produced
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ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื
01:40
some pretty problematic financial products mainly but not only related to mortgages,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช,
01:45
which saw many thousands of people actually lose their homes.
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ื•ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ืš ืฉืืœืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื.
01:49
In 2010, in just one month, September,
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ื‘-2010, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ,
01:52
120,000 people lost their homes through the foreclosures of that crisis.
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120,000 ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืœืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
01:58
Between 2007 and 2010,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 2007 ืœ-2010,
02:00
8.8 million people lost their jobs.
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8.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
02:03
The bank also had to then be bailed out by the US taxpayer
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ื•ื’ื, ืžืฉืœื ื”ืžืกื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืง
02:08
for the sum of 10 billion dollars.
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ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
02:11
We didn't hear the taxpayers bragging that they were value creators,
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ืœื ืฉืžืขื ื• ืฉืžืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืžืกื™ื ืžืชืคืืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืขืจืš,
02:14
but obviously, having bailed out
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ืœืฆื•
02:16
one of the biggest value-creating productive companies,
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ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
ืื•ืœื™ ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืชืคืืจื•.
02:19
perhaps they should have.
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02:20
What I want to do next is kind of ask ourselves
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
02:23
how we lost our way,
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ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื•,
02:25
how it could be, actually,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ
02:26
that a statement like that could almost go unnoticed,
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ืฉื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืฉืงื˜:
02:29
because it wasn't an after-dinner joke; it was said very seriously.
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ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ืื’ื‘ื™ืช. ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื”.
02:33
So what I want to do is bring you back 300 years in economic thinking,
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ืื– ื›ืขืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœืคื ื™ 300 ืฉื ื”,
02:37
when, actually, the term was contested.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
02:40
It doesn't mean that they were right or wrong,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ื˜ืขื”,
02:42
but you couldn't just call yourself a value creator, a wealth creator.
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ืืœื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืกืชื ื›ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืืชื” "ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืจืš" ืื• "ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขื•ืฉืจ".
02:45
There was a lot of debate within the economics profession.
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ื”ื™ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
02:48
And what I want to argue is, we've kind of lost our way,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื•,
02:51
and that has actually allowed this term, "wealth creation" and "value,"
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ื•ืฉื”ื ื—ื ื• ืœืžื•ื ื— "ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื•ืฉืจ", ืื• "ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืจืš",
ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื ืจืคื™ื ืœืžื“ื™
02:55
to become quite weak and lazy
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02:57
and also easily captured.
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ื•ืงืœื™ื ืœืื™ืžื•ืฅ.
02:59
OK? So let's start -- I hate to break it to you --
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืื– ื ืชื—ื™ืœ -- ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจืช ืœื‘ืฉืจ ืœื›ื --
ืœืคื ื™ 300 ืฉื ื”.
03:02
300 years ago.
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03:03
Now, what was interesting 300 years ago
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ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ 300 ืฉื ื”
03:05
is the society was still an agricultural type of society.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช.
03:09
So it's not surprising that the economists of the time,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื–,
03:12
who were called the Physiocrats,
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ืฉื ืงืจืื• "ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืงืจืื˜ื™ื",
03:14
actually put the center of their attention to farm labor.
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ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”.
ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื”ืขืจืš?"
03:18
When they said, "Where does value come from?"
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03:20
they looked at farming.
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
03:21
And they produced what I think was probably the world's first spreadsheet,
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ:
03:25
called the "Tableau Economique,"
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"ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช".
ื˜ื‘ืข ืื•ืชื• ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ืงืื ื™ื™, ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:27
and this was done by Franรงois Quesnay, one of the leaders of this movement.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื“,
03:31
And it was very interesting,
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03:32
because they didn't just say, "Farming is the source of value."
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืจืง ืืžืจื•, "ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขืจืš":
03:35
They then really worried about what was happening to that value
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืขืจืš
03:38
when it was produced.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืง.
03:39
What the Tableau Economique does --
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช --
03:41
and I've tried to make it a bit simpler here for you --
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื --
ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืœืงื” ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื”.
03:44
is it broke down the classes in society into three.
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03:46
The farmers, creating value, were called the "productive class."
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืขืจืš, ืฉื›ื•ื ื• "ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™",
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืง ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืฉื,
03:50
Then others who were just moving some of this value around
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03:52
but it was useful, it was necessary,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™.
03:54
these were the merchants;
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื,
03:55
they were called the "proprietors."
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื• "ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื",
03:57
And then there was another class that was simply charging the farmers a fee
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืžื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื‘ื” ืžื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืขืžืœื”
ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืžืฉื™, ื”ืงืจืงืข,
04:01
for an existing asset, the land,
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04:03
and they called them the "sterile class."
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื• "ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™".
04:05
Now, this is a really heavy-hitting word if you think what it means:
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ื–ืืช ืžื™ืœื” ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”:
04:09
that if too much of the resources are going to the landlords,
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ืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช,
04:13
you're actually putting the reproduction potential of the system at risk.
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ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
04:18
And so all these little arrows there were their way of simulating --
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืช --
04:21
again, spreadsheets and simulators, these guys were really using big data --
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื”, ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืขืชืง --
04:25
they were simulating what would actually happen under different scenarios
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:28
if the wealth actually wasn't reinvested back into production
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ืื ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
04:32
to make that land more productive
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ืชื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืจื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื•ื™ื™ืฉืื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
04:34
and was actually being siphoned out in different ways,
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04:36
or even if the proprietors were getting too much.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
04:39
And what later happened in the 1800s,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19,
04:41
and this was no longer the Agricultural Revolution
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ื•ืื– ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช
04:44
but the Industrial Revolution,
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ืืœื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
04:45
is that the classical economists,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื:
04:47
and these were Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, the revolutionary,
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ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช', ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืจื™ืงืจื“ื• ื•ืงืจืœ ืžืจืงืก ื”ืžื”ืคื›ืŸ,
04:51
also asked the question "What is value?"
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ืฉืืœื• ื’ื ื”ื: "ืžื”ื• ืขืจืš?"
04:54
But it's not surprising that because they were actually living
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื•
04:57
through an industrial era with the rise of machines and factories,
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ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื,
05:00
they said it was industrial labor.
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ื”ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉืขืจืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืžืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™,
05:02
So they had a labor theory of value.
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ื•ื”ื ื ื™ืกื—ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืš.
ืืš ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ,
05:05
But again, their focus was reproduction,
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05:07
this real worry of what was happening to the value that was created
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ื‘ื“ืื’ื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ
05:10
if it was getting siphoned out.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืื‘.
ื•ื‘"ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื",
05:12
And in "The Wealth of Nations,"
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05:13
Adam Smith had this really great example of the pin factory where he said
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ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช' ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ืช:
05:17
if you only have one person making every bit of the pin,
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ืื ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื”,
05:20
at most you can make one pin a day.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื™ื›ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื.
05:22
But if you actually invest in factory production and the division of labor,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื•ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
05:26
new thinking --
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ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” --
05:27
today, we would use the word "organizational innovation" --
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช" --
05:30
then you could increase the productivity
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืื– ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ,
05:32
and the growth and the wealth of nations.
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ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื.
05:34
So he showed that 10 specialized workers
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืขืฉืจื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื
05:37
who had been invested in, in their human capital,
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ืฉื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ื”ื, ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
05:40
could produce 4,800 pins a day,
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ 4,800 ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื,
05:42
as opposed to just one by an unspecialized worker.
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืกื™ื›ื” ืื—ืช ืข"ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื-ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ.
05:45
And he and his fellow classical economists
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื•, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื,
05:48
also broke down activities into productive and unproductive ones.
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ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืœืชื™-ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช.
05:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:52
And the unproductive ones weren't --
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื --
05:54
I think you're laughing because most of you are on that list, aren't you?
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื›ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:58
(Laughter)
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05:59
Lawyers! I think he was right about the lawyers.
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ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ! ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.
ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ื—ื•ืชื™ื...
06:02
Definitely not the professors, the letters of all kind people.
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06:05
So lawyers, professors, shopkeepers, musicians.
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ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื, ื—ื ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ื.
06:09
He obviously hated the opera.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื ื ืื•ืคืจื”.
ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•
06:11
He must have seen the worst performance of his life
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06:13
the night before writing this book.
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ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:15
There's at least three professions up there
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช
06:17
that have to do with the opera.
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืจื”.
06:18
But this wasn't an exercise of saying, "Don't do these things."
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘"ืืœ ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”",
06:21
It was just, "What's going to happen
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ืืœื ืจืง ื‘"ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”
06:23
if we actually end up allowing some parts of the economy to get too large
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"ืื ื ื ื™ื— ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™
06:27
without really thinking about how to increase the productivity
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"ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืš ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ
06:30
of the source of the value that they thought was key,
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"ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื–ื”", ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™,
06:33
which was industrial labor.
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ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืžืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
06:35
And again, don't ask yourself is this right or is this wrong,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืืœ ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื,
06:38
it was just very contested.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืžืื“ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
06:39
By making these lists,
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ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
06:41
it actually forced them also to ask interesting questions.
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ืื™ืœืฆื” ืื•ืชื ื’ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช.
06:44
And their focus, as the focus of the Physiocrats,
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืงืจืื˜ื™ื,
06:48
was, in fact, on these objective conditions of production.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
06:51
They also looked, for example, at the class struggle.
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ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช.
06:54
Their understanding of wages
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ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช, ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื,
06:55
had to do with the objective, if you want, power relationships,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™-ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืื ืชืจืฆื•,
ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
06:59
the bargaining power of capital and labor.
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07:01
But again, factories, machines, division of labor,
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ืืš ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืคืขืœื™ื, ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
07:05
agricultural land and what was happening to it.
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ืื“ืžื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื”.
07:07
So the big revolution that then happened --
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ืื– ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืจืขื” ืื– --
ื•ืืช ื–ื”, ืื’ื‘, ืœื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” --
07:11
and this, by the way, is not often taught in economics classes --
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืจืขื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช
07:14
the big revolution that happened with the current system
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื,
07:17
of economic thinking that we have,
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07:18
which is called "neoclassical economics,"
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ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื ื™ืื•-ืงืœืืกื™ืช",
07:21
was that the logic completely changed.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื’ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
07:23
It changed in two ways.
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ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
07:25
It changed from this focus on objective conditions to subjective ones.
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ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
07:29
Let me explain what I mean by that.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืš.
07:31
Objective, in the way I just said.
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"ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™" - ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืชื™ืืจืชื™.
07:33
Subjective, in the sense that all the attention went to
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"ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™", ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื•ืคื ืชื”
07:36
how individuals of different sorts make their decisions.
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ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
07:39
OK, so workers are maximizing their choices of leisure versus work.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืžืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ืื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
07:43
Consumers are maximizing their so-called utility,
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ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืžืžืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื,
07:46
which is a proxy for happiness,
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ื•ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืฉืจ,
07:48
and firms are maximizing their profits.
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื”ืŸ.
07:51
And the idea behind this was that then we can aggregate this up,
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื›ื ืืช ื–ื”
ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆื,
07:55
and we see what that turns into,
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07:56
which are these nice, fancy supply-and-demand curves
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื’ืจืคื™ื ื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ืฆืข
07:59
which produce a price,
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ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจ,
08:01
an equilibrium price.
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ.
08:02
It's an equilibrium price, because we also added to it
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืœื–ื”
08:05
a lot of Newtonian physics equations
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช
08:07
where centers of gravity are very much part of the organizing principle.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืืจื’ืŸ.
08:11
But the second point here is that that equilibrium price, or prices,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ืื• ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ื”ืžืฉืงืœ
08:15
reveal value.
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ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืขืจืš.
08:17
So the revolution here is a change from objective to subjective,
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ืื– ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
08:20
but also the logic is no longer one of what is value,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืžื”ื• ืขืจืš
ืื• ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ืข,
08:24
how is it being determined,
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08:25
what is the reproductive potential of the economy,
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ืžื”ื• ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” -
08:28
which then leads to a theory of price
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื,
08:30
but rather the reverse:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื•ื›ื”:
08:31
a theory of price and exchange
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ
08:33
which reveals value.
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืขืจืš.
ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืฆื•ื.
08:35
Now, this is a huge change.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืง ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืืงื“ืžื™, ืžืจืชืง ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”.
08:37
And it's not just an academic exercise, as fascinating as that might be.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
08:41
It affects how we measure growth.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืš ืฉืชืคื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
08:43
It affects how we steer economies to produce more of some activities,
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08:46
less of others,
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืžืชืžื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืื—ืจื•ืช.
08:48
how we also remunerate some activities more than others.
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08:50
And it also just kind of makes you think,
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ื™ื™ื”,
ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืืชื” ืฉืžื— ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืจืš ืื• ืœื,
08:53
you know, are you happy to get out of bed if you're a value creator or not,
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ืžื”ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื” ืื ืœื ืืชื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ืื•ืชื”?
08:57
and how is the price system itself if you aren't determining that?
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ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืคื•ืงื”.
09:01
I mentioned it affects how we think about output.
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09:04
If we only include, for example, in GDP,
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ืื ืœืžืฉืœ ื ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืชืž"ื’
09:07
those activities that have prices,
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ืจืง ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจ,
ื™ืงืจื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื.
09:09
all sorts of really weird things happen.
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09:11
Feminist economists and environmental economists
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ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื
09:13
have actually written about this quite a bit.
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ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืขื˜, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช.
09:15
Let me give you some examples.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
09:17
If you marry your babysitter, GDP will go down, so do not do it.
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ืื ืชืชื—ืชื ื• ืขื ื”ืฉืžืจื˜ืคื™ืช, ื”ืชืž"ื’ ื™ื™ืจื“, ืื– ืืœ ืชืขืฉื• ื–ืืช.
09:22
Do not be tempted to do this, OK?
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ืืœ ืชืชืคืชื• ืœื›ืš, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
09:24
Because an activity that perhaps was before being paid for is still being done
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ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉื™ืช,
ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื‘ืฉื›ืจ.
09:28
but is no longer paid.
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09:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:30
If you pollute, GDP goes up.
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ืื ืืชื ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื, ื”ืชืž"ื’ ืขื•ืœื”.
09:31
Still don't do it, but if you do it, you'll help the economy.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืืœ ืชืขืฉื• ื–ืืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”.
09:34
Why? Because we have to actually pay someone to clean it.
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ื›ื™ ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉืœื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
09:38
Now, what's also really interesting is what happened to finance
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื›ืกืคื™ื
09:41
in the financial sector in GDP.
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ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืž"ื’.
09:43
This also, by the way, is something I'm always surprised
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ืื’ื‘, ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™ ื’ื ืฉื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช.
09:46
that many economists don't know.
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09:47
Up until 1970,
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ืขื“ 1970,
09:49
most of the financial sector was not even included in GDP.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืชืž"ื’.
ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืœื-ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ,
09:53
It was kind of indirectly, perhaps not knowingly,
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09:55
still being seen through the eyes of the Physiocrats
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืงืจืื˜ื™ื
09:58
as just kind of moving stuff around, not actually producing anything new.
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ื›ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืฉื ื‘ืœื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ.
10:02
So only those activities that had an explicit price were included.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื ื›ืœืœื• ืจืง ืื•ืชืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ.
10:06
For example, if you went to get a mortgage, you were charged a fee.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืจืฆื™ืชื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื, ื’ื‘ื• ืžื›ื ืขืžืœื”,
10:09
That went into GDP and the national income and product accounting.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืชืž"ื’, ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ื˜ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื.
10:13
But, for example, net interest payments didn't,
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10:15
the difference between what banks were earning in interest
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ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช
10:19
if they gave you a loan and what they were paying out for a deposit.
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ื›ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื›ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืขืœ ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ,
ืœื ื ื›ืœืœ.
10:23
That wasn't being included.
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชืขืกืงื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
10:24
And so the people doing the accounting started to look at some data,
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10:27
which started to show that the size of finance
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื
10:30
and these net interest payments
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ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช-ื ื˜ื•
10:31
were actually growing substantially.
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ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช.
10:33
And they called this the "banking problem."
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” "ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช".
10:35
These were some people working inside, actually, the United Nations
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืื•"ื,
ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื "ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื".
10:39
in a group called the Systems of National [Accounts], SNA.
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ื”ื ื›ื™ื ื• ื–ืืช "ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช",
10:42
They called it the "banking problem,"
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10:43
like, "Oh my God, this thing is huge, and we're not even including it."
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, "ืื•ื™ ื•ืื‘ื•ื™, ื–ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื”."
ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ, ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
10:47
So instead of stopping and actually making that Tableau Economique
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10:50
or asking some of these fundamental questions
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ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
10:52
that also the classicals were asking about what is actually happening,
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ืฉื’ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ืฉืืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”,
10:55
the division of labor between different types of activities in the economy,
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ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืชื ื• ืฉื ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช-ื ื˜ื• ื”ืืœื”.
10:59
they simply gave these net interest payments a name.
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ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” "ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืคื™ื ื ืกื™",
11:02
So the commercial banks, they called this "financial intermediation."
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
11:05
That went into the NIPA accounts.
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11:07
And the investment banks were called the "risk-taking activities,"
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ื•ื‘ื ืงื™ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื›ื•ื ื• "ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื",
11:10
and that went in.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก.
ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
11:12
In case I haven't explained this properly,
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื ืžืจืื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:14
that red line is showing how much quicker
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ืฆืžื— ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื•
11:16
financial intermediation as a whole was growing
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11:18
compared to the rest of the economy, the blue line, industry.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื”ืงื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื”.
11:22
And so this was quite extraordinary,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™,
11:24
because what actually happened, and what we know today,
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืื– ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
11:27
and there's different people writing about this,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
11:29
this data here is from the Bank of England,
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ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื”"ื‘ื ืง ืื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืœื ื“",
ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื
11:31
is that lots of what finance was actually doing
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ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื•ื”-80 ื•ื”ืœืื”,
11:34
from the 1970s and '80s on
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™:
11:36
was basically financing itself:
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11:38
finance financing finance.
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ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื ืžืžืžื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™.
11:40
And what I mean by that is finance, insurance and real estate.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ,
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
11:44
In fact, in the UK,
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11:45
something like between 10 and 20 percent of finance
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 10-20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื
11:48
finds its way into the real economy, into industry,
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”,
11:51
say, into the energy sector, into pharmaceuticals,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
11:54
into the IT sector,
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11:55
but most of it goes back into that acronym, FIRE:
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืจืืฉื™-ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืคื‘"ืŸ:
ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ.
12:00
finance, insurance and real estate.
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12:01
It's very conveniently called FIRE.
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ื ื•ื— ืžืื“ ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืคื‘"ืŸ.
12:04
Now, this is interesting because, in fact,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืจืขื™ื,
12:07
it's not to say that finance is good or bad,
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ืืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื”
12:11
but the degree to which,
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12:12
by just having to give it a name,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืืœืฆื• ืœืชืช ืœื–ื” ืฉื,
ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื”,
12:14
because it actually had an income that was being generated,
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12:16
as opposed to pausing and asking, "What is it actually doing?" --
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ื™ื™ื”, "ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ืฉื”?" --
ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžืฆื”.
12:20
that was a missed opportunity.
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12:21
Similarly, in the real economy, in industry itself, what was happening?
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืžื” ืงืจื”?
12:26
And this real focus on prices and also share prices
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช
12:33
has created a huge problem of reinvestment,
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ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช,
12:35
again, this real attention that both the Physiocrats and the classicals had
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืงืจืื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“
12:39
to the degree to which the value that was being generated in the economy
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ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขืจืš ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”
12:43
was in fact being reinvested back in.
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ื”ื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
12:45
And so what we have today is an ultrafinancialized industrial sector
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื–ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ-ืขืœ
12:49
where, increasingly, a share of the profits and the net income
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ืฉื‘ื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”-ื ื˜ื•
12:53
are not actually going back into production,
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ืื™ื ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
12:56
into human capital training, into research and development
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ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—,
12:59
but just being siphoned out in terms of buying back your own shares,
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ืืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงื ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช,
13:03
which boosts stock options, which is, in fact, the way
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ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื”, ื•ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืš
13:06
that many executives are getting paid.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉื›ืจื.
13:08
And, you know, some share buybacks is absolutely fine,
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืช - ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”,
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžืงื•ืœืงืœืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
13:11
but this system is completely out of whack.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ
13:13
These numbers that I'm showing you here
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ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, 466 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื“ ืืก-ืื ื“-ืคื™ 500
13:15
show that in the last 10 years, 466 of the S and P 500 companies
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13:19
have spent over four trillion on just buying back their shares.
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ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขืœ ืงื ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
ื•ืื ืžืกื›ืžื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืืงืจื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
13:23
And what you see then if you aggregate this up at the macroeconomic level,
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13:26
so if we look at aggregate business investment,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ,
13:29
which is a percentage of GDP,
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ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืชืž"ื’,
13:31
you also see this falling level of business investment.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช.
ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื”.
13:35
And this is a problem.
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13:36
This, by the way, is a huge problem for skills and job creation.
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ืื’ื‘, ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืจื•ืช.
13:40
You might have heard there's lots of attention these days
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืกืง
ื‘"ื”ืื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืชืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•?"
13:43
to, "Are the robots taking our jobs?"
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื’ื–ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
13:45
Well, mechanization has for centuries, actually, taken jobs,
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13:48
but as long as profits were being reinvested back into production,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
13:51
then it didn't matter: new jobs appeared.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”: ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
13:53
But this lack of reinvestment is, in fact, very dangerous.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžืื“.
13:57
Similarly, in the pharmaceutical industry, for example, how prices are set,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืื™ืš ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ,
14:01
it's quite interesting how it doesn't look at these objective conditions
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ ืฉืœื ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
14:04
of the collective way in which value is created in the economy.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืขืจืš.
14:09
So in the sector where you have lots of different actors --
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ืื– ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื --
ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ --
14:12
public, private, of course, but also third-sector organizations --
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14:15
creating value,
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืจืš,
14:16
the way we actually measure value in this sector
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื”
14:19
is through the price system itself.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื”.
14:21
Prices reveal value.
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ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš.
ืื– ื›ืฉืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
14:23
So when, recently,
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14:24
the price of an antibiotic went up by 400 percent overnight,
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืงืคืฅ ื‘ืŸ-ืœื™ืœื” ื‘-400 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,
14:28
and the CEO was asked, "How can you do this?
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ื•ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ ื ืฉืืœ "ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?
14:30
People actually need that antibiotic.
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"ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ."
14:32
That's unfair."
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14:33
He said, "Well, we have a moral imperative
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ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”, "ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™
"ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืืช,"
14:35
to allow prices to go what the market will bear,"
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14:38
completely dismissing the fact that in the US, for example,
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ื‘ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ืœืžืฉืœ,
14:41
the National Institutes of Health spent over 30 billion a year
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ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžืขืœ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ืฉื ื”
ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
14:46
on the medical research that actually leads to these drugs.
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14:48
So, again, a lack of attention to those objective conditions
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ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
14:51
and just allowing the price system itself to reveal the value.
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš.
ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืกืชื ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืืงื“ืžื™,
14:55
Now, this is not just an academic exercise,
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14:57
as interesting as it may be.
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”.
14:59
All this really matters [for] how we measure output,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืชืคื•ืงื”,
15:03
to how we steer the economy,
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ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
15:04
to whether you feel that you're productive,
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ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืืชื” ื™ืฆืจื ื™,
ืœืื™ืœื• ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื
15:07
to which sectors we end up helping, supporting
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15:10
and also making people feel proud to be part of.
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ื•ื’ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
15:13
In fact, going back to that quote,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื”,
15:15
it's not surprising that Blankfein could say that.
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ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉื‘ืœื ืงืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื”.
15:17
He was right.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง.
15:18
In the way that we actually measure production, productivity
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ืื ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื ื•ืช, ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
15:21
and value in the economy,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ ื–ืงืก ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
15:23
of course Goldman Sachs workers are the most productive.
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15:25
They are in fact earning the most.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
15:27
The price of their labor is revealing their value.
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืจื›ื.
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
15:30
But this becomes tautological, of course.
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15:32
And so there's a real need to rethink.
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ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช.
15:35
We need to rethink how we're measuring output,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืชืคื•ืงื”,
15:37
and in fact there's some amazing experiments worldwide.
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
15:40
In New Zealand, for example, they now have a gross national happiness indicator.
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ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื“ื“ ืื•ืฉืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™.
15:44
In Bhutan, also, they're thinking about happiness and well-being indicators.
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ื‘ื‘ื”ื•ื˜ืŸ ื’ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื“ื™ ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
15:49
But the problem is that we can't just be adding things in.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืกืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
15:52
We do have to pause,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ,
15:53
and I think this should be a moment for pause,
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจื’ืข ืœืขืฆื•ืจ,
15:55
given that we see so little has actually changed
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ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ืฉืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
ืžืื– ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
15:58
since the financial crisis,
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15:59
to make sure that we are not also confusing
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ืœื•ื•ื“ื ื’ื ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ืขืจืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืจืš,
16:03
value extraction with value creation,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื” ื›ืœื•ืœ ื•ืœื ืกืชื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“,
16:05
so looking at what's included, not just adding more,
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16:08
to make sure that we're not, for example, confusing rents with profits.
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ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›"ื“ ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื.
16:12
Rents for the classicals was about unearned income.
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ืฉื›"ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžืฆื”.
16:15
Today, rents, when they're talked about in economics,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื›"ื“, ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
16:17
is just an imperfection towards a competitive price
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ื”ื•ื ืกืชื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™,
ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืื ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืงืฆืช ื-ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ึผืช.
16:21
that could be competed away if you take away some asymmetries.
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16:25
Second, we of course can steer activities into what the classicals called
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื ื•
16:29
the "production boundary."
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"ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช".
16:30
This should not be an us-versus-them,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื-ืื•-ืื ื—ื ื•,
16:32
big, bad finance versus good, other sectors.
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ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืจืข ื ื’ื“ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™.
16:36
We could reform finance.
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16:37
There was a real lost opportunity in some ways after the crisis.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
16:40
We could have had the financial transaction tax,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืก ืขืœ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช,
ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืชื’ืžืœ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—,
16:43
which would have rewarded long-termism over short-termism,
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16:46
but we didn't decide to do that globally.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
16:48
We can. We can change our minds.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื•.
16:50
We can also set up new types of institutions.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
16:52
There's different types of, for example, public financial institutions worldwide
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื
ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืกื‘ืœื ื™ ื•ืืจื•ืš-ื˜ื•ื•ื—
16:57
that are actually providing that patient, long-term, committed finance
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17:00
that helps small firms grow, that help infrastructure and innovation happen.
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
17:04
But this shouldn't just be about output.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืคื•ืงื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
17:07
This shouldn't just be about the rate of output.
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ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชืคื•ืงื”.
ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ, ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”,
17:09
We should also as a society pause
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17:11
and ask: What value are we even creating?
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ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ืื™ื–ื” ืขืจืš ืื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื?
17:14
And I just want to end with the fact that this week we are celebrating
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื ื• ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื
50 ืฉื ื” ืœื ื—ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—.
17:18
the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing.
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17:20
This required the public sector, the private sector,
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ื–ื” ื“ืจืฉ ืžื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™
17:23
to invest and innovate in all sorts of ways,
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ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
17:26
not just around aeronautics.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
17:28
It included investment in areas like nutrition and materials.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
17:32
There were lots of actual mistakes that were done along the way.
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ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš ื ืขืฉื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช.
17:35
In fact, what government did was it used its full power of procurement,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื›ืฉ ืฉืœื•,
17:38
for example, to fuel those bottom-up solutions,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
ืฉื—ืœืงื ื ื›ืฉืœื•.
17:42
of which some failed.
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17:43
But are failures part of value creation?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืš,
17:46
Or are they just mistakes?
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ืกืชื ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช?
17:47
Or how do we actually also nurture the experimentation,
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ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื’ื ืžื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
17:51
the trial and error and error and error?
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ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™-ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”, ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”-ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”?
17:54
Bell Labs, which was the R and D laboratory of AT and T,
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ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช "ื‘ืœ", ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื•"ืค ืฉืœ ืื™ื™-ื˜ื™-ืื ื“-ื˜ื™,
17:57
actually came from an era where government was quite courageous.
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ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™.
18:01
It actually asked AT and T that in order to maintain its monopoly status,
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ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืžืื™ื™-ื˜ื™-ืื ื“-ื˜ื™ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœื”,
ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื”,
18:06
it had to reinvest its profits back into the real economy,
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18:09
innovation
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
18:11
and innovation beyond telecoms.
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18:12
That was the history, the early history of Bell Labs.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœ.
18:15
So how we can get these new conditions around reinvestment
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ืขืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
18:19
to collectively invest in new types of value
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•,
18:22
directed at some of the biggest challenges of our time,
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18:24
like climate change?
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื?
18:26
This is a key question.
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ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.
18:28
But we should also ask ourselves,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•,
18:29
had there been a net present value calculation
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืจืš-ื ื˜ื•,
18:33
or a cost-benefit analysis done
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ืื• ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืขืจืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืœื•ืช-ืชื•ืขืœืช
18:36
about whether or not to even try to go to the Moon and back again
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ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœื™ืจื— ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื•ืจ,
18:40
in a generation,
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18:41
we probably wouldn't have started.
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ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
18:43
So thank God,
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ,
18:45
because I'm an economist, and I can tell you,
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ื›ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
18:47
value is not just price.
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ืฉืขืจืš ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืง ืžื—ื™ืจ.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:50
Thank you.
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18:51
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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