What is economic value, and who creates it? | Mariana Mazzucato

284,193 views ใƒป 2020-01-10

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Kelly An ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Value creation.
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๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ,
00:14
Wealth creation.
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๋ถ€์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ,
์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
These are really powerful words.
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00:17
Maybe you think of finance, you think of innovation,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์„ ๋•Œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์žฌ์ •, ํ˜์‹ ,
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
you think of creativity.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:22
But who are the value creators?
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00:24
If we use that word, we must be implying that some people aren't creating value.
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๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€
๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
Who are they?
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋งํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
00:29
The couch potatoes?
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๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค?
00:30
The value extractors?
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๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค?
00:32
The value destroyers?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:34
To answer this question, we actually have to have a proper theory of value.
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ต ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด,
๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
And I'm here as an economist to break it to you
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ
์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ธธ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
that we've kind of lost our way on this question.
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00:44
Now, don't look so surprised.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๋†€๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
00:46
What I mean by that is, we've stopped contesting it.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์€
๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹คํˆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
We've stopped actually asking really tough questions
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๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์™€ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ถ”์ถœ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ,
00:53
about what is the difference between value creation and value extraction,
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๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
productive and unproductive activities.
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00:59
Now, let me just give you some context here.
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์‹ค์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
2009 was just about a year and a half after
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2009๋…„์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ธด์ง€
๋ถˆ๊ณผ 1๋…„ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
one of the biggest financial crises of our time,
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01:07
second only to the 1929 Great Depression,
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1929๋…„ ๋Œ€๊ณตํ•ญ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ณจ๋“œ๋งŒ ์‚ญ์Šค์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž๋Š”
01:11
and the CEO of Goldman Sachs said
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01:13
Goldman Sachs workers are the most productive in the world.
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๊ณจ๋“œ๋งŒ ์‚ญ์Šค ์ง์›์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
Productivity and productiveness, for an economist,
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€
01:20
actually has a lot to do with value.
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๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
You're producing stuff,
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๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
01:23
you're producing it dynamically and efficiently.
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์•„์ฃผ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
You're also producing things that the world needs, wants and buys.
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
Now, how this could have been said just one year after the crisis,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ์€ํ–‰์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์€ํ–‰์„
์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„๋„ฃ์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฒช์€์ง€ 1๋…„๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹œ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
01:32
which actually had this bank as well as many other banks --
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01:35
I'm just kind of picking on Goldman Sachs here --
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ณจ๋“œ๋งŒ ์‚ญ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชปํ•œ ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
at the center of the crisis, because they had actually produced
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ™œ๋™์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธˆ์œต์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
some pretty problematic financial products mainly but not only related to mortgages,
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์ด ์ƒํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฃผํƒ๋‹ด๋ณด ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
01:45
which saw many thousands of people actually lose their homes.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง‘์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
2010๋…„ 9์›”, ๋‹จ 1๊ฐœ์›”๋งŒ์—
01:49
In 2010, in just one month, September,
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01:52
120,000 people lost their homes through the foreclosures of that crisis.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผํƒ์••๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด 12๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์ง‘์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
2007๋…„์—์„œ 2010๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
01:58
Between 2007 and 2010,
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02:00
8.8 million people lost their jobs.
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880๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์ง์žฅ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
The bank also had to then be bailed out by the US taxpayer
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ, ๊ณจ๋“œ๋งŒ ์‚ญ์Šค๋„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž์˜ ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ
100์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
for the sum of 10 billion dollars.
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02:11
We didn't hear the taxpayers bragging that they were value creators,
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๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
02:14
but obviously, having bailed out
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๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์„ ๊ตฌ์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
one of the biggest value-creating productive companies,
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
perhaps they should have.
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02:20
What I want to do next is kind of ask ourselves
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ,
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
how we lost our way,
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๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฐฝ์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€,
02:25
how it could be, actually,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ 
02:26
that a statement like that could almost go unnoticed,
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๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์žˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๋†๋‹ด์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
02:29
because it wasn't an after-dinner joke; it was said very seriously.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณตํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
So what I want to do is bring you back 300 years in economic thinking,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ 300๋…„ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
when, actually, the term was contested.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—, ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹คํˆผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
It doesn't mean that they were right or wrong,
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์˜ณ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”,
02:42
but you couldn't just call yourself a value creator, a wealth creator.
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ž ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ž์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
There was a lot of debate within the economics profession.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
And what I want to argue is, we've kind of lost our way,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
and that has actually allowed this term, "wealth creation" and "value,"
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๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ, "๋ถ€์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ" ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "๊ฐ€์น˜"๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€
ํž˜๊ณผ ํ™œ๋ ฅ์„ ์žƒ๊ณ 
02:55
to become quite weak and lazy
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02:57
and also easily captured.
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
OK? So let's start -- I hate to break it to you --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์— ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ,
03:02
300 years ago.
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300๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
Now, what was interesting 300 years ago
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€,
03:05
is the society was still an agricultural type of society.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋†๊ฒฝ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
So it's not surprising that the economists of the time,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ค‘๋†ํ•™ํŒŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๋˜ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
03:12
who were called the Physiocrats,
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03:14
actually put the center of their attention to farm labor.
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๋†์—…์ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์Ÿ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
"๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์—
03:18
When they said, "Where does value come from?"
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03:20
they looked at farming.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋†์—…์„ ์ง€๋ชฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
And they produced what I think was probably the world's first spreadsheet,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ์‹œํŠธ์ธ,
"ํƒ€๋ธ”๋กœ ์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธํฌ(๊ฒฝ์ œํ‘œ)"๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋•Œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:25
called the "Tableau Economique,"
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๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์šด๋™์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์˜€๋˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์ˆ˜์™€ ์ผ€๋„ค๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
and this was done by Franรงois Quesnay, one of the leaders of this movement.
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03:31
And it was very interesting,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€
03:32
because they didn't just say, "Farming is the source of value."
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์ด๋“ค์€ "๋†์—…์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์›์ฒœ์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค
03:35
They then really worried about what was happening to that value
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ํ›„์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์—
๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
when it was produced.
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03:39
What the Tableau Economique does --
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ํƒ€๋ธ”๋กœ ์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
and I've tried to make it a bit simpler here for you --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ํ‘œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์„ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
is it broke down the classes in society into three.
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03:46
The farmers, creating value, were called the "productive class."
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๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋†๋ถ€๋ฅผ "์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณ„๊ธ‰"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๊ณ ,
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™๋งŒ ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋งŒ
03:50
Then others who were just moving some of this value around
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03:52
but it was useful, it was necessary,
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์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ธ ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์„ "์ง€์ฃผ๊ณ„๊ธ‰"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
these were the merchants;
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03:55
they were called the "proprietors."
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03:57
And then there was another class that was simply charging the farmers a fee
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ•œ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์€
๊ธฐ์กด ์ž์‚ฐ์ธ ๋†์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋Š”
04:01
for an existing asset, the land,
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04:03
and they called them the "sterile class."
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"๋น„์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
Now, this is a really heavy-hitting word if you think what it means:
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๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ง์„ค์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
that if too much of the resources are going to the landlords,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์ž์›์ด ์ง€์ฃผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
04:13
you're actually putting the reproduction potential of the system at risk.
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:18
And so all these little arrows there were their way of simulating --
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ํ‘œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํ™”์‚ด๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
04:21
again, spreadsheets and simulators, these guys were really using big data --
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์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ์‹œํŠธ์™€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋น… ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
they were simulating what would actually happen under different scenarios
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ผ์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
if the wealth actually wasn't reinvested back into production
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๋†์ง€๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ž๋ณธ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์žฌํˆฌ์ž๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
04:32
to make that land more productive
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04:34
and was actually being siphoned out in different ways,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€,
04:36
or even if the proprietors were getting too much.
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์ง€์ฃผ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฌผ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
And what later happened in the 1800s,
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๊ทธ ํ›„, 1800๋…„๋Œ€์— ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
and this was no longer the Agricultural Revolution
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋†์—…ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
but the Industrial Revolution,
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04:45
is that the classical economists,
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์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณ ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์ธ
04:47
and these were Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, the revolutionary,
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์•„๋‹ด ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค, ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๋ฆฌ์นด๋„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜๋ช…๊ฐ€ ์นผ ๋ง‰์Šค๋„
"๊ฐ€์น˜๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?"๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
also asked the question "What is value?"
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04:54
But it's not surprising that because they were actually living
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ณต์žฅ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ด๋“ค์ด
04:57
through an industrial era with the rise of machines and factories,
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์‚ฐ์—…์ธ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
they said it was industrial labor.
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05:02
So they had a labor theory of value.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋…ธ๋™๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
But again, their focus was reproduction,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
this real worry of what was happening to the value that was created
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์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋ก ๊ฐ€ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
if it was getting siphoned out.
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05:12
And in "The Wealth of Nations,"
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์•„๋‹ด ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” "๊ตญ๋ถ€๋ก "์—์„œ
05:13
Adam Smith had this really great example of the pin factory where he said
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ํ•€์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์•„์ฃผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ํ•€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋‹ค ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:17
if you only have one person making every bit of the pin,
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05:20
at most you can make one pin a day.
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•€์€ ๊ธฐ๊ปํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
But if you actually invest in factory production and the division of labor,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต์žฅ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋™์„ ๋ถ„์—…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:26
new thinking --
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์ฃ .
05:27
today, we would use the word "organizational innovation" --
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , "์กฐ์งํ˜๋ช…"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:30
then you could increase the productivity
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ, ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
and the growth and the wealth of nations.
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05:34
So he showed that 10 specialized workers
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์•„๋‹ด ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” 10๋ช…์˜ ์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋œ ์ง์›์„ ์ธ์ ์ž์›์— ํˆฌ์žํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:37
who had been invested in, in their human capital,
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๋น„์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋œ ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์ง์›์ด ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•€์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ
05:40
could produce 4,800 pins a day,
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05:42
as opposed to just one by an unspecialized worker.
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 4,800๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
And he and his fellow classical economists
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์•„๋‹ด์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์™€ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๊ณ ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค๋„
05:48
also broke down activities into productive and unproductive ones.
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์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณผ ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
๋น„์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
05:52
And the unproductive ones weren't --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ € ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์›ƒ์œผ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ, ๋งž์ฃ ?
05:54
I think you're laughing because most of you are on that list, aren't you?
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:58
(Laughter)
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05:59
Lawyers! I think he was right about the lawyers.
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๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ์ €๋„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋™์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
Definitely not the professors, the letters of all kind people.
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ํ•™๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ต์ˆ˜๋„ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
So lawyers, professors, shopkeepers, musicians.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ, ๊ต์ˆ˜, ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์ธ, ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
He obviously hated the opera.
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์•„๋‹ด ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์ฑ…์„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ „๋‚  ๋ฐค์— ์ธ์ƒ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์Œ์— ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
He must have seen the worst performance of his life
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06:13
the night before writing this book.
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06:15
There's at least three professions up there
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์ € ๋ชฉ๋ก์—๋Š” ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง์—…์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
that have to do with the opera.
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06:18
But this wasn't an exercise of saying, "Don't do these things."
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ "์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ผ"๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:21
It was just, "What's going to happen
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜€๋˜ ์‚ฐ์—…๋…ธ๋™์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์—†์ด,
06:23
if we actually end up allowing some parts of the economy to get too large
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ํŠน์ • ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ปค์ง€๋„๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค ๋‘”๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:27
without really thinking about how to increase the productivity
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
of the source of the value that they thought was key,
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06:33
which was industrial labor.
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06:35
And again, don't ask yourself is this right or is this wrong,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์˜ณ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฌป์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
it was just very contested.
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์ด ๋‹น์‹œ, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
By making these lists,
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์ด ๋ชฉ๋ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
it actually forced them also to ask interesting questions.
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06:44
And their focus, as the focus of the Physiocrats,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ์ค‘๋†ํ•™ํŒŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
06:48
was, in fact, on these objective conditions of production.
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์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
They also looked, for example, at the class struggle.
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ํˆฌ์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธ‰์—ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋Š”
06:54
Their understanding of wages
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06:55
had to do with the objective, if you want, power relationships,
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๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ํž˜์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ธ ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™ ํ˜‘์ƒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
the bargaining power of capital and labor.
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07:01
But again, factories, machines, division of labor,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ๊ณต์žฅ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„, ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๋ถ„์—…, ๋†์ง€,
07:05
agricultural land and what was happening to it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
So the big revolution that then happened --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ํฐ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
and this, by the way, is not often taught in economics classes --
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ์ž˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
07:14
the big revolution that happened with the current system
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ํฐ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ธ ์‹ ๊ณ ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
of economic thinking that we have,
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07:18
which is called "neoclassical economics,"
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07:21
was that the logic completely changed.
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์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:23
It changed in two ways.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
It changed from this focus on objective conditions to subjective ones.
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๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
Let me explain what I mean by that.
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์ž์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
Objective, in the way I just said.
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๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ ํ•จ์€
07:33
Subjective, in the sense that all the attention went to
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๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
how individuals of different sorts make their decisions.
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07:39
OK, so workers are maximizing their choices of leisure versus work.
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๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณผ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
Consumers are maximizing their so-called utility,
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์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ์œ„ ์‹ค์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
07:46
which is a proxy for happiness,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
and firms are maximizing their profits.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
And the idea behind this was that then we can aggregate this up,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•  ๋•Œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
and we see what that turns into,
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07:56
which are these nice, fancy supply-and-demand curves
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ˆ˜์š”-๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ด๊ณ 
07:59
which produce a price,
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๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ท ํ˜•๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
an equilibrium price.
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08:02
It's an equilibrium price, because we also added to it
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๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”
08:05
a lot of Newtonian physics equations
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๋‰ดํ„ด์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์ด ์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์— ๋งŽ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:07
where centers of gravity are very much part of the organizing principle.
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๊ท ํ˜•๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
But the second point here is that that equilibrium price, or prices,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€
๊ท ํ˜•๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
reveal value.
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08:17
So the revolution here is a change from objective to subjective,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜์ธ์ง€, ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š”์ง€,
08:20
but also the logic is no longer one of what is value,
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
08:24
how is it being determined,
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08:25
what is the reproductive potential of the economy,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
which then leads to a theory of price
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ทธ์™€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ,
08:30
but rather the reverse:
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08:31
a theory of price and exchange
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๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ตํ™˜์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
which reveals value.
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08:35
Now, this is a huge change.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
And it's not just an academic exercise, as fascinating as that might be.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
It affects how we measure growth.
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์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ ,
08:43
It affects how we steer economies to produce more of some activities,
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ํŠน์ • ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋“ฑ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ์ ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
less of others,
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ํŠน์ • ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
how we also remunerate some activities more than others.
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08:50
And it also just kind of makes you think,
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
you know, are you happy to get out of bed if you're a value creator or not,
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์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ž์ธ์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
and how is the price system itself if you aren't determining that?
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์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
09:01
I mentioned it affects how we think about output.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์ด๋ฏธ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
If we only include, for example, in GDP,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ, ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์„ GDP์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:07
those activities that have prices,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
all sorts of really weird things happen.
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09:11
Feminist economists and environmental economists
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
have actually written about this quite a bit.
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09:15
Let me give you some examples.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
If you marry your babysitter, GDP will go down, so do not do it.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฒ ์ด๋น„์‹œํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด,
GDP๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
09:22
Do not be tempted to do this, OK?
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09:24
Because an activity that perhaps was before being paid for is still being done
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ๊ทธ ์ „์—๋Š” ๋ณด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋˜๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™์ด
์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
but is no longer paid.
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09:29
(Laughter)
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์˜ค์—ผ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋ฉด GDP๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
If you pollute, GDP goes up.
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09:31
Still don't do it, but if you do it, you'll help the economy.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋•๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
Why? Because we have to actually pay someone to clean it.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์น˜์›Œ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
Now, what's also really interesting is what happened to finance
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€
GDP์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์œต ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
in the financial sector in GDP.
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09:43
This also, by the way, is something I'm always surprised
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
that many economists don't know.
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1970๋…„ ์ด์ „์—๋Š”, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด GDP์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
Up until 1970,
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09:49
most of the financial sector was not even included in GDP.
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๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜น์€ ์ž์‹ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ค‘๋†ํ•™ํŒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:53
It was kind of indirectly, perhaps not knowingly,
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09:55
still being seen through the eyes of the Physiocrats
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๊ธˆ์œต์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์ผ ๋ฟ,
09:58
as just kind of moving stuff around, not actually producing anything new.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
So only those activities that had an explicit price were included.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์ด GDP์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
For example, if you went to get a mortgage, you were charged a fee.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์ฃผํƒ๋‹ด๋ณด ๋Œ€์ถœ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
That went into GDP and the national income and product accounting.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” GDP์™€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์†Œ๋“๊ณ„์ •์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์€ํ–‰์ด ๋Œ€์ถœ์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋Š” ์ด์ž์—์„œ
10:13
But, for example, net interest payments didn't,
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10:15
the difference between what banks were earning in interest
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์ž๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์ธ ์ˆœ์ด์ž ์ˆ˜์ต์€
10:19
if they gave you a loan and what they were paying out for a deposit.
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ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
That wasn't being included.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๊ณ„์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
10:24
And so the people doing the accounting started to look at some data,
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10:27
which started to show that the size of finance
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๊ธˆ์œต์—…์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆœ์ด์ž ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
and these net interest payments
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10:31
were actually growing substantially.
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10:33
And they called this the "banking problem."
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ '๊ธˆ์œต ๋ฌธ์ œ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
These were some people working inside, actually, the United Nations
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UN์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ณ„์ • ์ฒด๊ณ„(SNA)๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋˜ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
10:39
in a group called the Systems of National [Accounts], SNA.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ '๊ธˆ์œต ๋ฌธ์ œ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
They called it the "banking problem,"
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10:43
like, "Oh my God, this thing is huge, and we're not even including it."
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"๋ง™์†Œ์‚ฌ, ์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋น ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ!"ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ค‘๋†ํ•™ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํƒ€๋ธ”๋กœ ์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธํฌ(๊ฒฝ์ œํ‘œ)๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
10:47
So instead of stopping and actually making that Tableau Economique
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10:50
or asking some of these fundamental questions
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๊ณ ์ „ํ•™ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋‚˜
10:52
that also the classicals were asking about what is actually happening,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ„์˜ ๋…ธ๋™๋ถ„์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—,
10:55
the division of labor between different types of activities in the economy,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธˆ์œต ํ™œ๋™์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
they simply gave these net interest payments a name.
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์‹œ์ค‘์€ํ–‰์€ "๊ธˆ์œต ์ค‘๊ฐœ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ,
11:02
So the commercial banks, they called this "financial intermediation."
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11:05
That went into the NIPA accounts.
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๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์†Œ๋“๊ณ„์ •์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋˜ํ•œ, ํˆฌ์ž์€ํ–‰์€ "์œ„ํ—˜๋ถ€๋‹ด ํ™œ๋™"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ
11:07
And the investment banks were called the "risk-taking activities,"
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11:10
and that went in.
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๊ตญ๋ฏผ์†Œ๋“๊ณ„์ •์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
In case I haven't explained this properly,
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์ œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๋ผ์ธ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ,
11:14
that red line is showing how much quicker
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11:16
financial intermediation as a whole was growing
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๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ๋ผ์ธ์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ค‘๊ฐœ๊ฐ€
11:18
compared to the rest of the economy, the blue line, industry.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
And so this was quite extraordinary,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฝค ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
11:24
because what actually happened, and what we know today,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ผ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค,
11:27
and there's different people writing about this,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
this data here is from the Bank of England,
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์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋Š” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์€ํ–‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
70๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 80๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€,
11:31
is that lots of what finance was actually doing
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๊ธˆ์œต์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
11:34
from the 1970s and '80s on
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
was basically financing itself:
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11:38
finance financing finance.
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๊ธˆ์œต, ์ž๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ, ๊ธˆ์œต
11:40
And what I mean by that is finance, insurance and real estate.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ๊ธˆ์œต, ๋ณดํ—˜๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
In fact, in the UK,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”
11:45
something like between 10 and 20 percent of finance
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๊ธˆ์œต์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์•ฝ 10-20%๊ฐ€
11:48
finds its way into the real economy, into industry,
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๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฐ์—…, ์ œ์•ฝ, IT ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ค๋ฌผ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
say, into the energy sector, into pharmaceuticals,
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11:54
into the IT sector,
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11:55
but most of it goes back into that acronym, FIRE:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ FIRE๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘์Œ์–ด๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š”
๊ธˆ์œต, ๋ณดํ—˜๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
finance, insurance and real estate.
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12:01
It's very conveniently called FIRE.
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FIRE๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘์Œ์–ด์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
Now, this is interesting because, in fact,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ด์œ ๋Š”,
๊ธˆ์œต์ด ์ข‹์€์ง€ ๋‚˜์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
12:07
it's not to say that finance is good or bad,
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12:11
but the degree to which,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์˜€์„ ๋ฟ,
12:12
by just having to give it a name,
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12:14
because it actually had an income that was being generated,
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12:16
as opposed to pausing and asking, "What is it actually doing?" --
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"๊ธˆ์œต์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?"๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋†“์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
that was a missed opportunity.
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12:21
Similarly, in the real economy, in industry itself, what was happening?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:26
And this real focus on prices and also share prices
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๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€์— ์ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ ์žฌํˆฌ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
has created a huge problem of reinvestment,
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12:35
again, this real attention that both the Physiocrats and the classicals had
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žฌํˆฌ์ž๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋„์— ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜
12:39
to the degree to which the value that was being generated in the economy
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์ค‘๋†ํ•™ํŒŒ์™€ ๊ณ ์ „ํ•™ํŒŒ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:43
was in fact being reinvested back in.
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12:45
And so what we have today is an ultrafinancialized industrial sector
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๊ทน๋‹จ์  ๊ธˆ์œตํ™” ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
where, increasingly, a share of the profits and the net income
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์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ต๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ณผ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜์ต์ด
12:53
are not actually going back into production,
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์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด๋‚˜, ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ ํ›ˆ๋ จ, ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์žฌํˆฌ์ž๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ,
12:56
into human capital training, into research and development
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12:59
but just being siphoned out in terms of buying back your own shares,
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์ž์‚ฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋งค์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž์‚ฌ์ฃผ ๋งค์ž…๊ถŒ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
which boosts stock options, which is, in fact, the way
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ž„์›๋“ค์ด ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
that many executives are getting paid.
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13:08
And, you know, some share buybacks is absolutely fine,
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์ฃผ์‹ ํ™˜๋งค๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
but this system is completely out of whack.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋Š”
13:13
These numbers that I'm showing you here
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์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„ ๊ฐ„ 500๊ฐœ์˜ S&P ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ค‘ 466๊ฐœ์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
13:15
show that in the last 10 years, 466 of the S and P 500 companies
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4์กฐ์› ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋ˆ์„ ์ž์‚ฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ™˜๋งคํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:19
have spent over four trillion on just buying back their shares.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
13:23
And what you see then if you aggregate this up at the macroeconomic level,
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13:26
so if we look at aggregate business investment,
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์ด ์‚ฌ์—…ํˆฌ์ž์•ก์ด GDP์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด,
13:29
which is a percentage of GDP,
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13:31
you also see this falling level of business investment.
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์‚ฌ์—…ํˆฌ์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
And this is a problem.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
This, by the way, is a huge problem for skills and job creation.
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ํŠนํžˆ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ง์—…์ฐฝ์ถœ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
You might have heard there's lots of attention these days
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์ตœ๊ทผ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์Šˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
"๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง์—…์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
to, "Are the robots taking our jobs?"
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ง์—…์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
Well, mechanization has for centuries, actually, taken jobs,
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13:48
but as long as profits were being reinvested back into production,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํˆฌ์ž๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
13:51
then it didn't matter: new jobs appeared.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง์—…์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
But this lack of reinvestment is, in fact, very dangerous.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žฌํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
Similarly, in the pharmaceutical industry, for example, how prices are set,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์ œ์•ฝ์‚ฐ์—…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด,
14:01
it's quite interesting how it doesn't look at these objective conditions
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฝ์ถœ๋˜๋Š”
14:04
of the collective way in which value is created in the economy.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
So in the sector where you have lots of different actors --
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋ฌธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ3์˜ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
14:12
public, private, of course, but also third-sector organizations --
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๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ
14:15
creating value,
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14:16
the way we actually measure value in this sector
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๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
is through the price system itself.
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14:21
Prices reveal value.
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๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ณง ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
So when, recently,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์•„์นจ์— 400%๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
14:24
the price of an antibiotic went up by 400 percent overnight,
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14:28
and the CEO was asked, "How can you do this?
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์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
"๋Œ€์ฑ…์ด ์žˆ์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
14:30
People actually need that antibiotic.
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์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€์š”?"
14:32
That's unfair."
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๊ทธ๋Š” "๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋„๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
14:33
He said, "Well, we have a moral imperative
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14:35
to allow prices to go what the market will bear,"
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋„๋•์  ์˜๋ฌด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
completely dismissing the fact that in the US, for example,
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์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ น, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ณด๊ฑด์›์ด ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 300์–ต์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๋ˆ์„ ์˜๋ฃŒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ 
14:41
the National Institutes of Health spent over 30 billion a year
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ, ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์™„์ „์ด ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
on the medical research that actually leads to these drugs.
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14:48
So, again, a lack of attention to those objective conditions
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๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ,
14:51
and just allowing the price system itself to reveal the value.
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๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
Now, this is not just an academic exercise,
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ธด ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
as interesting as it may be.
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14:59
All this really matters [for] how we measure output,
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์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹,
15:03
to how we steer the economy,
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15:04
to whether you feel that you're productive,
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์ž์‹ ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
15:07
to which sectors we end up helping, supporting
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฐ์—…๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋•๊ณ  ์ง€์›ํ• ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •,
15:10
and also making people feel proud to be part of.
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:13
In fact, going back to that quote,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์šฉํ•œ ๋ง๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
15:15
it's not surprising that Blankfein could say that.
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๋ธ”๋žญํฌํŽ˜์ธ์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋†€๋ž์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:17
He was right.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์ด ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
In the way that we actually measure production, productivity
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
15:21
and value in the economy,
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ณจ๋“œ๋งŒ์‚ญ์Šค์˜ ์ง์›๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
of course Goldman Sachs workers are the most productive.
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15:25
They are in fact earning the most.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์›”๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
15:27
The price of their labor is revealing their value.
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์ด๋“ค์„ ๋…ธ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•๋  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
But this becomes tautological, of course.
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15:32
And so there's a real need to rethink.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
We need to rethink how we're measuring output,
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์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
and in fact there's some amazing experiments worldwide.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
In New Zealand, for example, they now have a gross national happiness indicator.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ดํ–‰๋ณต์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
In Bhutan, also, they're thinking about happiness and well-being indicators.
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๋ถ€ํƒ„์—์„œ๋„, ํ–‰๋ณต๊ณผ ์›ฐ๋น™์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:49
But the problem is that we can't just be adding things in.
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15:52
We do have to pause,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
and I think this should be a moment for pause,
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๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด,
15:55
given that we see so little has actually changed
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:58
since the financial crisis,
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15:59
to make sure that we are not also confusing
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๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ถ”์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
16:03
value extraction with value creation,
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16:05
so looking at what's included, not just adding more,
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
to make sure that we're not, for example, confusing rents with profits.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:12
Rents for the classicals was about unearned income.
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๊ณ ์ „ํ•™ํŒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:15
Today, rents, when they're talked about in economics,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์—์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
16:17
is just an imperfection towards a competitive price
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „์„ฑ์ด ์—†์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:21
that could be competed away if you take away some asymmetries.
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16:25
Second, we of course can steer activities into what the classicals called
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š”, ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณ ์ „ํ•™ํŒŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š”
16:29
the "production boundary."
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'์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„'๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:30
This should not be an us-versus-them,
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'์šฐ๋ฆฌ vs ๊ทธ๋“ค', 'ํฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์œ ๊ธˆ์œต vs ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ถ€๋ฌธ'์œผ๋กœ
16:32
big, bad finance versus good, other sectors.
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๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์œต์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:36
We could reform finance.
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16:37
There was a real lost opportunity in some ways after the crisis.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ ํ›„์— ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋†“์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:40
We could have had the financial transaction tax,
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๊ธˆ์œต๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
๋‹จ๊ธฐ์  ์ด์ต๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์ด์ต์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:43
which would have rewarded long-termism over short-termism,
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16:46
but we didn't decide to do that globally.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:48
We can. We can change our minds.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:50
We can also set up new types of institutions.
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:52
There's different types of, for example, public financial institutions worldwide
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ธˆ์œต๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
16:57
that are actually providing that patient, long-term, committed finance
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊พธ์ค€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ,
17:00
that helps small firms grow, that help infrastructure and innovation happen.
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์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋•๊ณ , ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๊ณผ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:04
But this shouldn't just be about output.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:07
This shouldn't just be about the rate of output.
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์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฅ ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:09
We should also as a society pause
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17:11
and ask: What value are we even creating?
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'์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?'
17:14
And I just want to end with the fact that this week we are celebrating
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” 50์ฃผ๋…„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:18
the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing.
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17:20
This required the public sector, the private sector,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ„์•ผ์™€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์˜ ํˆฌ์ž์™€ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:23
to invest and innovate in all sorts of ways,
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฐ์—…๋งŒ์˜ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:26
not just around aeronautics.
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17:28
It included investment in areas like nutrition and materials.
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์˜์–‘๊ณผ ์†Œ์žฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:32
There were lots of actual mistakes that were done along the way.
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:35
In fact, what government did was it used its full power of procurement,
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์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์กฐ๋‹ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋™์›ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
17:38
for example, to fuel those bottom-up solutions,
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17:42
of which some failed.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:43
But are failures part of value creation?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
17:46
Or are they just mistakes?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
17:47
Or how do we actually also nurture the experimentation,
390
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค์™€ ์‹คํ—˜์ •์‹ ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์œก์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
17:51
the trial and error and error and error?
391
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17:54
Bell Labs, which was the R and D laboratory of AT and T,
392
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๋ฒจ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์ „์‹ ์ด ๋ฏธ ์ „์‹ ์ „ํ™”ํšŒ์‚ฌ(AT&T)์˜ R&D ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
17:57
actually came from an era where government was quite courageous.
393
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” AT&T์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋…์ ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
18:01
It actually asked AT and T that in order to maintain its monopoly status,
394
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๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹ค๋ฌผ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋กœ ์žฌํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:06
it had to reinvest its profits back into the real economy,
395
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18:09
innovation
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ํ˜์‹ ์ด์ฃ .
ํ†ต์‹ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:11
and innovation beyond telecoms.
397
1091060
1678
18:12
That was the history, the early history of Bell Labs.
398
1092762
2574
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฒจ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:15
So how we can get these new conditions around reinvestment
399
1095360
3766
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์žฌํˆฌ์ž์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์„
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ์ผ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํˆฌ์žํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
18:19
to collectively invest in new types of value
400
1099150
2852
18:22
directed at some of the biggest challenges of our time,
401
1102026
2908
๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
18:24
like climate change?
402
1104958
1271
18:26
This is a key question.
403
1106253
1967
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:28
But we should also ask ourselves,
404
1108244
1728
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:29
had there been a net present value calculation
405
1109996
3687
๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์‹œ๋„์™€ ํ•œ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ›„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
18:33
or a cost-benefit analysis done
406
1113707
2720
18:36
about whether or not to even try to go to the Moon and back again
407
1116451
3615
์ˆœํ˜„์žฌ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„์šฉ-ํŽธ์ต ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
18:40
in a generation,
408
1120090
1177
18:41
we probably wouldn't have started.
409
1121291
2488
์‹œ์ž‘ ์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:43
So thank God,
410
1123803
1720
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„,
18:45
because I'm an economist, and I can tell you,
411
1125547
2140
์ €๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:47
value is not just price.
412
1127711
1933
๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:50
Thank you.
413
1130057
1182
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
18:51
(Applause)
414
1131263
2221
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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