Stephanie Kelton: The big myth of government deficits | TED

416,608 views ใƒป 2021-10-13

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Eli Lamdan ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ,
00:13
When things break, we have an opportunity.
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ืื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื.
00:17
We can pick up the pieces and put them back together the old way,
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ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืจืกื” ื”ื›ืœ.
ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืคื’ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• --
00:22
or we can look for better ways to build.
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00:25
Covid broke everything.
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ื‘ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืจ --
00:28
It put a spotlight on the many deficits in our economy --
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืชื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื™ึพืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:33
in employment, education, health care, housing --
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ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘, ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืขืฉื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
00:39
and it showed how inequality made it all worse.
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ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื—ื• ื›ืกืฃ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื”.
00:44
Here in the US and around the world, governments did some extraordinary things.
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ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืคืงื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื
00:50
They sent money to people directly to help them buy food and pay rent.
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ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืื•ืชื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื.
ื”ืŸ ื ืชื ื• ื›ืกืฃ ืœืขืกืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“
00:56
They provided free Covid testing
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฉื‘ืชืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™.
00:59
and expanded health care to cover more of the population.
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01:03
They gave money to businesses to help keep them afloat
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
ืฉืœื•ื• ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
01:07
while much of the economy was temporarily shut down.
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ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื
01:12
They offered debt relief to millions of people
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01:14
who borrowed money to go to college.
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ืื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
01:17
They did all of this and more without raising taxes
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ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืžืžืŸ ื–ืืช.
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ,
01:23
or having a prolonged battle
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01:25
over the usual question of how to pay for it.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ืช, ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:30
To me, this was exciting,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•
01:33
and I'm an economist, so I don't say that a lot.
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ืขืœ ื’ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช,
01:36
(Laughter)
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
01:39
But as someone who's been trying to change the way we think
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ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช.
01:43
about deficits and government spending,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื ื•.
01:46
I saw this as an opportunity
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01:49
to show why government budgets don't work like household budgets.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
01:54
Why all of their red ink is really our black ink.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
01:59
And why our nation can afford to keep investing in the things we need
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ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
02:05
even after spending trillions to fight the pandemic.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื”
02:09
For a while, it looked like the US and other countries
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ืขืœ ื’ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืกื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช, ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื•,
02:14
were starting to break the mold on the old way of thinking
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ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
02:18
about deficits and taxes.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:20
But now here we are,
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02:23
just a handful of months after all of that bold action,
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืจึพื”ืฉื’ื” ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช?
02:28
and we're sliding back into our old habits of thought.
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืขื”?
02:32
Can we build affordable housing and fix crumbling infrastructure?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื?
02:37
Can we expand Medicare to include dental, vision and hearing?
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืฉืืœื”,
02:43
Can we tackle our climate crisis?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืžืžื ื• ืืช ื–ื”?
02:47
As Congress debates these questions, everyone is back to asking,
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ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ืœื›ืกืฃ.
02:52
how will you pay for it?
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžืื™ืคื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ,
02:55
It's the wrong question.
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02:57
In fact, the right questions don't involve money at all.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืื ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“,
03:02
Instead of worrying about where the financing will come from,
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03:06
we should be asking, are these things worth doing
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื?
03:10
and do we have the real resources, the people, the equipment,
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ืฉืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”?
ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ?
03:15
the raw materials and the technology to do them?
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ืื ื™ ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชื ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
03:19
Well, they make society better off.
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืืงื“ืžื™
03:21
And do we have the political will to act?
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ MMT ืื• ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
03:26
I'm one of a handful of economists
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03:28
who contributed to the body of academic scholarship
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MMT ืžืกืคืงืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง
ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืคื™ืื˜, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืื• ื”ืคืื•ื ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™.
03:32
known as MMT or Modern Monetary Theory.
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03:36
MMT provides an accurate description
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03:39
of how a fiat currency like the US dollar or the British pound actually works.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื”ื–ื”ื‘,
ื›ืš ืฉืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื
ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ืื• ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
03:47
It reminds us that we're no longer on a gold standard,
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03:51
so finding the money to pay for the things we need
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืงืœืงื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•,
03:55
is never an issue for countries like the US or the UK.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช.
04:01
If we're going to fix what's broken in our economy,
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
04:05
we have to fix the way we think about the limits on government spending.
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ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคื’ื•ืžื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื”ื–ื”ื‘,
ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
04:12
Let me give you an example
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1983, ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืชืืฆโ€™ืจ,
04:13
of the kind of broken gold standard thinking
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04:17
that still permeates our discourse.
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ืืžืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•:
โ€œืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:21
Back in 1983, the prime minister of Great Britain, Margaret Thatcher,
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืžื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื›ื ืื• ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
04:26
said these words:
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04:28
"If the state wishes to spend more,
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ื•ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ืฉืœื.
04:31
it can do so only by borrowing your savings or by taxing you more,
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ื”ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืืชื.
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
04:38
and it is no good thinking that someone else will pay.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืจืง ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืโ€œ.
04:42
That someone else is you.
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04:45
There is no such thing as public money.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ืœืืžื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืืฆโ€™ืจ.
04:49
There is only taxpayers' money."
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โ€œืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืฆื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืงืกื•ืžื™ืโ€
04:54
Maybe you've heard the contemporary version of Thatcher's dictum.
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ื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœื
ื•ืฉืžืฉืœื ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ
04:59
"There is no magic money tree."
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05:02
It's just another way of saying that everything must be paid for
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื“ืื™ื’.
05:07
and that the taxpayer is ultimately on the hook
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ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ
05:10
for whatever the government spends.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ืœืคืชื•ื— ืขืกืง ืื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช,
05:14
It sounds worrying.
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05:16
As individuals, we know that when we borrow money
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™.
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
05:20
to go to college, start a business or buy a home,
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ื ื˜ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
05:25
we're personally saddled with that debt.
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05:28
We have to find the money to pay it back.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
05:31
Taking on too much personal debt can lead to all sorts of problems.
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ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืคืกื•ืข ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื•ื‘.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
05:36
Even small businesses and large corporations
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05:39
have to walk a fine line when it comes to debt.
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืืœื™ื ื•,
ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžืื–ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœื•
05:43
But the federal government is fundamentally different.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:48
Unlike the rest of us,
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05:50
Congress never has to check the balance in its bank account
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื ืคื™ืงืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข,
05:54
to figure out whether it can afford to spend more.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืœืื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื”.
05:59
As the issuer of the currency,
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06:02
the federal government can never run out of money.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ืฉืจื™ื,
06:06
It can afford to buy whatever is available and for sale in its own currency.
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ืขืœ ืžืื’ืจื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื, ืื• ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ึพื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ึพืกืคืจ.
06:13
Now that might mean spending on roads and bridges,
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ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืงืฉื”,
06:17
a military arsenal or hospitals and schools.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ
06:22
Finding the votes to pass a spending bill can be hard,
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื”.
ืืคืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
ืื– ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:28
but finding the money
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06:30
is never a problem.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช,
06:33
They just create it.
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ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™, ื”ืคื“ืจืœ ืจื–ืจื‘,
06:36
So here's how it works.
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ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช
06:38
Whenever Congress and the president agree to spend more,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
06:43
the government's bank, the Federal Reserve,
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ื”ื›ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™,
06:46
works with the rest of the financial system
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ื›ืš ืฉืฉื•ื ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืœื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืืŸ.
06:49
to get that money into our accounts.
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ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ืฆโ€™ืง ืขืœ ืกืš 1400 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™
06:53
Everything's done electronically,
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06:55
so there's no physical printing of money involved.
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื ื”,
ืื• ืื ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื›ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ืกืคื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
07:00
If you got a 1,400-dollar check from the federal government
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ืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
07:03
earlier this year,
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07:05
or if your company received money to help cover payroll and other expenses,
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ืฉื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
07:11
then you received some of the newly minted digital dollars
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ืžืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
07:16
that were created to support our economy.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžืงืœื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘.
07:21
No taxpayers were involved in that process.
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื
07:24
It was all done using nothing more than a computer keyboard.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•?
07:30
So why are we hearing so much about the need to raise taxes
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช,
ื’ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช.
07:35
to pay for infrastructure and make other investments in our economy?
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื•ืจื’ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืžื’ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช,
07:40
In a word,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช
07:42
deficits.
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07:44
We've all been conditioned to worry about deficits,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ.
ื–ื” ืœื‘ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉืœื.
07:48
so lawmakers are looking for ways to spend more
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07:52
without adding to the deficit.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืœื’ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื ืฉื ืจืข.
07:56
That's what this whole pay-for game is about.
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ื”ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
08:00
Unfortunately, deficits have gotten a bad rap.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” โ€œื’ืจืขื•ืŸโ€œ,
08:05
They're almost always seen in a negative light.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืื• ื—ืกืš.
08:10
And I would like to change that.
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ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžืข ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืจืขื•ืช.
08:12
When we hear the word "deficit,"
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช
08:14
we probably think of a deficiency or shortfall.
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ื™ืฆืจื” ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘,
08:19
A deficit always sounds ominous.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืœื ื• ืžื“ืื™ื’.
08:22
So when we hear that the federal government
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ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
08:25
just ran a three-trillion-dollar budget deficit,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
08:29
it can sound worrying.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืกืคืจื” 6 ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœึพ9 ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”,
08:32
And it can even anger people.
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08:35
But there's another way to think about government deficits.
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ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืขื•ื“ืฃ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™
08:39
Just as a six becomes a nine when we view it from a different angle,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช.
ืžืชื ื’ื“ ื’ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช ืงื ืื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
08:45
a government deficit becomes a financial surplus
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ื•ืœื ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื“ืื™ื’ื•ืช.
08:49
when we look at it from another perspective.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ื–ื”.
08:52
A deficit hawk might look at this picture
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื”.
08:55
and see nothing but a sea of worrying red ink.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.
09:00
That's not how I look at it.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
09:02
Here's what I see.
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09:04
I see what's happening
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09:05
on the other side of the government's ledger.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชืจื•ืžื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืœื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
09:09
When the government spends more than it taxes away from us,
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ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืŸ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:13
it makes a financial contribution to some other part of the economy.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
09:19
Their red ink is our black ink.
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09:23
When you look at it this way,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžื™
09:25
it becomes clear that every deficit is good for someone.
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ื•ืื™ื–ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•?
09:31
The question is for whom
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ
ื•ืžื™ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
09:35
and what are those deficits being used to accomplish?
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ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื, ืฉืžืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžื™ื™ื ืœืืœื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”
09:39
It matters how the money is spent
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09:42
and who ends up with the resulting surplus.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”,
09:46
Tax cuts that deliver huge windfalls for those at the top
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช.
09:51
without sparking investment and opportunity
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
09:54
for the rest of the population
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09:56
don't make good use of deficits.
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ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ.
09:59
On the other hand,
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืืจื”โ€œื‘.
10:01
spending trillions to support the economy during the pandemic
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10:06
put the deficit to good use.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืกืงืืœื™ืช.
10:09
We just had the shortest recession in US history.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
10:14
To me, that was fiscally responsible.
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ื›ืžื• ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ,
10:18
Being responsible shouldn't mean running the government's finances
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ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”.
10:22
like a household.
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10:25
Instead of trying to keep the deficit in check,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช
10:28
Congress should be focused on keeping inflation in check.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžืคื ื™ื•
ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
10:33
That's the real limit on spending
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ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
10:36
and it's the thing to watch out for
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ, โ€œื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืžืžืŸ ืืช ื–ื”?โ€œ,
10:39
if you're thinking about spending trillions
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10:41
on things like infrastructure, health care and free college.
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ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ, โ€œื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืกืคืง ืœื–ื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื?โ€
10:46
Instead of asking, "How will we pay for it?,"
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช,
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืคืขืœื™ื, ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื ื›ืžื• ืขืฅ ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
10:50
Congress should be asking, "How will we resource it?"
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10:55
To answer that question,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื”,
10:58
think of people, factories, equipment and raw materials like wood and iron.
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ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ืจื•ืงื”,
ืื– ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืคืœื“ื” ื•ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฅ.
11:05
If we're going to build high-speed rail,
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11:08
fix crumbling infrastructure and green our economy,
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื.
ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืืœืคื™ ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืื ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื,
11:13
then we'll need concrete, steel and lumber.
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11:16
We'll need construction workers, architects and engineers.
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ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืœื”ืกืขื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
11:21
We'll need companies that can fill thousands of orders for solar panels,
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ืื ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
11:26
EV charging stations and electric school buses.
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืœื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
11:30
If our economy has the productive capacity to quickly supply all of those things,
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ืื• ืงื—ื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื• ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
11:37
then we can easily resource it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืขื”, ื–ื” ืงืœ.
11:40
Or take health care or free college.
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11:44
Paying the bills to expand Medicare,
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
11:47
to include dental, vision and hearing is easy.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื–ืงื•ืง ืœื›ืš.
11:52
The challenge is making sure
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ื•ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื,
11:55
we have enough dentists, optometrists and audiologists
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืกื’ืœ ืืงื“ืžื™,
11:59
to treat everyone who needs care.
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ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ื•ืœืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื.
12:03
And if you want to resource free college,
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ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืžืœืื”,
12:05
then you need the faculty,
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12:07
the classrooms and the dormitories to teach and house more students.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
ืžื ื•ืฆืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื.
12:13
In a full-employment economy,
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ืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืคื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช.
12:16
all of the resources you need are, well,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคืชืื•ื ืชื ืกื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช,
12:20
fully employed.
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12:22
There's no spare capacity anywhere in the system.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
12:26
So if the government suddenly tried to make all of these investments at once,
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ืื• ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื”,
12:31
it would quickly discover that it doesn't have the people
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™,
12:34
or the building materials to do the work.
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ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื.
12:38
To get the resources it needs,
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ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืกืงืืœื™ืช.
12:40
it would have to compete with the private sector,
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12:43
bidding up wages and prices.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืžืœืื”.
12:46
That would be inflationary and it would be fiscally irresponsible.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื•ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
12:54
We are a long way from full employment.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
12:58
We have the resources we need to begin repairing our broken systems.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ื‘ ืื• ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
ื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
13:05
But we have to believe it's possible.
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13:08
We can't let words like debt and deficits hold us back.
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ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื• ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืงื“,
ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื’ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”.
13:13
With a better understanding of public money,
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13:16
where it comes from and how it works
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
13:19
we can take aim at the many real deficits that are bearing down on us.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื
ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
13:26
In every crisis lies an opportunity.
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ืื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
13:30
We can pick up the pieces
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืคืข ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืจืฆื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•,
13:32
and try to reassemble the fragile systems that were in place before the pandemic
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ืขื•ืœื ืฉื“ื•ืื’ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
13:38
or we can build anew,
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13:40
shaping our bountiful resources into the kind of world we want to live in,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืฆื™ื.
13:46
one that cares for our people and our planet.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
13:51
I truly hope we choose to be bold.
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13:54
Thank you.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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