Stephanie Kelton: The big myth of government deficits | TED

309,372 views ・ 2021-10-13

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Yunwoo Lim κ²€ν† : Ju-young Moon
μ–΄λ–€ 것이 망가지면 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ” κΈ°νšŒκ°€ μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
λΆ€μ„œμ§„ 쑰각듀을 μ£Όμ›Œμ„œ μ›λž˜μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ μˆ˜λ„ 있고
00:13
When things break, we have an opportunity.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 더 쒋은 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ κΈ°λŒ€ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
00:17
We can pick up the pieces and put them back together the old way,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ½”λ‘œλ‚˜λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ‘œ 인해
λͺ¨λ“  것이 μ΄ˆν† ν™”λ˜λ©΄μ„œ 우리 경제의 μ·¨μ•½ν•œ 곳이 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚¬μ£ .
00:22
or we can look for better ways to build.
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00:25
Covid broke everything.
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고용, ꡐ윑, 의료, 주거 그리고
00:28
It put a spotlight on the many deficits in our economy --
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λΆˆν‰λ“±κΉŒμ§€ λͺ¨λ“  것이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 악화될 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ—¬μ€¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
in employment, education, health care, housing --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 미ꡭ뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ „ 세계 μ •λΆ€λŠ”
획기적인 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같이 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
00:39
and it showed how inequality made it all worse.
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κ΅­λ―Όμ—κ²Œ ν˜„κΈˆμ„ 직접 μ£Όλ©΄μ„œ
00:44
Here in the US and around the world, governments did some extraordinary things.
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μŒμ‹μ„ 사고 μž„λŒ€λ£Œλ₯Ό λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•œ κ±°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
무료둜 μ½”λ‘œλ‚˜ 검사도 ν•΄μ£Όκ³ 
00:50
They sent money to people directly to help them buy food and pay rent.
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더 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ°›μ„ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ κ±΄κ°•λ³΄ν—˜λ„ ν™•λŒ€ν–ˆμ£ .
λ„μ‚°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ„λ‘ κΈ°μ—…μ—κ²Œλ„ λˆμ„ ν’€μ–΄μ„œ
00:56
They provided free Covid testing
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κ²½μ œκ°€ μΌμ‹œμ μœΌλ‘œ λ§ˆλΉ„λœ λ™μ•ˆμ— 생쑴할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 도왔고
00:59
and expanded health care to cover more of the population.
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01:03
They gave money to businesses to help keep them afloat
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ν•™μžκΈˆμ„ λŒ€μΆœν•œ 수백만 λͺ…μ˜ 채무λ₯Ό 탕감해 μ€¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
while much of the economy was temporarily shut down.
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μ •λΆ€λŠ” 그뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ„ΈκΈˆμ„ λ™κ²°ν–ˆμœΌλ©°
01:12
They offered debt relief to millions of people
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β€˜μ΄κ±Έ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ°λ‹Ήν•˜λ €κ³ ?’와 같은 상식적인 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— κ΅΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ©°
01:14
who borrowed money to go to college.
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결둠이 λ‚˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μ§€λ‚œν•œ μ–ΈμŸλ„ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
They did all of this and more without raising taxes
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μ €λŠ” ν₯뢄을 감좔지 λͺ»ν–ˆμ£ .
01:23
or having a prolonged battle
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μ œκ°€ κ²½μ œν•™μžλΌμ„œ 자주 κ·ΈλŸ¬μ§„ μ•Šμ•„μš”.
01:25
over the usual question of how to pay for it.
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:30
To me, this was exciting,
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그런데 μž¬μ • μ μžμ™€ μ •λΆ€μ§€μΆœμ— λŒ€ν•œ 인식을
01:33
and I'm an economist, so I don't say that a lot.
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λ°”κΎΈλ €κ³  λ…Έλ ₯ν•΄ μ™”λ˜ μ € 같은 μ‚¬λžŒν•œν…ŒλŠ”
01:36
(Laughter)
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이건 기회둜 λ³΄μ˜€μ–΄μš”.
01:39
But as someone who's been trying to change the way we think
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μ •λΆ€ μ˜ˆμ‚°μ΄ 가계 μ˜ˆμ‚°κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ” 것을 보여쀄 기회둜 말이죠.
01:43
about deficits and government spending,
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μ™œ μ •λΆ€μ˜ μ μžκ°€ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 수읡으둜 λŒμ•„μ˜€λŠ”μ§€
01:46
I saw this as an opportunity
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01:49
to show why government budgets don't work like household budgets.
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그리고 우리 κ΅­κ°€κ°€ 팬데믹 λŒ€μ‘μ„ μœ„ν•΄ 수쑰 λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό μ“΄ 이후에도
01:54
Why all of their red ink is really our black ink.
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ν•„μš”ν•œ 뢀뢄에 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ νˆ¬μžν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Όμš”.
01:59
And why our nation can afford to keep investing in the things we need
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ν•œλ™μ•ˆ λ―Έκ΅­μ΄λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ ꡭ가듀이
02:05
even after spending trillions to fight the pandemic.
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μž¬μ • μ μžμ™€ μ„ΈκΈˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ΅¬μ‹œλŒ€μ μΈ μ‚¬κ³ μ—μ„œ
02:09
For a while, it looked like the US and other countries
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λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μ˜€μ£ .
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έκ°„μ˜ 획기적인 μ •μ±…μ—μ„œ
02:14
were starting to break the mold on the old way of thinking
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뢈과 λͺ‡ κ°œμ›”μ΄ 지났을 뿐인데
02:18
about deficits and taxes.
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μ •λΆ€ μ μžμ™€ μ„ΈκΈˆμ— κ΄€ν•΄ κ΅¬μ‹œλŒ€μ μΈ μ •μ±…μœΌλ‘œ νšŒκ·€ν•˜κ³  있죠.
02:20
But now here we are,
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02:23
just a handful of months after all of that bold action,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λ ΄ν•œ 주택 곡급과 λ¬΄λ„ˆμ Έ κ°€λŠ” 인프라λ₯Ό λ˜μ‚΄λ¦΄ 수 μžˆμ„μ§€
02:28
and we're sliding back into our old habits of thought.
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그리고 치과, μ‹œλ ₯, μ²­λ ₯ μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ ν¬ν•¨λœ κ±΄κ°•λ³΄ν—˜ ν™•λŒ€κ°€ μ‹€ν˜„λ μ§€
02:32
Can we build affordable housing and fix crumbling infrastructure?
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κΈ°ν›„ μœ„κΈ°μ— λŒ€μ²˜ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€ 의문이 λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
Can we expand Medicare to include dental, vision and hearing?
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μ˜νšŒμ—μ„œ μœ„μ˜ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ λ…Όμ˜ν•  λ•Œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 묻기 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ£ .
02:43
Can we tackle our climate crisis?
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β€˜μž¬μ›μ€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ§ˆλ ¨ν•˜μ£ ?β€™λΌκ³ μš”.
02:47
As Congress debates these questions, everyone is back to asking,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그런 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•΄μ•Όκ² μ£ .
λΉ„μš©μ€ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ•ˆ λ˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
02:52
how will you pay for it?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž¬μ›μ„ λ§ˆλ ¨ν• μ§€λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
02:55
It's the wrong question.
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02:57
In fact, the right questions don't involve money at all.
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κ·Έ μ •λ„μ˜ κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λ…Όμ˜ν•˜κ³ 
μ‹€μ œ μžμ›κ³Ό 인λ ₯뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μž₯λΉ„ 그리고
03:02
Instead of worrying about where the financing will come from,
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03:06
we should be asking, are these things worth doing
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μ›μžμž¬μ™€ 기술이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λΆ€ν„° μ§ˆλ¬Έν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
and do we have the real resources, the people, the equipment,
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그럴 λ•Œ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μ°Ύμ•„μ˜€λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
그런데 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν–‰λ™ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ •μΉ˜μ  μ˜μ§€κ°€ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš” ?
03:15
the raw materials and the technology to do them?
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μ €λŠ” β€˜MMT’ λ˜λŠ” β€˜ν˜„λŒ€ ν†΅ν™”λ‘ β€™μ΄λΌλŠ”
03:19
Well, they make society better off.
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ν•™μˆ  λ…Όλ¬Έ 체계에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ
03:21
And do we have the political will to act?
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λͺ‡ λͺ…μ˜ κ²½μ œν•™μžλ“€ 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
I'm one of a handful of economists
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03:28
who contributed to the body of academic scholarship
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MMTλŠ” λ―Έκ΅­ λ‹¬λŸ¬λ‚˜ 영ꡭ νŒŒμš΄λ“œ 같은
λΆˆν™˜μ§€νμ˜ μ‹€μ œ μž‘λ™ 방식을 μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ„€λͺ…ν•΄ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
known as MMT or Modern Monetary Theory.
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03:36
MMT provides an accurate description
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03:39
of how a fiat currency like the US dollar or the British pound actually works.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 더 이상 κΈˆλ³Έμœ„μ œμ˜ μ‹œλŒ€μ— μžˆμ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
λ”°λΌμ„œ ν•„μš”ν•œ 것을 사기 μœ„ν•΄ λˆμ„ λ§ˆλ ¨ν•˜λŠ” 것은
λ―Έκ΅­μ΄λ‚˜ 영ꡭ 같은 λ‚˜λΌ μž…μž₯μ—μ„œλŠ” μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
It reminds us that we're no longer on a gold standard,
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03:51
so finding the money to pay for the things we need
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우리 κ²½μ œμ—μ„œ κ³ μž₯λ‚œ μ˜μ—­μ„ λ°”λ‘œμž‘μœΌλ €λ©΄
03:55
is never an issue for countries like the US or the UK.
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μ •λΆ€ μ§€μΆœμ˜ ν•œκ³„μ— λŒ€ν•œ 우리의 생각뢀터 고쳐야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
If we're going to fix what's broken in our economy,
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예λ₯Ό ν•œ 번 듀어보죠.
04:05
we have to fix the way we think about the limits on government spending.
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아직도 우리의 담둠에 퍼져 μžˆλŠ” κ³ μž₯λ‚œ κΈˆλ³Έμœ„μ  μ‚¬κ³ λ°©μ‹μΈλ°μš”.
04:12
Let me give you an example
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1983λ…„ 영ꡭ의 총리 마거릿 λŒ€μ²˜λŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같이 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€:
04:13
of the kind of broken gold standard thinking
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04:17
that still permeates our discourse.
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β€™κ΅­κ°€μ—μ„œ 더 λ§Žμ€ μ§€μΆœμ„ ν•  κ²½μš°β€²
04:21
Back in 1983, the prime minister of Great Britain, Margaret Thatcher,
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β€˜κ΅­λ―Όμ˜ μ €μΆ•κΈˆμ„ λΉŒλ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜ μ„ΈκΈˆμ„ λŠ˜λ €μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€β€™
04:26
said these words:
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04:28
"If the state wishes to spend more,
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β€˜λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λŒ€μ‹  λ‚Ό κ±°λΌλŠ” 생각은 ν‹€λ Έλ‹€.’
04:31
it can do so only by borrowing your savings or by taxing you more,
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β€˜λ°”λ‘œ λ‹Ήμ‹ μ—κ²Œ ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” 말이며’
β€˜κ³΅μ΅μ„ μœ„ν•œ λˆμ€ 없고’
04:38
and it is no good thinking that someone else will pay.
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β€˜μ˜€λ‘œμ§€ λ‚©μ„Έμžλ“€μ˜ 돈만 μžˆμ„ λΏμ΄λ‹€β€™λΌκ³ μš”
04:42
That someone else is you.
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04:45
There is no such thing as public money.
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λŒ€μ²˜κ°€ 남긴 격언도 듀어봀을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
There is only taxpayers' money."
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β€˜λ§ˆλ²•μ˜ λˆλ‚˜λ¬΄λŠ” μ—†λ‹€β€™λΌκ³ μš”.
04:54
Maybe you've heard the contemporary version of Thatcher's dictum.
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κ·Έ 말은 λŒ€κ°€λ₯Ό μΉ˜λŸ¬μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 뜻이고
μ •λΆ€κ°€ μ§€μΆœν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  λˆμ€ λ‚©μ„Έμžμ—κ²Œμ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨λ‹€λŠ” λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
"There is no magic money tree."
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05:02
It's just another way of saying that everything must be paid for
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μš°λ €ν• λ§Œν•œ 생각이죠.
05:07
and that the taxpayer is ultimately on the hook
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잘 μ•„μ‹œκ² μ§€λ§Œ ν•œ 개인이
05:10
for whatever the government spends.
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λŒ€ν•™μ— λ‹€λ‹ˆκ±°λ‚˜ 사업을 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 집을 μ‚¬κΈ°μœ„ν•΄ λˆμ„ 빌리면
05:14
It sounds worrying.
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05:16
As individuals, we know that when we borrow money
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뢀채에 μ‹œλ‹¬λ¦¬κ²Œ λ˜μž–μ•„μš”.
뢀채λ₯Ό μƒν™˜ν•  방법을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
to go to college, start a business or buy a home,
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개인적인 빚이 λ§Žμ•„μ§€λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 생길 수 있죠.
05:25
we're personally saddled with that debt.
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05:28
We have to find the money to pay it back.
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μ€‘μ†ŒκΈ°μ—…, λŒ€κΈ°μ—… ν•  것 없이 λŒ€μΆœλ‘œ μΈν•œ 문제λ₯Ό 뢄석해야 ν•˜μ£ .
05:31
Taking on too much personal debt can lead to all sorts of problems.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ μ—°λ°© μ •λΆ€λŠ” 기본적으둜 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
Even small businesses and large corporations
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05:39
have to walk a fine line when it comes to debt.
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κ°œκ°œμΈκ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ
μ˜νšŒλŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ λˆμ„ μ“Έ μ—¬μœ κ°€ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ ν™•μΈν•˜λ €κ³ 
05:43
But the federal government is fundamentally different.
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톡μž₯ μž”κ³ λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„λ„ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
Unlike the rest of us,
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05:50
Congress never has to check the balance in its bank account
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화폐λ₯Ό λ°œν–‰ν•˜λŠ” μž…μž₯μ΄λΌμ„œ
05:54
to figure out whether it can afford to spend more.
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μ—°λ°© μ •λΆ€λŠ” 돈이 λ°”λ‹₯λ‚  일도 μ—†μœΌλ©°
자ꡭ ν†΅ν™”λ‘œ νŒλ§€ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 것이라면 μ–΄λ–€ 것이든 μ‚΄ 수 있죠.
05:59
As the issuer of the currency,
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06:02
the federal government can never run out of money.
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λ„λ‘œλ‚˜ 닀리λ₯Ό κ±΄μ„€ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
06:06
It can afford to buy whatever is available and for sale in its own currency.
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ꡰ사 무기 λ˜λŠ” λ³‘μ›μ΄λ‚˜ 학ꡐλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μ§€μΆœ ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
Now that might mean spending on roads and bridges,
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μ˜ˆμ‚° 집행 λ²•μ•ˆμ„ ν†΅κ³Όμ‹œν‚€λ €κ³  ν‘œλ₯Ό μ–»λŠ” 것은 νž˜λ“€μ–΄λ„
06:17
a military arsenal or hospitals and schools.
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λˆμ„ λ§ˆλ ¨ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ „ν˜€ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:22
Finding the votes to pass a spending bill can be hard,
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화폐λ₯Ό λ°œν–‰ν•˜λ©΄ λ˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
κ·Έ 과정은 μ΄λ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:28
but finding the money
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06:30
is never a problem.
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μ˜νšŒμ™€ λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήμ΄ μΆ”κ°€ μ§€μΆœμ— ν•©μ˜ν•˜λ©΄
06:33
They just create it.
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μ •λΆ€ 은행인 μ—°λ°©μ€€λΉ„μ œλ„κ°€
06:36
So here's how it works.
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여타 금육 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œκ³Ό ν˜‘λ ₯ν•˜μ—¬
06:38
Whenever Congress and the president agree to spend more,
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κ·Έ λˆμ„ 우리 κ³„μ’Œμ— λ„£μœΌλ©΄
06:43
the government's bank, the Federal Reserve,
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λͺ¨λ“  과정은 온라인으둜 μ²˜λ¦¬λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
works with the rest of the financial system
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λ”°λΌμ„œ ν™”νŽ˜λ₯Ό μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μΈμ‡„ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ£ .
06:49
to get that money into our accounts.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ˜¬ν•΄ μ΄ˆμ— μ—°λ°© μ •λΆ€μ—μ„œ
06:53
Everything's done electronically,
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06:55
so there's no physical printing of money involved.
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1,400λ‹¬λŸ¬ μˆ˜ν‘œλ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜κ±°λ‚˜
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ μ›”κΈ‰μ΄λ‚˜ 기타 λΉ„μš©μ„ λΆ€λ‹΄ν•˜λ €κ³ 
07:00
If you got a 1,400-dollar check from the federal government
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μ •λΆ€ λ³΄μ‘°κΈˆμ„ λ°›μ•˜λ‹€λ©΄
그것은 경제λ₯Ό μ§€μ›ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„
07:03
earlier this year,
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07:05
or if your company received money to help cover payroll and other expenses,
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μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ λ°œν–‰λœ 디지털 λ‹¬λŸ¬ 쀑 일뢀λ₯Ό 받은 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:11
then you received some of the newly minted digital dollars
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ λ‚©μ„Έμžλ“€μ€ κ·Έ 과정에 μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
that were created to support our economy.
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컴퓨터 ν‚€λ³΄λ“œλ‘œ μž…λ ₯만 ν•˜λ©΄ λμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
07:21
No taxpayers were involved in that process.
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ™œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 인프라λ₯Ό κ°œμ„ ν•˜κ³  κ²½μ œμ— νˆ¬μžν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
07:24
It was all done using nothing more than a computer keyboard.
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μ„ΈκΈˆμ„ μ˜¬λ €μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μ–˜κΈ°λ₯Ό κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 자주 λ“£λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
07:30
So why are we hearing so much about the need to raise taxes
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ν•œ λ§ˆλ””λ‘œ
적자 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:35
to pay for infrastructure and make other investments in our economy?
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” 쑰건 λ°˜μ‚¬μ μœΌλ‘œ 적자λ₯Ό κ±±μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
In a word,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ˜μ›λ“€μ€ 적자λ₯Ό μ€„μ΄λ©΄μ„œ 더 λ§Žμ€ λˆμ„ μ“°λŠ” 방법을
07:42
deficits.
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07:44
We've all been conditioned to worry about deficits,
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찾으렀고 λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜λŠ”λ°μš”.
유료 κ²Œμž„μ˜ 핡심이라고 ν•  수 있죠.
07:48
so lawmakers are looking for ways to spend more
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07:52
without adding to the deficit.
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μœ κ°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œλ„ 적자λ₯Ό 뢀정적인 μ‹œκ°μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄λŠ”λ°μš”.
07:56
That's what this whole pay-for game is about.
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μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ 뢀정적인 λ©΄λ§Œμ„ κ°•μ‘°ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
08:00
Unfortunately, deficits have gotten a bad rap.
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μ „ κ·Έ 생각을 λ°”κΎΈκ³  μ‹Άμ–΄μš”.
β€˜μ μžβ€™ λΌλŠ” 말만 듀어도
08:05
They're almost always seen in a negative light.
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κ²°ν•μ΄λ‚˜ 뢀쑱이 μžλ™μ μœΌλ‘œ λ– μ˜€λ₯Ό κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:10
And I would like to change that.
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그리고 μ μžλŠ” 항상 λΆˆκΈΈν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
08:12
When we hear the word "deficit,"
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ—°λ°©μ •λΆ€κ°€
08:14
we probably think of a deficiency or shortfall.
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3μ‘° λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ μ˜ˆμ‚° 적자λ₯Ό λƒˆλ‹€λŠ” μ†Œμ‹μ„ λ“€μœΌλ©΄
08:19
A deficit always sounds ominous.
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κ±±μ •μŠ€λŸ¬μšΈ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
08:22
So when we hear that the federal government
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ν™”κ°€ λ‚  μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
08:25
just ran a three-trillion-dollar budget deficit,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ •λΆ€μ˜ μ μžλŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ 생각 ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
it can sound worrying.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°λ„μ—μ„œ 바라보면 6이 9κ°€ λ˜λŠ” 것 처럼
08:32
And it can even anger people.
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08:35
But there's another way to think about government deficits.
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μ •λΆ€μ˜ 적자λ₯Ό μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°λ„μ—μ„œ 바라보면
08:39
Just as a six becomes a nine when we view it from a different angle,
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μž¬μ •μ  ν‘μžκ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
적자 κ°•κ²½νŒŒλŠ” 이 그림을 λ³΄λ©΄μ„œ
08:45
a government deficit becomes a financial surplus
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κ±±μ •μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ λΉ¨κ°„ μž‰ν¬μ˜ λ°”λ‹€μ™Έμ—” 아무것도 보지 λͺ»ν•˜κ² μ§€λ§Œ
08:49
when we look at it from another perspective.
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μ €μ˜ μ‹œκ°μ€ λ‹€λ₯΄μ£ .
08:52
A deficit hawk might look at this picture
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ³΄κ±°λ“ μš”.
08:55
and see nothing but a sea of worrying red ink.
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μ •λΆ€μ˜ μž₯λΆ€ λ°˜λŒ€νŽΈμ—μ„œ
무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄κ±°λ“ μš”.
09:00
That's not how I look at it.
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μ •λΆ€κ°€ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œμ„œ κ°€μ Έκ°€λŠ” μ„ΈκΈˆλ³΄λ‹€ 더 λ§Žμ€ μ§€μΆœμ„ ν•  λ•Œ
09:02
Here's what I see.
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09:04
I see what's happening
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09:05
on the other side of the government's ledger.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ κ²½μ œμ— μž¬μ •μ  지원을 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:09
When the government spends more than it taxes away from us,
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μ •λΆ€μ˜ μ μžλŠ” ꡭ민에겐 ν‘μžμ£ .
09:13
it makes a financial contribution to some other part of the economy.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 보면
μ •λΆ€μ˜ μ μžλŠ” λˆ„κ΅°κ°€μ—κ²Œ λŒμ•„κ°€λŠ” ν˜œνƒμΈ 것을 μ•Œ 수 있죠.
09:19
Their red ink is our black ink.
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09:23
When you look at it this way,
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ 확인해야 ν•  것이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:25
it becomes clear that every deficit is good for someone.
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 그리고 무엇을 μœ„ν•΄ μ§€μΆœν–ˆλŠ”μ§€ 따져봐야죠.
09:31
The question is for whom
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λˆμ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ“°λŠ”μ§€
그리고 결과적으둜 ν‘μžκ°€ λˆ„κ΅¬μ—κ²Œ λŒμ•„κ°€λŠ”μ§€κ°€ μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
09:35
and what are those deficits being used to accomplish?
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μƒμœ„ κ³„μΈ΅μ—κ²Œ μ„ΈκΈˆμ„ κ°λ©΄ν•΄μ€˜μ„œ λ§‰λŒ€ν•œ 이읡이 λ°œμƒν–ˆμ–΄λ„
09:39
It matters how the money is spent
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09:42
and who ends up with the resulting surplus.
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ ꡭ민을 μœ„ν•΄ νˆ¬μžμ™€ 기회λ₯Ό λΆˆλŸ¬μΌμœΌν‚€μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
09:46
Tax cuts that deliver huge windfalls for those at the top
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적자λ₯Ό 잘 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:51
without sparking investment and opportunity
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ν•œνŽΈ
펜데믹 κΈ°κ°„λ™μ•ˆ 경제 지원을 μœ„ν•΄ 수쑰 λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό μ§€μΆœν•˜λŠ” 것은
09:54
for the rest of the population
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09:56
don't make good use of deficits.
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적자λ₯Ό 잘 ν™œμš©ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
On the other hand,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­ 역사상 κ°€μž₯ 짧은 κ²½κΈ° 침체λ₯Ό κ²ͺμ—ˆκ³ 
10:01
spending trillions to support the economy during the pandemic
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10:06
put the deficit to good use.
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μ €μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μž¬μ •μ μΈ μ±…μž„μ΄ μ£Όμ–΄μ‘Œμ£ .
10:09
We just had the shortest recession in US history.
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μ •λΆ€ μž¬μ •μ„ 가계 경제처럼 μš΄μ˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:14
To me, that was fiscally responsible.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜νšŒμ—μ„œλŠ” 적자λ₯Ό μ œμ–΄ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜κΈ° 보닀
10:18
Being responsible shouldn't mean running the government's finances
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μΈν”Œλ ˆμ΄μ…˜μ„ μ œμ–΄ν•˜λŠ”λ° 집쀑해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:22
like a household.
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10:25
Instead of trying to keep the deficit in check,
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그것이 μ‹€μ œμ μΈ μ§€μΆœ ν•œλ„μ΄λ©°
10:28
Congress should be focused on keeping inflation in check.
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κ°μ‹œν•΄μ•Όν•  λŒ€μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
인프라, κ±΄κ°•λ³΄ν—˜, 무상 λŒ€ν•™ 등에 수쑰 λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό μ§€μΆœν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
10:33
That's the real limit on spending
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10:36
and it's the thing to watch out for
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β€˜κ·Έ λˆμ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν™•λ³΄ν• κΉŒ?β€™λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
10:39
if you're thinking about spending trillions
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10:41
on things like infrastructure, health care and free college.
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β€˜μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μžμ›μ„ 확보할 것인가?’뢀터 λ¬Όμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:46
Instead of asking, "How will we pay for it?,"
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κ·Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λ‹΅ν•˜μžλ©΄
인λ ₯, 곡μž₯, μž₯비와 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ‚˜ κ°•μ²  그리고 μ›μžμž¬λΆ€ν„° 확인해야겠죠.
10:50
Congress should be asking, "How will we resource it?"
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10:55
To answer that question,
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λ§Œμ•½ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 고속 철도λ₯Ό κ±΄μ„€ν•˜κ³ 
10:58
think of people, factories, equipment and raw materials like wood and iron.
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λ¬΄λ„ˆμ Έ κ°€λŠ” 인프라λ₯Ό μˆ˜λ¦¬ν•˜κ³  μΉœν™˜κ²½ 경제둜 μ „ν™”ν•˜λ €λ©΄
콘크리트, κ°•μ² , λͺ©μž¬κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:05
If we're going to build high-speed rail,
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11:08
fix crumbling infrastructure and green our economy,
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그리고 κ±΄μ„€λ…Έλ™μž, 건좕가 및 μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄λ„ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ©°
νƒœμ–‘κ΄‘ νŒ¨λ„, μ „κΈ° μžλ™μ°¨ μΆ©μ „μ†Œ, μ „κΈ° 슀쿨 λ²„μŠ€ 등을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”
11:13
then we'll need concrete, steel and lumber.
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11:16
We'll need construction workers, architects and engineers.
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수천 건의 주문을 μ²˜λ¦¬ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” νšŒμ‚¬λ„ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
11:21
We'll need companies that can fill thousands of orders for solar panels,
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우리의 κ²½μ œκ°€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  것듀을 μ‹ μ†ν•˜κ²Œ 곡급할 생산λ ₯을 κ°–κ³  μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
11:26
EV charging stations and electric school buses.
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μ‰½κ²Œ μžμ› 곡급을 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:30
If our economy has the productive capacity to quickly supply all of those things,
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μ˜λ£Œλ³΄ν—˜μ΄λ‚˜ 무상 λŒ€ν•™λ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•  κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
치과, μ•ˆκ³Ό, μ²­λ ₯ 치료 등을
11:37
then we can easily resource it.
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건강 λ³΄ν—˜μ— ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λ„λ‘ μ§€λΆˆν•˜λŠ” 것쑰차 어렡지 μ•Šμ£ .
11:40
Or take health care or free college.
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11:44
Paying the bills to expand Medicare,
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λ¬Έμ œλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
치료λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•  만큼 μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ 치과, μ•ˆκ³Ό, 이비인후과 μ˜μ‚¬κ°€ μžˆλŠ”μ§€
11:47
to include dental, vision and hearing is easy.
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ν™•μΈν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:52
The challenge is making sure
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그리고 무상 λŒ€ν•™μ„ μ›ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ 더 λ§Žμ€ 학생듀을
11:55
we have enough dentists, optometrists and audiologists
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11:59
to treat everyone who needs care.
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κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜κ³  μˆ˜μš©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ ꡐ싀과 κΈ°μˆ™μ‚¬κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:03
And if you want to resource free college,
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μ™„μ „ 고용 κ²½μ œμ—μ„œ ν•„μš”ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  μžμ›μ€
12:05
then you need the faculty,
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12:07
the classrooms and the dormitories to teach and house more students.
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μ™„μ „ 고용 μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μ „μ œλ‘œ ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ 말이죠.
12:13
In a full-employment economy,
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μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ μ „μ²΄μ—μ„œ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ—¬λ ₯이 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
12:16
all of the resources you need are, well,
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μ •λΆ€κ°€ κ°‘μžκΈ° μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 투자λ₯Ό λ™μ‹œμ— μ‹€ν–‰ν•˜λ©΄
12:20
fully employed.
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12:22
There's no spare capacity anywhere in the system.
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노동λ ₯μ΄λ‚˜ κ±΄μΆ•μžμž¬κ°€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ” 건
12:26
So if the government suddenly tried to make all of these investments at once,
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그리 였래 걸리지 μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•œ μžμ›μ„ μ–»μœΌλ €κ³  λ―Όκ°„ λΆ€λ¬Έκ³Ό κ²½μŸν•˜λ‹€ 보면
12:31
it would quickly discover that it doesn't have the people
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12:34
or the building materials to do the work.
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μž„κΈˆκ³Ό 가격이 μƒμŠΉν•  κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
12:38
To get the resources it needs,
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그러면 μΈν”Œλ ˆμ΄μ…˜μ΄ 올 ν…Œκ³  μž¬μ •μ μœΌλ‘œ λ¬΄μ±…μž„ν•œ 일이 되겠죠.
12:40
it would have to compete with the private sector,
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12:43
bidding up wages and prices.
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아직 μ™„μ „ 고용 μƒνƒœλŠ” 갈 길이 λ©€μ£ .
12:46
That would be inflationary and it would be fiscally irresponsible.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ³ μž₯λ‚œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μˆ˜λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 데 ν•„μš”ν•œ μžμ›μ€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:54
We are a long way from full employment.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ 보강할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 확신을 가지고
12:58
We have the resources we need to begin repairing our broken systems.
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λΆ€μ±„λ‚˜ μ μžμ™€ 같은 말에 μœ„μΆ•λΌμ„œλŠ” μ•ˆ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
곡곡 μžκΈˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ 더 λ‚˜μ€ 이해λ₯Ό 톡해
13:05
But we have to believe it's possible.
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13:08
We can't let words like debt and deficits hold us back.
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돈이 μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜€κ³  μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ²Œ 되면
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ λ‹€κ°€μ˜€κ³  μžˆλŠ” λ§Žμ€ μ‹€μ œ μ μžμ— λŒ€ν•œ
13:13
With a better understanding of public money,
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13:16
where it comes from and how it works
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λŒ€μ²˜λ₯Ό ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:19
we can take aim at the many real deficits that are bearing down on us.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 쑰각을 λͺ¨μ•„ 펜데믹 μ΄μ „μ˜ λΆˆμ•ˆμ •ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ 볡ꡬ할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:26
In every crisis lies an opportunity.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ ν’λΆ€ν•œ μžμ›μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό 지ꡬλ₯Ό λŒλ³΄λŠ”
13:30
We can pick up the pieces
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13:32
and try to reassemble the fragile systems that were in place before the pandemic
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄κ³  싢은 그런 μ„ΈμƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒˆλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:38
or we can build anew,
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13:40
shaping our bountiful resources into the kind of world we want to live in,
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μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 더 λŒ€λ‹΄ν•œ 선택을 ν•  것을 μ§„μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:46
one that cares for our people and our planet.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:51
I truly hope we choose to be bold.
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13:54
Thank you.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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