Antonio Donato Nobre: The magic of the Amazon: A river that flows invisibly all around us

135,322 views ใƒป 2014-09-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: TED Translators admin Reviewer: Leonardo Silva
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
What do you guys think?
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ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื?
00:14
For those who watched Sir Ken's memorable TED Talk,
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ืœืืœื” ืฉืฆืคื• ื‘ื”ืจืฆืืช TED ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจ ืงืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ,
00:19
I am a typical example of what he describes
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ืื ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ
00:22
as "the body as a form of transport for the head,"
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ื› "ื”ื™ืœื“ ื›ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืจืืฉ,"
00:25
a university professor.
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
00:27
You might think it was not fair
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ
00:31
that I've been lined up to speak after these first two talks
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ืฉื”ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
00:34
to speak about science.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ืข.
00:36
I can't move my body to the beat,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ืงืฆื‘,
00:40
and after a scientist who became a philosopher,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ,
00:43
I have to talk about hard science.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ืข ืงืฉื™ื—.
00:45
It could be a very dry subject.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื‘ืฉ.
00:48
Yet, I feel honored.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
00:51
Never in my career,
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ืžืขื•ืœื ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™,
00:53
and it's been a long career,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื”,
00:55
have I had the opportunity to start a talk
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจืฆืื”
00:57
feeling so inspired, like this one.
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”, ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
01:00
Usually, talking about science
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ืข
01:04
is like exercising in a dry place.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื™ื‘ืฉ.
01:08
However, I've had the pleasure
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช
01:11
of being invited to come here to talk about water.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื.
01:15
The words "water" and "dry" do not match, right?
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืžื™ื" ื• "ื™ื‘ืฉ" ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:19
It is even better to talk about water in the Amazon,
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ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก,
01:22
which is the splendid cradle of life. Fresh life.
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ืขืจื™ืกื” ื”ื ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:27
So this is what inspired me.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”.
01:30
That's why I'm here, although I'm carrying
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืคื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ืฉื
01:32
my head over here.
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ืืช ืจืืฉื™ ืœืคื”.
01:34
I am trying, or will try to convey this inspiration.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื”, ืื• ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:38
I hope this story will inspire you and that you'll spread the word.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ืฉืชืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
01:43
We know that there is controversy.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช,
01:47
The Amazon is the "lung of the world,"
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ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก ื”ื•ื ื”"ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,"
01:50
because of its massive power to have vital gases exchanged
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ืœื•ืคืช ื’ื–ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช
01:56
between the forest and the atmosphere.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจ ื•ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
01:58
We also hear about the storehouse of biodiversity.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
02:02
While many believe it,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”,
02:06
few know it.
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ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
02:08
If you go out there, in this marsh,
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ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืฉื, ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:10
you'll be amazed at the --
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ืืชื ืชื•ืคืชืขื• --
02:13
You can barely see the animals.
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ืืชื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช.
02:15
The Indians say, "The forest has more eyes than leaves."
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ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ืืžืจื•, "ืœื™ืขืจ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื."
02:20
That is true, and I will try to show you something.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื•.
02:22
But today, I'm going to use a different approach,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
02:26
one that is inspired by these two initiatives here,
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ืื—ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืฉืชื™ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืคื”,
02:29
a harmonic one and a philosophical one.
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ืื—ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืื—ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
02:31
I'll try to use an approach that's slightly materialistic,
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ืื ื™ ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืขื˜ ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ืช,
02:35
but it also attempts to convey that, in nature, there is
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื™ืฉ
02:39
extraordinary philosophy and harmony.
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”.
02:42
There'll be no music in my presentation,
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ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช ืฉืœื™,
02:44
but I hope you'll all notice the music of the reality I'm going to show you.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื.
02:48
I'm going to talk about physiology โ€” not about lungs,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” -- ืœื ืขืœ ืจื™ืื•ืช,
02:51
but other analogies with human physiology,
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ืืœื ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
02:54
especially the heart.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืœื‘.
02:56
We'll start
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ
03:01
by thinking that water is like blood.
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ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื.
03:06
The circulation in our body distributes fresh blood,
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ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื—ืœืง ื“ื ื˜ืจื™,
03:11
which feeds, nurtures and supports us,
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ืฉืžื–ื™ืŸ, ืžื˜ืคื— ื•ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื ื•,
03:13
and brings the used blood back to be renewed.
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
03:18
In the Amazon, things happen similarly.
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ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื”.
03:22
We'll start by talking about the power of all these processes.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:27
This is an image
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื”
03:32
of rain in motion.
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ืฉืœ ื’ืฉื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.
03:35
What you see there is the years passing in seconds.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ืืœื• ืฉื ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
03:39
Rains all over the world. What do you see?
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ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื?
03:42
The equatorial region, in general,
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื ื™, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
03:44
and the Amazon specifically,
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ื•ื”ืืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™,
03:45
is extremely important for the world's climate.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
03:48
It's a powerful engine.
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ื–ื” ืžื ื•ืข ื—ื–ืง.
03:50
There is a frantic evaporation taking place here.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืื“ื•ืช ืชื–ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืคื”.
03:56
If we take a look at this other image,
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ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช,
03:58
which shows the water vapor flow,
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ื,
04:01
you have dry air in black, moist air in gray,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืืคื•ืจ,
04:04
and clouds in white.
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ื•ืขื ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ.
04:06
What you see there is an extraordinary resurgence in the Amazon.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืืžื–ื•ืŸ.
04:11
What phenomenon -- if it's not a desert,
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ืื™ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” -- ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
04:14
what phenomenon makes water gush from the ground into the atmosphere
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ืื™ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
04:19
with such power that it can be seen from space?
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ืขื ื›ื–ื” ื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžื”ื—ืœืœ?
04:22
What phenomenon is this?
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ืื™ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื•?
04:23
It could be a geyser.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจ.
04:26
A geyser is underground water heated by magma,
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ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืžืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืื’ืžื”,
04:30
exploding into the atmosphere
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ืฉืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืœืื˜ื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
04:31
and transferring this water into the atmosphere.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
04:35
There are no geysers in the Amazon, unless I am wrong.
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ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ืื ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื”.
04:38
I don't know of any.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจ ื›ืืœื”.
04:40
But we have something that plays the same role,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืชืคืงื™ื“,
04:44
with much more elegance though:
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช:
04:48
the trees, our good old friends
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ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
04:51
that, like geysers,
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ืฉื›ืžื• ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื,
04:54
can transfer an enormous amount of water from the ground into the atmosphere.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
04:59
There are 600 billion trees in the Amazon forest, 600 billion geysers.
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ื™ืฉ 600 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก, 600 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื.
05:04
That is done with an extraordinary sophistication.
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขื ืชื—ื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
05:08
They don't need the heat of magma.
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ื”ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื ื”ืžืื’ืžื”.
05:10
They use sunlight to do this process.
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
05:13
So, in a typical sunny day in the Amazon,
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ืื–, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืฉื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก,
05:16
a big tree manages to transfer 1,000 liters of water
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ืขืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ 1,000 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื
05:19
through its transpiration --
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• --
05:22
1,000 liters.
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1,000 ืœื™ื˜ืจ.
05:23
If we take all the Amazon,
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ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก,
05:28
which is a very large area,
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ืฉื–ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
05:30
and add it up to all that water that is released by transpiration,
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ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืช,
05:33
which is the sweat of the forest,
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ื–ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ,
05:36
we'll get to an incredible number:
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื:
05:38
20 billion metric tons of water.
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20 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื.
05:41
In one day.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
05:43
Do you know how much that is?
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ืืžื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ื–ื”?
05:45
The Amazon River, the largest river on Earth,
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ื ื”ืจ ื”ืืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
05:48
one fifth of all the fresh water
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื
05:49
that leaves the continents of the whole world and ends up in the oceans,
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ืฉืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
05:53
dumps 17 billion metric tons of water a day in the Atlantic Ocean.
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ืฉื•ืคืš 17 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
05:57
This river of vapor
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ื ื”ืจ ื”ืื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื”
05:58
that comes up from the forest and goes into the atmosphere
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ืขืจ ื•ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
06:01
is greater than the Amazon River.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื”ืจ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก.
06:03
Just to give you an idea.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’.
06:05
If we could take a gigantic kettle,
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ืขื ืง,
06:08
the kind you could plug into a power socket, an electric one,
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ืื—ื“ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืงืข ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื—ืฉืžืœื™,
06:11
and put those 20 billion metric tons of water in it,
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ื•ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืืช 20 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•,
06:14
how much power would you need to have this water evaporated?
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ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื— ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•?
06:17
Any idea? A really big kettle.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ? ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
06:20
A gigantic kettle, right?
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ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ืขืฆื•ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:22
50 thousand Itaipus.
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50 ืืœืฃ ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ืคื•ืก.
06:24
Itaipu is still the largest hydroelectric plant in the world.
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ืื™ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
06:28
and Brazil is very proud of it
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ื•ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ืื™ื ื‘ื•
06:29
because it provides more than 30 percent of the power
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 30 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
06:32
that is consumed in Brazil.
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ืฉื ืฆืจืš ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
06:34
And the Amazon is here, doing this for free.
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ื•ื”ืืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื”, ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
06:38
It's a vivid and extremely powerful plant, providing environmental services.
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ื–ื” ืžืคืขืœ ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ ื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉืžืกืคืง ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื.
06:46
Related to this subject,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื ื•ืฉื,
06:47
we are going to talk about what I call the paradox of chance,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช,
06:50
which is curious.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
06:52
If you look at the world map --
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื --
06:54
it's easy to see this --
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ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” --
06:55
you'll see that there are forests in the equatorial zone,
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื ื™,
06:58
and deserts are organized at 30 degrees north latitude,
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ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื• 30 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ,
07:02
30 degrees south latitude, aligned.
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30 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื“ืจื•ื, ืžื™ื•ืฉืจื™ื.
07:05
Look over there, in the southern hemisphere, the Atacama;
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ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืคื”, ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ื”ืื˜ืงืžื”;
07:08
Namibia and Kalahari in Africa; the Australian desert.
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ื ืžื™ื‘ื™ื” ื•ืงืœื”ืจื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”; ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™.
07:10
In the northern hemisphere, the Sahara, Sonoran, etc.
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ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื”ืกื”ืจื”, ืกื•ื ื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ื•'.
07:13
There is an exception, and it's curious:
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ:
07:18
It's the quadrangle that ranges from Cuiabรก to Buenos Aires,
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืฉืžืชืคืจืฉ ืžืงื•ืœื‘ื” ืœื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก,
07:21
and from Sรฃo Paulo to the Andes.
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ื•ืžืกืŸ ืคืื•ืœื• ืœืื ื“ื™ื.
07:23
This quadrangle was supposed to be a desert.
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ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
07:26
It's on the line of deserts.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช.
07:28
Why isn't it? That's why I call it the paradox of chance.
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ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื? ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื” ืœื• ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™.
07:32
What do we have in South America that is different?
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ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉืฉื•ื ื”?
07:36
If we could use the analogy
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืช
07:38
of the blood circulating in our bodies,
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
07:42
like the water circulating in the landscape,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฃ,
07:45
we see that rivers are veins,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื,
07:49
they drain the landscape, they drain the tissue of nature.
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ื”ื ืžื ืงื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื ืžื ืงื–ื™ื ืืช ืจืงืžืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
07:54
Where are the arteries?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื?
07:56
Any guess?
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช?
07:58
What takes --
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ืžื” ืœื•ืงื— --
08:00
How does water get to irrigate the tissues of nature
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ืื™ืš ื”ืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
08:05
and bring everything back through rivers?
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื™ืชื ื”ื›ืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช?
08:08
There is a new type of river,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ,
08:11
which originates in the blue sea,
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ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
08:14
which flows through the green ocean --
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ืฉื–ื•ืจื ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื™ืจื•ืง --
08:18
it not only flows, but it is also pumped by the green ocean --
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื–ื•ืจื, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ืฉืื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื™ืจื•ืง --
08:21
and then it falls on our land.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•.
08:24
All our economy, that quadrangle,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข
08:26
70 percent of South America's GDP comes from that area.
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70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืชืœ"ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
08:31
It depends on this river.
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ื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
08:32
This river flows invisibly above us.
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ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืžืขืœื™ื ื•.
08:34
We are floating here on this floating hotel,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืคื™ื ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืฃ ื”ื–ื”,
08:36
on one of the largest rivers on Earth, the Negro River.
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ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื’ืจื•.
08:39
It's a bit dry and rough, but we are floating here,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขื˜ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ืžื—ื•ืกืคืก, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืคื™ื ืคื”,
08:43
and there is this invisible river running above us.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉื–ื•ืจื ืžืขืœื™ื ื•.
08:46
This river has a pulse.
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ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืคืง.
08:49
Here it is, pulsing.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื, ืคื•ืขื.
08:51
That's why we also talk about the heart.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘.
08:54
You can see the different seasons there.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื.
08:56
There's the rainy season. In the Amazon, we used to have two seasons,
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ื–ื• ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื’ืฉื•ืžื”. ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก, ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืขื•ื ื•ืช,
08:59
the humid season and the even more humid season.
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ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืœื—ื” ื•ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื”.
09:02
Now we have a dry season.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื ื” ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
09:03
You can see the river covering that region
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื” ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
09:06
which, otherwise, would be a desert. And it is not.
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ืฉืื—ืจืช, ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื.
09:13
We, scientists -- You see that I'm struggling here
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ืื ื—ื ื•, ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื -- ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ืคื”
09:17
to move my head from one side to the other.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื™ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
09:19
Scientists study how it works, why, etc.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืœืžื”, ื•ื›ื•'.
09:25
and these studies are generating a series of discoveries,
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช,
09:29
which are absolutely fabulous,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™,
09:31
to raise our awareness of the wealth,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื•ืฉืจ,
09:34
the complexity, and the wonder that we have,
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ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœืคืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•,
09:36
the symphony we have in this process.
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ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
09:39
One of them is: How is rain formed?
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืื™ืš ื’ืฉื ื ื•ืฆืจ?
09:41
Above the Amazon, there is clean air,
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ืžืขืœ ื”ืืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืงื™,
09:45
as there is clean air above the ocean.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืงื™ ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
09:47
The blue sea has clean air above it and forms pretty few clouds;
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ืžืขืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืงื™ ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ื™ื;
09:50
there's almost no rain there.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื’ืฉื ืฉื.
09:51
The green ocean has the same clean air, but forms a lot of rain.
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ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืงื™, ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืฉื.
09:56
What is happening here that is different?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื” ืฉืฉื•ื ื”?
09:58
The forest emits smells,
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ื”ื™ืขืจ ืžืคื™ืฅ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช,
10:00
and these smells are condensation nuclei,
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ื•ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืช,
10:03
which form drops in the atmosphere.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
10:05
Then, clouds are formed and there is torrential rain.
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ืื–, ืขื ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ืฉื ืกื•ื—ืฃ.
10:10
The sprinkler of the Garden of Eden.
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ื”ืžืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ.
10:13
This relation between a living thing, which is the forest,
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ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืขืจ,
10:18
and a nonliving thing, which is the atmosphere,
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื—ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
10:21
is ingenious in the Amazon,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืืžื–ื•ื ืก.
10:24
because the forest provides water and seeds,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืขืจ ืžืกืคืง ืžื™ื ื•ื–ืจืขื™ื,
10:29
and the atmosphere forms the rain and gives water back,
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ื•ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืžื™ื,
10:32
guaranteeing the forest's survival.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ.
10:36
There are other factors as well.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:37
We've talked a little about the heart,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘,
10:39
and let's now talk about another function: the liver!
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืจืช: ื”ื›ื‘ื“!
10:42
When humid air, high humidity and radiation are combined
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ื›ืฉืื•ื™ืจ ืœื—, ืœื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื
10:47
with these organic compounds,
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ืขื ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
10:49
which I call exogenous vitamin C, generous vitamin C in the form of gas,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืืงืจื ืœื”ื ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C ืืงืกื•ื’ื ื™, ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื’ื–,
10:55
the plants release antioxidants
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ืื•ืงืกื™ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
10:58
which react with pollutants.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื.
11:00
You can rest assured
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
11:02
that you are breathing the purest air on Earth, here in the Amazon,
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ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืคื” ื‘ืืžื–ื•ืŸ,
11:05
because the plants take care of this characteristic as well.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
11:09
This benefits the very way plants work,
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื“ืจืš ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
11:11
which is another ingenious cycle.
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ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื’ืื•ื ื™.
11:13
Speaking of fractals,
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ื•ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื,
11:17
and their relation with the way we work,
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ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœื”ื ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
11:19
we can establish other comparisons.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืกืก ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
11:22
As in the upper airways of our lungs,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช,
11:26
the air in the Amazon gets cleaned up from the excess of dust.
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ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืชื ืงื” ืžืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ืื‘ืง.
11:29
The dust in the air that we breathe is cleaned by our airways.
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ื”ืื‘ืง ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืžืชื ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•.
11:33
This keeps the excess of dust from affecting the rainfall.
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ืื‘ืง ืžืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉื.
11:37
When there are fires in the Amazon,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก,
11:39
the smoke stops the rain, it stops raining,
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ื”ืขืฉืŸ ืขื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื, ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœืจื“ืช ื’ืฉื.
11:42
the forest dries up and catches fire.
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ื”ื™ืขืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ื ื“ืœืง.
11:44
There is another fractal analogy.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ืช.
11:47
Like in the veins and arteries,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื,
11:49
the rain water is a feedback.
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ืžื™ ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื‘.
11:51
It returns to the atmosphere.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
11:53
Like endocrinal glands and hormones,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื,
11:58
there are those gases which I told you about before,
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ืืœื” ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
12:00
that are formed and released into the atmosphere, like hormones,
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื,
12:04
which help in the formation of rain.
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืฉื.
12:07
Like the liver and the kidneys, as I've said, cleaning the air.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืžื ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
12:11
And, finally, like the heart:
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื‘:
12:13
pumping water from outside, from the sea,
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ืฉื•ืื‘ ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืžื”ื™ื.
12:18
into the forest.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืขืจ.
12:20
We call it the biotic moisture pump,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืžืฉืื‘ืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช,
12:23
a new theory that is explained in a very simple way.
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
12:27
If there is a desert in the continent
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช
12:30
with a nearby sea,
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ืขื ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘,
12:32
evaporation's greater on the sea,
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ื”ืื™ื“ื•ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื,
12:34
and it sucks the air above the desert.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
12:37
The desert is trapped in this condition. It will always be dry.
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ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื‘ืฉ.
12:40
If you have the opposite situation, a forest,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš, ื™ืขืจ,
12:43
the evaporation, as we showed, is much greater, because of the trees,
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ื”ืื™ื“ื•ื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืจืื ื•, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื,
12:47
and this relation is reversed.
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ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ืš.
12:48
The air above the sea is sucked into the continent
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ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืื‘ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช
12:51
and humidity is imported.
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ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืคืจืช.
12:54
This satellite image was taken one month ago โ€”
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ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื• ื ืœืงื—ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ --
12:58
that's Manaus down there, we're down there โ€”
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ื–ื” ืžื ืื•ืก ืœืžื˜ื” ืฉื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื” ืœืžื˜ื” --
13:01
and it shows this process.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
13:02
It's not a common little river that flows into a canal.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ื”ืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื–ื•ืจื ืœืชื•ืš ืชืขืœื”.
13:05
It's a mighty river that irrigates South America,
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ื–ื” ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืžืฉืงื” ืืช ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
13:10
among other things.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
13:12
This image shows those paths,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
13:14
all the hurricanes that have been recorded.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืชื•ืขื“ื•.
13:17
You can see that, in the red square, there hardly are any hurricanes.
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ืืชื ื›ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื“ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื.
13:22
That is no accident.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
13:23
This pump that sucks the moisture into the continent
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ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช
13:27
also speeds up the air above the sea,
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ื•ื’ื ืžืื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ื™ื,
13:29
and this prevents hurricane formations.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืข ื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื.
13:33
To close this part and sum up,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœืกื›ื,
13:37
I'd like to talk about something a little different.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”.
13:40
I have several colleagues
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืžื™ืชื™ื
13:42
who worked in the development of these theories.
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
13:44
They think, and so do I,
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืื ื™,
13:48
that we can save planet Earth.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
13:50
I'm not talking only about the Amazon.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืืžื–ื•ืŸ.
13:53
The Amazon teaches us a lesson
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ื”ืืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืงื—
13:55
on how pristine nature works.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
13:59
We didn't understand these processes before
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ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
14:02
because the rest of the world is messed up.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืคื•ืง.
14:05
We could understand it here, though.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ืคื”, ืขื ื–ืืช.
14:06
These colleagues propose that, yes, we can
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ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
14:10
save other areas,
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ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
14:12
including deserts.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช.
14:14
If we could establish forests in those other areas,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
14:17
we can reverse climate change,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
14:19
including global warming.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
14:22
I have a dear colleague in India,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขืžื™ืชื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
14:24
whose name is Suprabha Seshan, and she has a motto.
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ืฉืฉืžื” ืกื•ืคืจื‘ื” ืกืฉืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื•ื˜ื•.
14:27
Her motto is, "Gardening back the biosphere,"
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ื”ืžื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื, "ืœื’ื ืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”."
14:31
"Reajardinando a biosfera" in Portuguese.
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"ืจื™ื’'ืจื“ื™ื ื“ื• ืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”" ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืช.
14:34
She does a wonderful job rebuilding ecosystems.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืคืœืื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื”.
14:37
We need to do this.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
14:39
Having closed this quick introduction,
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ื›ืฉืกื’ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
14:44
we see the reality that we have out here,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื”,
14:47
which is drought, this climate change,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
14:50
things that we already knew.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
14:52
I'd like to tell you a short story.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ.
14:56
Once, about four years ago,
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ืคืขื, ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื,
15:00
I attended a declamation, of a text by Davi Kopenawa,
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ื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘ื ืื•ื, ืฉืœ ื“ืื‘ื™ ืงื•ืคื ืื•ื•ื”,
15:04
a wise representative of the Yanomami people,
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ื ืฆื™ื’ ื—ื›ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ื•ืžืžื™,
15:07
and it went more or less like this:
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืš:
15:09
"Doesn't the white man know
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"ื”ืื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข
15:12
that, if he destroys the forest, there will be no more rain?
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ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืฉื?
15:15
And that, if there's no more rain,
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ื•ื–ื”, ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืฉื,
15:17
there'll be nothing to drink, or to eat?"
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช, ืื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ?"
15:20
I heard that, and my eyes welled up
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ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื”ืชืœื—ืœื—ื•
15:23
and I went, "Oh, my!
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ื•ื•ืื•!
15:24
I've been studying this for 20 years, with a super computer,
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื”, ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ,
15:28
dozens, thousands of scientists,
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืืœืคื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
15:31
and we are starting to get to this conclusion, which he already knows!"
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข!?
15:34
A critical point is the Yanomami have never deforested.
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ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื•ืžืžื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื›ืจืชื• ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
15:39
How could they know the rain would end?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื’ืฉื ื™ืคืกื™ืง?
15:42
This bugged me and I was befuddled.
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ื–ื” ื”ืฆื™ืง ืœื™ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ.
15:46
How could he know that?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื–ื”?
15:47
Some months later, I met him at another event and said,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืจื•ืข ืื—ืจ ื•ืืžืจืชื™,
15:51
"Davi, how did you know that if the forest was destroyed, there'd be no more rain?"
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"ื“ืื‘ื™, ืื™ืš ื™ื“ืขืช ืฉืื ื”ื™ืขืจ ื™ื•ืฉืžื“, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืฉื?"
15:57
He replied: "The spirit of the forest told us."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”: "ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ืขืจ ืืžืจื” ืœื ื•."
16:02
For me, this was a game changer,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืžืฉื—ืง,
16:06
a radical change.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™.
16:08
I said, "Gosh!
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ื‘ืืžืช!
16:09
Why am I doing all this science
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ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
16:14
to get to a conclusion that he already knows?"
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข?"
16:17
Then, something absolutely critical hit me,
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ื•ืื–, ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืคื’ืข ื‘ื™,
16:23
which is,
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ืฉื”ื•ื,
16:27
seeing is believing.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ.
16:31
Out of sight, out of mind.
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ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืขื™ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืœื‘.
16:35
This is a need the previous speaker pointed out:
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ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•:
16:39
We need to see things --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื --
16:42
I mean, we, Western society,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื ื•, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
16:44
which is becoming global, civilized --
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืชืช --
16:47
we need to see.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
16:48
If we don't see, we don't register the information.
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ืื ืœื ื ืจืื”, ืœื ื ืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
16:51
We live in ignorance.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช.
16:52
So, I propose the following --
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืืช ื–ื” --
16:54
of course, the astronomer wouldn't like the idea --
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื™ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” --
16:57
but let's turn the Hubble telescope upside down.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.
17:00
And let's make it look down here,
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืžื˜ื”,
17:02
rather than to the far reaches of the universe.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
17:04
The universe is wonderful,
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ืคืœื,
17:06
but we have a practical reality,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช.
17:08
which is we live in an unknown cosmos,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข,
17:12
and we're ignorant about it.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•.
17:14
We're trampling on this wonderful cosmos
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ื”ื ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”
17:17
that shelters us and houses us.
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ืฉืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•.
17:19
Talk to any astrophysicist.
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ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขื ื›ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™.
17:21
The Earth is a statistical improbability.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
17:24
The stability and comfort that we enjoy, despite the droughts of the Negro River,
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ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืžื ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื’ืจื•,
17:28
and all the heat and cold and typhoons, etc.,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืคื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•',
17:31
there is nothing like it in the universe, that we know of.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.
17:34
Then, let's turn Hubble in our direction,
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ืื–, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•,
17:36
and let's look at the Earth.
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
17:41
Let's start with the Amazon!
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก!
17:43
Let's dive,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฆืœื•ืœ,
17:44
let's reach out the reality we live in every day,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
17:49
and look carefully at it, since that's what we need.
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ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
17:52
Davi Kopenawa doesn't need this.
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ื“ืื‘ื™ ืงื•ืคื ืื•ื•ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื–ื”.
17:54
He has something already that I think I missed.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืคื™ืกืคืกืชื™.
17:57
I was educated by television.
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ื—ื•ื ื›ืชื™ ืขืœ ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
17:58
I think that I missed this,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืคืกืคืกืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”,
18:00
an ancestral record,
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ืชืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,
18:02
a valuation of what I don't know, what I haven't seen.
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ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืžื” ืฉืœื ืจืื™ืชื™.
18:06
He is not a doubting Thomas.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืคืงืคืง ื‘ืชื•ืžืืก.
18:08
He believes, with veneration and reverence,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ, ืขื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”,
18:12
in what his ancestors and the spirits taught him.
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื•.
18:15
We can't do it, so let's look into the forest.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืขืจ.
18:18
Even with Hubble up there --
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” --
18:21
this is a bird's-eye view, right?
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ื–ื” ืžืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
18:23
Even when this happens,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ,
18:25
we also see something that we don't know.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
18:28
The Spanish called it the green inferno.
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ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ื”ื’ื”ื ื•ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืง.
18:31
If you go out there into the bushes and get lost,
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ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืฉื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืขืจ ื•ื ืื‘ื“ื™ื,
18:34
and, let's say, if you head west,
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“, ืื ืืชื ื ืขื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื”,
18:36
it's 900 kilometers to Colombia,
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ื–ื” 900 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”,
18:38
and another 1,000 to somewhere else.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ 1,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
18:40
So, you can figure out why they called it the green inferno.
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ืื–, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื• ื”ื’ื”ื ื•ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืง.
18:43
But go and look at what is in there.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ื• ื•ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื.
18:46
It is a live carpet.
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ื–ื” ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื—ื™.
18:48
Each color you see is a tree species.
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ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ.
18:50
Each tree, each tree top,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืฅ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆืžืจืช,
18:52
has up to 10,000 species of insects in it,
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ื™ืฉ ืขื“ 10,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื,
18:56
let alone the millions of species of fungi, bacteria, etc.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“.
19:00
All invisible.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื.
19:02
All of it is an even stranger cosmos to us
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื•
19:05
than the galaxies billions of light years away from the Earth,
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ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
19:08
which Hubble brings to our newspapers everyday.
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ืฉื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
19:12
I'm going to end my talk here --
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ืคื” --
19:14
I have a few seconds left --
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ื ื•ืชืจื• ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื•ืช --
19:16
by showing you this wonderful being.
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ื‘ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”.
19:18
When we see the morpho butterfly in the forest,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืคืจืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืจืคื• ื‘ื™ืขืจ,
19:21
we feel like someone's left open the door to heaven,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืคืชื•ื—ื”,
19:24
and this creature escaped from there, because it's so beautiful.
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ื•ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืจื— ืžืคื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืคื”.
19:27
However, I cannot finish
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ื
19:30
without showing you a tech side.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
19:32
We are tech-arrogant.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
19:35
We deprive nature of its technology.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
19:39
A robotic hand is technological,
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ื™ื“ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
19:40
mine is biological,
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ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
19:42
and we don't think about it anymore.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:43
Let's then look at the morpho butterfly,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืคืจืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืจืคื•,
19:46
an example of an invisible technological competence of life,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
19:51
which is at the very heart of our possibility of surviving on this planet,
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•,
19:56
and let's zoom in on it. Again, Hubble is there.
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื–ื”. ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืื‘ืœ ืฉื.
19:58
Let's get into the butterfly's wings.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืคืจืคืจ.
20:00
Scholars have tried to explain: Why is it blue?
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ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ: ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ?
20:04
Let's zoom in on it.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ื–ื•ื ืขืœื™ื•.
20:05
What you see is that the architecture of the invisible humiliates
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืžืฉืคื™ืœื”
20:11
the best architects in the world.
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ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
20:14
All of this on a tiny scale.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ืขื™ืจ.
20:16
Besides its beauty and functioning, there is another side to it.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืคืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื–ื”.
20:19
In nature,
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ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
20:22
all that is organized in extraordinary structures has a function.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื”.
20:26
This function of the morpho butterfly โ€” it is not blue;
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ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืจืคื• -- ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื—ื•ืœ:
20:31
it does not have blue pigments.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
20:32
It has photonic crystals on its surface, according to people who studied it,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืœืคื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื•,
20:36
which are extremely sophisticated crystals.
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ืฉื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
20:38
Our technology had nothing like that at the time.
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ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
20:42
Hitachi has now made a monitor
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ื”ื™ื˜ืืฆ'ื™ ื™ืฆืจื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืกืš
20:45
that uses this technology,
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
20:46
and it is used in optical fibers to transmit --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื“ืจ --
20:48
Janine Benyus, who's been here several times, talks about it: biomimetics.
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ื’'ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืคื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื”: ื‘ื™ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืงื”.
20:53
My time's up.
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื ื’ืžืจ.
20:54
Then, I'll wrap it up with what is at the base of this capacity,
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
21:00
of this competence of biodiversity,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
21:02
producing all these wonderful services:
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”:
21:05
the living cell.
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ื”ืชื ื”ื—ื™.
21:06
It is a structure with a few microns, which is an internal wonder.
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืœื ืคื ื™ืžื™.
21:10
There are TED Talks about it. I won't talk much longer,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช TED ืขืœื™ื•. ืื ื™ ืœื ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
21:13
but each person in this room, including myself,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืชื™,
21:16
has 100 trillion of these micromachines in their body,
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ื™ืฉ 100 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืžื™ืงืจื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
21:20
so that we can enjoy well-being.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
21:23
Imagine what is out there in the Amazon forest:
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก:
21:25
100 trillion. This is greater than the number of stars in the sky.
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100 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
21:29
And we are not aware of it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื–ื”.
21:31
Thank you so much. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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