Why You Should Embrace Mediocrity | Crispin Thurlow | TED

88,434 views ใƒป 2024-01-02

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: aknv tso ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:04
So a few years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช
00:05
I had to make a work trip to Stockholm.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ืœื ืกื™ืขืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื.
00:07
And because it was the school holidays,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
00:09
I needed to take my two kids along with me.
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ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™.
00:11
And at the time they were 14 and 12.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื– ื‘ื ื™ 14 ื•-12.
00:15
Anyway, my local colleagues, needless to say,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ,
00:18
were really very supportive.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“.
00:20
And in fact, knowing that I do research on language and social class,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื™ื“ืขื ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืจืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืฉืคื” ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
00:24
they'd also clearly enjoyed arranging to put us into a hotel
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ื”ื ื’ื ื ื”ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืœื•ืŸ
00:28
belonging by a large Swedish chain called Elite Hotels.
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ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืจืฉืช ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื˜ื”โ€œ.
00:34
So on the day that we arrived,
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ืื– ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื•,
00:35
we checked in and then we made our way straight up to our room.
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ื ืจืฉืžื ื• ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื™ื“ ืœื—ื“ืจื ื•.
00:39
But as soon as we crossed the threshold,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœื—ื“ืจ,
00:41
my oldest son declared with genuine frustration,
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™,
00:44
"But this isn't elite."
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"ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืืœื™ื˜ื”."
00:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:48
And I was a little bit surprised,
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ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™ ืงืฆืช,
00:49
but also kind of really curious to know exactly what he meant.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชืงืจื ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืœืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ.
00:52
So I sort of pressed him, and he quickly explained to me
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ืื– ืœื—ืฆืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืงืฆืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื”ืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™
00:55
that the room was just not big enough to be elite.
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ืฉื”ื—ื“ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช โ€œืืœื™ื˜ื”โ€œ.
00:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:02
So in that moment,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื”ื‘ื ืชื™
01:03
I realized that my son had already learned two really important lessons
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ ืฉื ื™ ืœืงื—ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
01:06
about everyday language.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืคืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื.
01:09
First, that words are very influential,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื”,
01:12
but their meaning can often be slippery.
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ืืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืงืœืงื”.
01:16
And second, that the language of superiority and comparison
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ืฉืฉืคืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”
01:20
can lead to disappointment.
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ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืื›ื–ื‘ื”.
01:23
But it's tough.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืฉื”.
01:25
Nowadays we're bombarded with messages about excellence,
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืคื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช,
01:29
distinction and success,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
01:31
and we hear voices telling us you should be a top student,
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ื•ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
01:34
or a winner, or a leader, or preferably all three.
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ืื• ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื, ืื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื, ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื”.
01:40
And it's this that's started me to think a little bit more
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:44
about what's going on here.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
01:45
How do we manage this?
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ืื™ืš ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
01:47
Because all of this leads to a profound sense
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ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืขืžื•ืงื”
01:50
of what the philosopher Alain de Botton has called status anxiety.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืืœืŸ ื“ื”-ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื ื” โ€œื—ืจื“ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืกโ€œ.
01:55
And for me, this is a kind of anxiety that arises through our constant worry
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื—ืจื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช
01:59
about not being good enough,
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง,
02:01
or always needing to be someone better,
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ืื• ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:03
or to have something better.
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ืื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:05
But the reality is this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื•:
02:08
Not everyone can be a top student.
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
02:11
Not everyone can be a winner,
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื,
02:13
and not everyone can be a leader.
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ื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื.
02:14
By the simple law of averages,
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ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื,
02:17
most of us have to live a life more ordinary.
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ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื ื’ื–ืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:22
Well, it's for this reason that I've started to rethink
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
02:26
or perhaps even reclaim the notion of mediocrity.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
02:30
And I've even been challenging myself to consider the possibility
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืืชื’ืจืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
02:34
of embracing mediocrity.
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:37
Now, obviously, I understand that mediocrity has a bad reputation
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ืื ื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืจืข
02:41
with sort of connotations like average quality
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื•: โ€œืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืชโ€
02:43
or not very good.
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ืื• "ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“".
02:45
But the sociolinguist in me insists on digging just a little bit deeper,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืฉืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ ืžืชืขืงืฉ ืœื”ืชืขืžืง ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:49
maybe listening to some of the word's origins
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื—ืœืง ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”
02:52
and unearthing some of its other meaning potentials.
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
02:55
In actual fact,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™",
02:56
the word mediocre has its roots in the Indo-European "medial,"
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ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ื•-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช โ€œืžื“ื™ืืœโ€œ,
03:01
meaning "middle."
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ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ืืžืฆืข".
03:04
So essentially then, mediocrity is just about existing
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ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช
03:08
between two extremes,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช,
03:09
hence middling or average
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ื•ืžื›ืืŸ "ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™", "ืžืžื•ืฆืข"
03:12
or otherwise unexceptional or ordinary.
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ืจื™ื’ ืื• ืจื’ื™ืœ.
03:17
So, as I say, statistically speaking,
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ืื– ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
03:19
life in the middle is inevitable and unavoidable for most of us.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื ื›ื•ืจื— ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื ื•.
03:25
And in fact, it seems to me
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ืจืื” ืœื™
03:26
that the middle is not such a terrible place to be.
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ืฉื”ืืžืฆืข ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื ื•ืจื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•.
03:29
In fact, it's quite a privileged place to be.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•.
03:31
It may not be as good as being at the top,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ,
03:33
but it's surely not as bad as being at the bottom.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืจืข ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช.
03:37
And the trick, I suppose, is to learn to recognize our mediocrity,
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ื•ื”ืกื•ื“, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—, ื”ื•ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:41
or at least our averageness or our ordinariness,
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
03:43
without allowing other people to make us feel like failures or losers.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืืคืกื™ื.
03:50
Needless to say, this is quite a bit harder to do than it is to say.
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ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืงืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
03:55
And I think especially so nowadays.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
03:59
When weโ€™re surrounded by these voices pressuring us to be the best
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
04:03
and to be better,
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ,
04:04
we find ourselves, I think, in a world that is bombarded
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื•ืคืฆืฅ ืขโ€œื™...
04:08
or confronted constantly with what I've come to think of
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ืื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ืขื ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื•
04:11
as a relentless language of superiority and comparison.
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ืฉืคื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืœืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”.
04:16
And it's as a sociolinguist
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ื•ื›ื‘ืœืฉืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
04:17
that I've been tracking this language for quite some time.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื–ืžืŸ.
04:20
And in this work, what I've been trying to do
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ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
04:22
is show that this is not just a relentless language,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื• ืœื ืกืชื ืฉืคื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืœืื™ืช,
ืืœื ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืคื” ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืกืžื•ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“.
04:25
but it's also often a very sneaky, surreptitious language.
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04:30
And it's with this in mind that I want to just share with you
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ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื
04:33
a couple of my favorite examples of what this looks like.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
04:36
These are my two favorite case studies.
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ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™.
04:39
And the first of these is the word โ€œeliteโ€ itself.
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ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” โ€œืืœื™ื˜ื”โ€ (ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ) ืขืฆืžื”.
04:43
And this is a word that circulates everywhere in our lives,
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ื•ื–ื• ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื.
04:46
which is, as my son discovered in Stockholm.
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04:48
But take a look at a few of the many examples that I've also been collecting.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืกืคืชื™.
04:54
So here we have an elite grocery store in Denmark,
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ื”ื ื” ื—ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจืช ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง,
04:56
we have an elite nail salon in Seattle,
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ื”ื ื” ืกืœื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ,
04:59
we've got an elite phone shop in the UK,
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ื”ื ื” ื—ื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
05:01
an elite electrician's in Switzerland, actually in Bern,
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ื—ืฉืžืœืื™ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื‘ื‘ืจืŸ, ื‘ืขืฆื,
05:04
and then an elite pastry shop or bakery in Poland.
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ื•ืงื•ื ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื• ืžืืคื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ.
05:08
And all of these, I can assure you,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื,
05:10
appear in decidedly non-elite spaces.
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ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจื™ื.
05:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:16
But when I say that elite crops up everywhere, I mean really everywhere.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื™ ืฉื”"ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ" ืฆืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
05:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:26
I promise that after this talk,
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:29
you are going to start noticing elite everywhere too.
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ื’ื ืืชื ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
05:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:33
And I've never been quite sure what we're supposed to think
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื” ืื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
05:36
when we're being told that our pickles are elite or our tissues.
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ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื—ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื• ืžื’ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื "ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจื™ื".
05:40
What exactly, I wonder, does an elite condom offer?
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ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื”, ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจื™ื?
05:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:44
And I don't know about you,
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ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืื™ืชื›ื,
ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” โ€œืžื•ื‘ื—ืจโ€
05:46
but it's going to take a lot more than the word elite
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื.
05:48
to convince me that a urinal is in any way prestigious.
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05:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:54
But the use of the word โ€œeliteโ€ like this
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ"
05:56
is a very, very common language game nowadays.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
05:58
We see this word attached to all sorts of goods and services,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื
06:01
kind of meaning everything and nothing at the same time.
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
06:06
And in some ways I suppose it's all perfectly harmless,
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžื–ื™ืง ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
06:08
a bit playful even.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื‘ื‘.
06:10
But I can't help but think,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘,
06:12
and in fact, I genuinely believe that these ubiquitous,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”"ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ"
06:15
constant appeals to eliteness
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06:18
are trying to persuade us that superiority really does matter
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ืžืชืืžืฆืช ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช
06:22
and that status is something
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ื•ืฉื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:24
that we should be thinking about all the time.
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06:27
And these little one-word messages also suggests to us
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ื•ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ื’ื ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืœื ื•
06:30
that superiority is easily obtained.
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ืฉืงืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
06:37
To be very clear,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
06:39
the language of superiority and comparison
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ืฉืคืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”
06:43
is really good for business.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขืกืงื™ื.
06:45
All of these relentless little one-word messages,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“-ืžื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืœืื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
06:48
and ones like them,
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ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื”ื
06:50
are trying to keep us aspiring upwards all the time.
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:54
And if we're aspiring, we're also acquiring.
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ื•ืื ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื, ืื ื• ื’ื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื.
06:58
In other words, we're shopping.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืงื ื™ื•ืช.
07:00
And for this, they don't even need us aspiring to be the best.
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ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:03
Just aspiring to be better is often enough.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื ืฉืืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:06
Which brings me to my second little case study.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™.
07:09
The one little, one-word message that I'm talking about
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ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื—ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ
07:12
in this instance is โ€œpremium,โ€
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ื”ื•ื "ืคืจืžื™ื•ื",
07:14
and a good example of this appears
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ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืžื•ืคื™ืขื”
07:15
in the so-called premium economy services
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืคืจืžื™ื•ื"
07:18
offered by most major international airlines nowadays.
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ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
07:21
And it's no coincidence that premium economy
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงืจื™ ืฉื›ืœื›ืœืช ืคืจืžื™ื•ื
07:24
can be more profitable for airlines than business class.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืžืืฉืจ ืžื—ืœืงืช ืขืกืงื™ื.
07:29
But what's interesting about this little one-word message
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืจ ื”ื—ื“-ืžื™ืœืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:32
is that it's precisely not about being the best.
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07:36
Premium is all about having just a little bit extra
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"ืคืจืžื™ื•ื" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืจืง ืชื•ืกืคืช ืงืœื”,
07:38
or a little bit more,
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ืื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:40
and especially a little bit extra or a little bit more
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืงืœื” ืื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:44
compared with others.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
07:49
And to be sure, marketers know only too well
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
07:51
that people will pay good money for feeling better off.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืœืžื• ื›ืกืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืžืฆื‘ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:54
Even that is when this comparison doesn't make us feel
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ื•ื–ื”, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
07:58
very good for very long.
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08:00
But the most striking thing about the word premium
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” โ€œืคืจืžื™ื•ืโ€
ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
08:03
is that it really crops up in way more banal spaces.
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08:07
And I'm offering you a few more examples than before,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืงื•ื“ื,
08:09
because I really want to impress upon you
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืชืจืฉืžื•
08:11
just how far-reaching this one-word message is.
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื—ื“-ืžื™ืœืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช.
08:14
So we have premium chocolates in Sweden (not Switzerland),
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ื”ื ื” ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืคืจืžื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” (ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ),
08:17
we have premium chips in Spain, premium coffee in Australia,
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ืฆโ€™ื™ืคืก ืคืจืžื™ื•ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ืงืคื” ืคืจืžื™ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
08:21
premium tomatoes in New Zealand and burgers in Denmark.
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ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืจืžื™ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจื™ื ืคืจืžื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง.
08:25
What we seem to have in Switzerland are premium cigarettes
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ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื™ืฉ ื›ื ืจืื” ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืจืžื™ื•ื
08:27
and premium barbecue charcoal.
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ื•ืคื—ื ืคืจืžื™ื•ื ืœื‘ืจื‘ื™ืงื™ื•.
08:29
Elsewhere, we've got premium puzzles, premium haircuts
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช-ืชืฆืจืฃ ืคืจืžื™ื•ื, ืชืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืคืจืžื™ื•ื
08:32
and my most recent encounter in Poland, premium baby diapers.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื ืชืงืœืชื™, ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืคืจืžื™ื•ื.
08:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:37
Again, premium is just about having a little bit more
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืคืจืžื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืจืง ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:41
or a little bit extra compared with others.
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ืื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
08:45
And as I say, these comparisons are usually built on illusions,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“"ื› ืขืœ ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช,
08:50
and these comparisons just don't make us feel good for very long.
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืฉืคืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
08:55
In fact, all of these silly little language games
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”
08:57
are a perfect example
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ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืคื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื“ื™ื• ื›ื™ื ื”
08:59
of what the famous sociologist Pierre Bourdieu called symbolic violence.
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"ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ืช".
09:05
And in a nutshell,
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ื•ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื–ืœื’,
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืžืจืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•,
09:07
this is about the way that we allow words to manipulate us,
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09:10
even when it's against our own best interests.
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ื’ื ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
09:13
So while social comparison may indeed be in our nature,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืื›ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื ื•,
09:16
it invariably leaves us feeling insecure, inadequate, unsatisfied.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ืœื™ืžื”, ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืกื™ืคื•ืง.
09:22
There will always be something more or something better.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:28
And there will always be someone better and better off.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:33
So the question for me is this:
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื:
09:35
how can we avoid doing symbolic violence to ourselves?
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ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื ื•?
09:40
Well, personally,
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ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
09:41
I find myself returning once again
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉื•ื‘
09:43
to the possibility that mediocrity might hold the key or a key.
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ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืื• ืžืคืชื— ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
09:49
Now I understand that embracing mediocrity
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
09:52
might feel just a little bit extreme or uncomfortable for some people,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื–ื”.
09:56
which I think is fair enough.
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09:57
But the point is really just about coming to terms
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื
10:00
with the inevitability of our averageness
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ืขื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืขืช
10:03
and maybe finding a way
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš
10:05
to find the value and perhaps the privilege in being unexceptional.
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ื™ื•ืฆื-ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
10:12
And for this, we've got to keep reminding ourselves that it really is OK
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ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ
ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:15
not to be the best.
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ื•ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืœื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:17
And it's certainly OK not to always want to be someone better
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ืื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:20
or to have something better.
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10:22
But I think that nowadays,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
10:24
especially when we are surrounded by this relentless language
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืœืื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
10:28
of superiority and comparison,
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ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”,
10:30
it takes determination
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช
10:32
and it also takes real courage to be ordinary.
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ื•ื’ื ืื•ืžืฅ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
10:36
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
10:38
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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