Emergency medicine for our climate fever | Kelly Wanser

43,705 views ใƒป 2019-09-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:12
I'm here to talk to you about something important that may be new to you.
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ื‘ืืชื™ ื”ื ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื›ื.
00:17
The governments of the world
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื-ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:18
are about to conduct an unintentional experiment
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00:20
on our climate.
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00:22
In 2020, new rules will require ships to lower their sulfur emissions
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ื‘-2020, ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ืคืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
00:28
by scrubbing their dirty exhaust
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
00:30
or switching to cleaner fuels.
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ืื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืœืงื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:32
For human health, this is really good,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื“,
00:35
but sulfur particles in the emission of ships
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื’ืคืจื™ืช ืฉื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื˜ื•ืช
00:37
also have an effect on clouds.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื.
00:40
This is a satellite image of marine clouds
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช
00:43
off the Pacific West Coast of the United States.
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ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
00:46
The streaks in the clouds are created by the exhaust from ships.
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ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื ื ื™ื ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืขืงื‘ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ื ื•ืช.
00:50
Ships' emissions include both greenhouse gases,
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ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
ืฉืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช,
00:53
which trap heat over long periods of time,
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00:55
and particulates like sulfates that mix with clouds
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ื•ื’ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืคืจื•ืช, ืฉืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื ื™ื
ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:59
and temporarily make them brighter.
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01:01
Brighter clouds reflect more sunlight back to space,
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ืขื ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืจ-ืฉืžืฉ ืืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ
01:04
cooling the climate.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฆื ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
01:07
So in fact,
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื”,
01:08
humans are currently running two unintentional experiments
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ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื ื”ืœ ื›ืขืช ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœื-ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื
01:11
on our climate.
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ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:13
In the first one, we're increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases
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ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”
01:17
and gradually warming the earth system.
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ื•ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:19
This works something like a fever in the human body.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื“ืœืงืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:23
If the fever remains low, its effects are mild,
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืฉืืจืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืชื•ื ื•ืช,
01:26
but as the fever rises, damage grows more severe
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื“ืœืงืช ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช, ื”ื ื–ืง ื ืขืฉื” ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:29
and eventually devastating.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ - ื”ืจืกื ื™.
01:31
We're seeing a little of this now.
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ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ื”.
01:34
In our other experiment,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืกืœืง ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
01:35
we're planning to remove a layer of particles
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01:38
that brighten clouds and shield us from some of this warming.
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ืฉืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืขื ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื ื ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
01:42
The effect is strongest in ocean clouds like these,
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ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื ื ื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ื›ืžื• ืืœื”,
01:45
and scientists expect the reduction of sulfur emissions from ships next year
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ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืฆืžืฆื•ื ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ืคืจื™ืช ืžืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”
01:51
to produce a measurable increase in global warming.
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ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
01:55
Bit of a shocker?
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ืžื–ืขื–ืข?
01:57
In fact, most emissions contain sulfates that brighten clouds:
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื ื™ื:
02:01
coal, diesel exhaust, forest fires.
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ืคื—ื, ืื“ื™ ื“ื™ื–ืœ, ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื™ืขืจ.
02:06
Scientists estimate that the total cooling effect from emission particles,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืกืš-ื›ืœ ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช,
02:09
which they call aerosols when they're in the climate,
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ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืชืจืกื™ืกื™ื" ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืงืœื™ื,
02:13
may be as much as all of the warming we've experienced up until now.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื”.
02:17
There's a lot of uncertainty around this effect,
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ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ื“ืข ืœืืคืงื˜ ื–ื”,
02:20
and it's one of the major reasons why we have difficulty predicting climate,
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ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
02:25
but this is cooling that we'll lose as emissions fall.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื™ืคื—ืชื•, ื ืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
02:29
So to be clear, humans are currently cooling the planet
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืฆื ื ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช
02:34
by dispersing particles into the atmosphere at massive scale.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
02:38
We just don't know how much, and we're doing it accidentally.
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ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืžื”, ื•ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
02:42
That's worrying,
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ื–ื” ืžื“ืื™ื’,
02:44
but it could mean that we have a fast-acting way to reduce warming,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช,
02:47
emergency medicine for our climate fever if we needed it,
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ืชืจื•ืคืช-ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื“ื—ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ืื ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื”,
02:51
and it's a medicine with origins in nature.
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ื•ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
02:56
This is a NASA simulation of earth's atmosphere,
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ื–ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื ืฉืœ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:59
showing clouds and particles moving over the planet.
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ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืขื ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ืขื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
03:02
The brightness is the Sun's light reflecting from particles in clouds,
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ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืžืฉืชืงืฃ ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื ื ื™ื,
03:06
and this reflective shield is one of the primary ways
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ื•ืžืจืืช-ืžื’ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช
03:10
that nature keeps the planet cool enough for humans
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืงืจื™ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•.
03:13
and all of the life that we know.
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03:15
In 2015, scientists assessed possibilities for rapidly cooling climate.
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ื‘-2015, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
03:21
They discounted things like mirrors in space,
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ื”ื ืคืกืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
03:24
ping-pong balls in the ocean, plastic sheets on the Arctic,
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ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืคื™ื ื’-ืคื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื, ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™,
03:29
and they found that the most viable approaches
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช
03:31
involved slightly increasing this atmospheric reflectivity.
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ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื‘ืจื” ืงืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
03:36
In fact, it's possible that reflecting just one or two percent more sunlight
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื—ื•ื– ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ-ืฉืžืฉ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
03:40
from the atmosphere
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03:42
could offset two degrees Celsius or more of warming.
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ืช ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:47
Now, I'm a technology executive, not a scientist.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืœื ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช.
03:51
About a decade ago, concerned about climate,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ ื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืืงืœื™ื
03:54
I started to talk with scientists about potential countermeasures to warming.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช.
03:58
These conversations grew into collaborations
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ืžื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฆืžื—ื• ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”
ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœ"ื”ืžื™ื–ื ืœื”ื‘ื”ืจืช ืขื ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื",
04:02
that became the Marine Cloud Brightening Project,
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04:04
which I'll talk about momentarily,
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ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข,
04:06
and the nonprofit policy organization SilverLining, where I am today.
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ื•ืœืžืœื›"ืจ "ืกื™ืœื‘ืจืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’" ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
04:11
I work with politicians, researchers,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื,
ืื ืฉื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“
04:15
members of the tech industry and others
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”.
04:17
to talk about some of these ideas.
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04:20
Early on, I met British atmospheric scientist John Latham,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืช'ืื,
04:23
who proposed cooling the climate the way that the ships do,
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืงืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช,
04:26
but with a natural source of particles:
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื:
04:28
sea-salt mist from seawater
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ืขืจืคืœ ืžืžืœื— ื™ื
04:31
sprayed from ships into areas of susceptible clouds over the ocean.
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ืฉื™ืจื•ืกืก ืžืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ึผืขื“ื™ื ืœืขื ื ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
04:35
The approach became known by the name I gave it then,
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ืฉื”ืขื ืงืชื™ ืœื” ืื–,
04:38
"marine cloud brightening."
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"ื”ื‘ื”ืจืช ืขื ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช."
04:39
Early modeling studies suggested that by deploying marine cloud brightening
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื‘ื”ืจืช ืขื ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช
04:44
in just 10 to 20 percent of susceptible ocean clouds,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 10 ืขื“ 20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ืขื ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื”,
04:47
it might be possible to offset as much as two degrees Celsius's warming.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
04:53
It might even be possible to brighten clouds in local regions
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ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืขื ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
04:56
to reduce the impacts caused by warming ocean surface temperatures.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื,
05:00
For example, regions such as the Gulf Atlantic
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ืจื ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™
05:03
might be cooled in the months before a hurricane season
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืกื•ืคื•ืช,
05:06
to reduce the force of storms.
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05:08
Or, it might be possible to cool waters flowing onto coral reefs
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ืื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆื ืŸ ืžื™ื ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
05:12
overwhelmed by heat stress,
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ืฉื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงืช ื—ื•ื,
05:14
like Australia's Great Barrier Reef.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
05:16
But these ideas are only theoretical,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
05:19
and brightening marine clouds is not the only way
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ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืจืช ืขื ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
05:22
to increase the reflection of the sunlight from the atmosphere.
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ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
05:26
Another occurs when large volcanoes release material with enough force
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ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื•
ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
05:31
to reach the upper layer of the atmosphere, the stratosphere.
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05:34
When Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991,
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ื›ืฉื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ืคื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืชืคืจืฅ ื‘-1991,
ื”ื•ื ืคืœื˜ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืœ ื”ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
05:38
it released material into the stratosphere,
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05:40
including sulfates that mix with the atmosphere to reflect sunlight.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ.
05:45
This material remained and circulated around the planet.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื•ื—ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
05:48
It was enough to cool the climate by over half a degree Celsius
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ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืกืคื™ืงื” ืœืฆื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžืขืœืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก
05:52
for about two years.
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ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
05:56
This cooling led to a striking increase in Arctic ice cover in 1992,
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ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื‘-1992,
ื•ื”ื™ื ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื ืฉืจื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื˜ื”.
06:02
which dropped in subsequent years as the particles fell back to earth.
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06:06
But the volcanic phenomenon led Nobel Prize winner Paul Crutzen
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืคื•ืœ ืงืจื™ื˜ืฆืŸ
06:10
to propose the idea that dispersing particles into the stratosphere
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ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
06:13
in a controlled way might be a way to counter global warming.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
06:17
Now, this has risks that we don't understand,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื,
06:20
including things like heating up the stratosphere
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
06:23
or damage to the ozone layer.
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ืื• ื ื–ืง ืœืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ.
06:25
Scientists think that there could be safe approaches to this,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืš,
06:30
but is this really where we are?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžืฆื‘?
06:31
Is this really worth considering?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ?
06:35
This is a simulation
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ื–ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื”
06:36
from the US National Center for Atmospheric Research
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
06:39
global climate model showing, earth surface temperatures through 2100.
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ืžื•ื“ืœ ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื”"ื ืขื“ 2100.
06:43
The globe on the left visualizes our current trajectory,
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ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืžืฉืžืืœ ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
06:47
and on the right, a world where particles are introduced into the stratosphere
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ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ื›ื ืกื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
06:51
gradually in 2020,
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ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืž-2020,
06:53
and maintained through 2100.
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ื•ืขื“ 2100.
06:55
Intervention keeps surface temperatures near those of today,
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ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื,
06:59
while without it, temperatures rise well over three degrees.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืœื•ืช.
07:04
This could be the difference between a safe and an unsafe world.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืœื-ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
07:09
So, if there's even a chance that this could be close to reality,
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ืื– ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™,
07:13
is this something we should consider seriously?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช?
07:18
Today, there are no capabilities,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
07:19
and scientific knowledge is extremely limited.
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ื•ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:23
We don't know whether these types of interventions are even feasible,
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช,
07:27
or how to characterize their risks.
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ืื• ืื™ืš ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ.
07:30
Researchers hope to explore some basic questions
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช
07:33
that might help us know whether or not these might be real options
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช
ืื• ืฉืžื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ.
07:38
or whether we should rule them out.
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07:40
It requires multiple ways of studying the climate system,
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ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
07:44
including computer models to forecast changes,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื,
07:47
analytic techniques like machine learning,
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ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืžื• ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื”
07:49
and many types of observations.
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ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
07:52
And though it's controversial,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช,
07:54
it's also critical that researchers develop core technologies
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืจืขืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ืคืชื—ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ื”
07:58
and perform small-scale, real-world experiments.
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ื•ื™ืขืจื›ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
08:03
There are two research programs proposing experiments like this.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
08:07
At Harvard, the SCoPEx experiment would release very small amounts
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ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“, ื ื™ืกื•ื™ "ืกืงื•ืคืงืก" ื™ืฉื—ืจืจ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:11
of sulfates, calcium carbonate and water into the stratosphere with a balloon,
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ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคืจื•ืช, ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™ ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืŸ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื.
08:17
to study chemistry and physics effects.
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08:20
How much material?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ?
08:22
Less than the amount released in one minute of flight
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคืœื˜ืช ื‘ื“ืงืช ื˜ื™ืกื” ืžืžื˜ื•ืก ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™.
08:25
from a commercial aircraft.
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08:27
So this is definitely not dangerous,
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
08:30
and it may not even be scary.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
08:33
At the University of Washington,
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
08:35
scientists hope to spray a fine mist of salt water into clouds
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืจืกืก ื‘ืขื ื ื™ื ืขืจืคืœ ื“ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื
08:39
in a series of land and ocean tests.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ื.
08:41
If those are successful, this would culminate in experiments
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ืื ื–ื” ื™ืฆืœื™ื—, ื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
08:44
to measurably brighten an area of clouds over the ocean.
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ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื™ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื™ื“ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ื ืŸ ืžืขืœ ื”ื™ื.
08:48
The marine cloud brightening effort is the first to develop any technology
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ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
08:52
for generating aerosols for atmospheric sunlight reflection in this way.
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ืœื”ืคืงืช ืชืจืกื™ืกื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืจ-ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•.
08:57
It requires producing very tiny particles --
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ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืื“ --
08:59
think about the mist that comes out of an asthma inhaler --
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ื ืกื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžืžืฉืืฃ --
09:04
at massive scale -- so think of looking up at a cloud.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืขืฆื•ื -- ื ืกื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืขื ืŸ.
09:08
It's a tricky engineering problem.
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ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ืช.
09:11
So this one nozzle they developed
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ื”ื ื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื•
ืžืคื™ืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
09:13
generates three trillion particles per second,
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09:15
80 nanometers in size,
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ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื 80 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ,
09:17
from very corrosive saltwater.
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ืžืžื™-ืžืœื— ืงื•ืจื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:20
It was developed by a team of retired engineers in Silicon Valley --
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืชื— ืข"ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ืก ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ --
09:24
here they are --
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื --
09:25
working full-time for six years, without pay, for their grandchildren.
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืœื ืฉื›ืจ, ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ื ื›ื“ื™ื”ื.
09:31
It will take a few million dollars and another year or two
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ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ื” ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
09:34
to develop the full spray system they need to do these experiments.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืก ื”ืžืœืื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
09:38
In other parts of the world, research efforts are emerging,
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืžืืžืฆื™ ืžื—ืงืจ,
09:42
including small modeling programs at Beijing Normal University in China,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืœ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
09:46
the Indian Institute of Science,
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ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™,
09:49
a proposed center for climate repair at Cambridge University in the UK
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ืžืจื›ื– ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
09:53
and the DECIMALS Fund,
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ื•ืงืจืŸ "ื“ืฆื™ืžืœืก",
ืฉืžืžืžื ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
09:56
which sponsors researchers in global South countries
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09:58
to study the potential impacts of these sunlight interventions
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
10:01
in their part of the world.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
10:03
But all of these programs, including the experimental ones,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
10:08
lack significant funding.
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10:10
And understanding these interventions is a hard problem.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื”.
10:13
The earth is a vast, complex system
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจื—ื‘ืช-ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
10:15
and we need major investments in climate models, observations
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ื•ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช
10:18
and basic science
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ื•ื‘ืžื“ืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
10:20
to be able to predict climate much better than we can today
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
10:24
and manage both our accidental and any intentional interventions.
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ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืœื-ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช.
10:29
And it could be urgent.
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ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื—ื•ืฃ.
10:32
Recent scientific reports predict that in the next few decades,
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืขื˜ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
10:36
earth's fever is on a path to devastation:
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ื”ืงื“ื—ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชื ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืกื ื™:
10:38
extreme heat and fires,
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ื—ื•ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช,
10:41
major loss of ocean life,
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ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
10:44
collapse of Arctic ice,
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ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™,
10:47
displacement and suffering for hundreds of millions of people.
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ืขืงื™ืจื” ื•ืกื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
10:52
The fever could even reach tipping points where warming takes over
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ื”ืงื“ื—ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ืืœ-ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืชืชื’ื‘ืจ
ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืงื•
10:56
and human efforts are no longer enough
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10:58
to counter accelerating changes in natural systems.
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ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
11:01
To prevent this circumstance,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ืืœื”,
11:04
the UN's International Panel on Climate Change predicts
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ื”ืคืื ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฆื•ืคื”
11:06
that we need to stop and even reverse emissions by 2050.
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ืฉืขื“ 2050 ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช.
11:11
How? We have to quickly and radically transform major economic sectors,
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ืื™ืš?
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื
11:15
including energy, construction, agriculture, transportation and others.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื”, ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืขื•ื“.
11:20
And it is imperative that we do this as fast as we can.
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ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ.
11:25
But our fever is now so high
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื“ื—ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”,
11:27
that climate experts say we also have to remove
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ืฉืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื
11:29
massive quantities of CO2 from the atmosphere,
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ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืคื“"ื— ืžืŸ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
11:32
possibly 10 times all of the world's annual emissions,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืคื™ 10 ืžื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช,
11:36
in ways that aren't proven yet.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•.
11:39
Right now, we have slow-moving solutions to a fast-moving problem.
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ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืฉืžื—ืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
11:44
Even with the most optimistic assumptions,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
11:46
our exposure to risk in the next 10 to 30 years
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ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืกื›ื ื” ื‘-10 ืขื“ 30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
11:49
is unacceptably high, in my opinion.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืœื“ืขืชื™.
11:52
Could interventions like these provide fast-acting medicine if we need it
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ื”ืื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืชืกืคืงื ื” ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžื”ื™ืจืช-ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื”,
11:56
to reduce the earth's fever while we address its underlying causes?
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ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ืš ืงื“ื—ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“?
12:00
There are real concerns about this idea.
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ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”.
12:03
Some people are very worried that even researching these interventions
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžื›ืš ืฉืขืฆื ื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
12:06
could provide an excuse to delay efforts to reduce emissions.
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ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช.
12:10
This is also known as a moral hazard.
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ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›"ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™".
12:14
But, like most medicines,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
12:15
interventions are more dangerous the more that you do,
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ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ,
12:19
so research actually tends to draw out the fact
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืกื™ืง
12:21
that we absolutely, positively cannot continue
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื•ืœืœื ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
12:24
to fill up the atmosphere with greenhouse gases,
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ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”,
12:27
that these kinds of alternatives are risky
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ืฉื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื
12:30
and if we were to use them,
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ื•ืฉืื ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ,
12:32
we would need to use as little as possible.
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
12:36
But even so,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื›ืš,
12:38
could we ever learn enough about these interventions
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ื”ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืื™-ืคืขื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
12:41
to manage the risk?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ?
12:43
Who would make decisions about when and how to intervene?
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ืžื™ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžืชื™ ื•ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘?
12:47
What if some people are worse off,
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ืžื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžื“ื™
12:50
or they just think they are?
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ืื• ืจืง ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื›ืš?
12:52
These are really hard problems.
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืื“.
12:55
But what really worries me is that as climate impacts worsen,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื™ื—ืžื™ืจื•,
13:00
leaders will be called on to respond by any means available.
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื.
13:04
I for one don't want them to act without real information
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ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืคืขืœื• ืœืœื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžืฉื™
ื•ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
13:08
and much better options.
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13:10
Scientists think it will take a decade of research
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ
ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
13:13
just to assess these interventions,
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13:15
before we ever were to develop or use them.
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ื‘ื˜ืจื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคืชื—ืŸ ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
13:18
Yet today, the global level of investment in these interventions
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื, ืจืžืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”
13:22
is effectively zero.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืคืก.
13:26
So, we need to move quickly
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
13:28
if we want policymakers to have real information
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ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžืฉื™
ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืคืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื•.
13:32
on this kind of emergency medicine.
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13:36
There is hope!
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ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื”!
13:38
The world has solved these kinds of problems before.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ืคืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
13:41
In the 1970s, we identified an existential threat
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ืื™ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืžื™
13:44
to our protective ozone layer.
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ืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื ื•.
13:47
In the 1980s, scientists, politicians and industry
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื
13:50
came together in a solution to replace the chemicals causing the problem.
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ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•.
13:54
They achieved this with the only legally binding environmental agreement
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ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช
13:58
signed by all countries in the world,
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ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื—ืชืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
14:00
the Montreal Protocol.
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ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ.
14:02
Still in force today,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงืฃ ื›ื™ื•ื
14:04
it has resulted in a recovery of the ozone layer
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœืžืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ
14:07
and is the most successful environmental protection effort
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ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:10
in human history.
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื“ื.
14:13
We have a far greater threat now,
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ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืœื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
14:15
but we do have the ability to develop and agree on solutions
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคืชื— ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื
14:19
to protect people
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
14:21
and restore our climate to health.
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ื•ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
14:24
This could mean that to remain safe,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื
14:27
we reflect sunlight for a few decades,
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ื ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืจ-ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
14:29
while we green our industries and remove CO2.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื ื™ื™ืจืง ืืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื ืกืœืง ืืช ื”ืคื“"ื—.
14:33
It definitely means we must work now
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
14:36
to understand our options for this kind of emergency medicine.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืจื•ืคืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื–ื•.
14:41
Thank you,
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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