Fashion has a pollution problem -- can biology fix it? | Natsai Audrey Chieza

83,207 views

2017-12-20 ・ TED


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Fashion has a pollution problem -- can biology fix it? | Natsai Audrey Chieza

83,207 views ・ 2017-12-20

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Neda Vrkic Recezent: Sanda L
00:12
You're watching the life cycle of a Streptomyces coelicolor.
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Gledate životni ciklus Streptomyces coelicolora.
00:17
It's a strain of bacteria that's found in the soil
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To je soj bakterija koji se nalazi u tlu
00:19
where it lives in a community with other organisms,
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gdje živi u zajednici s drugim organizmima,
00:22
decomposing organic matter.
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razgrađujući organske tvari.
00:24
Coelicolor is a beautiful organism.
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Coelicolor je prekrasan organizam.
00:27
A powerhouse for synthesizing organic chemical compounds.
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Elektrana za sintetiziranje organskih kemijskih sastavnica.
00:31
It produces an antibiotic called actinorhodin,
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Proizvodi antibiotik zvan aktinorhodin,
00:34
which ranges in color from blue to pink and purple,
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koji ima raspon boja od plave do ružičaste i ljubičaste,
00:38
depending on the acidity of its environment.
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ovisno o kiselosti svog okruženja.
00:41
That it produces these pigment molecules sparked my curiosity
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Pobudila je moju znatiželju jer proizvodi ove molekule pigmenta
00:45
and led me to collaborate closely with coelicolor.
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i dovela me do uske suradnje s coelicolorom.
00:48
It is an unlikely partnership,
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To je malo vjerojatno partnerstvo,
00:50
but it's one that completely transformed my practice as a materials designer.
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ali je ono koje je potpuno transformiralo moju praksu kao dizajnerice materijala.
00:55
From it, I understood how nature was going to completely revolutionize
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Iz toga, shvatila sam kako će priroda potpuno revolucionirati
01:00
how we design and build our environments,
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kako dizajniramo i gradimo naša okruženja,
01:02
and that organisms like coelicolor
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i da će nam organizmi kao coelicolor
01:05
were going to help us grow our material future.
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pomoći proizvesti našu materijalnu budućnost.
01:08
So what's wrong with things as they are?
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Pa što nije u redu sa stvarima kakve jesu?
01:12
Well, for the last century,
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Pa, u zadnjem stoljeću,
01:13
we've organized ourselves around fossil fuels,
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organizirali smo se oko fosilnih goriva,
uvjerljivo, najvredniji materijalni sustav za koji smo ikad znali.
01:17
arguably, the most valuable material system we have ever known.
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01:20
We are tethered to this resource, and we've crafted a dependency on it
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Vezani smo za ovaj izvor i stvorili smo ovisnost o tome
01:23
that defines our identities, cultures, our ways of making and our economies.
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koja definira naše identitete, kulture, naše načine stvaranja i naša gospodarstva.
01:29
But our fossil fuel-based activities are reshaping the earth
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Ali naše aktivnosti zasnovane na fosilnom gorivu preoblikuju Zemlju
01:33
with a kind of violence that is capable of dramatically changing the climate,
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takvim nasiljem koje je sposobno dramatično promijeniti klimu,
01:38
of accelerating a loss of biodiversity
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ubrzanjem gubitka bioraznolikosti
01:41
and even sustaining human conflict.
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i čak održavanjem ljudskog sukoba.
01:44
We're living in a world
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Živimo u svijetu
01:45
where the denial of this dependence has become deadly.
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gdje je poricanje ove ovisnosti postalo smrtonosno.
01:50
And its reasons are multiple,
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I njegovi razlozi su višestruki
01:52
but they include the privilege of not being affected
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i uključuju privilegiju da nisu pogođeni
01:56
and what I believe is a profound lack of imagination
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i što vjerujem da je duboki nedostatak mašte
02:00
about how else we could live
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o tome kako bismo inače mogli živjeti
02:02
within the limits of this planet's boundaries.
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unutar granica ograničenja ovog planeta.
02:06
Fossil fuels will one day give way to renewable energy.
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Fosilna goriva će jednoga dana ustupiti mjesto obnovljivoj energiji.
02:10
That means we need to find new material systems
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To znači da moramo naći nove materijalne sustave
02:13
that are not petroleum-based.
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koji nisu bazirani na nafti.
02:15
I believe that those material systems will be biological,
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Vjerujem da će ti materijalni sustavi biti biološki,
02:19
but what matters is how we design and build them.
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i što je važno, kako ih dizajniramo i proizvodimo.
02:22
They mustn't perpetuate the destructive legacies of the oil age.
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Ne smiju ovjekovječiti destruktivnu ostavštinu naftnog doba.
02:27
When you look at this image,
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Kada pogledate ovu sliku,
02:30
what do you see?
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što vidite?
02:33
Well, I see a highly sophisticated biological system,
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Pa, ja vidim vrlo sofisticiran biološki sustav,
02:37
that through the use of enzymes,
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koji korištenjem enzima,
02:39
can move and place atoms more quickly and precisely
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može pomicati i postavljati atome puno brže i preciznije
02:42
than anything we've ever engineered.
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nego bilo što od svega što smo ikada konstruirali.
02:45
And we know that it can do this at scale.
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I znamo da to može učiniti u razmjeru.
02:48
Nature has evolved over 3.8 billion years
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Priroda se razvijala tijekom 3,8 milijardi godina
02:51
to be able to do this,
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da bi mogla učiniti to,
02:53
but now through the use of synthetic biology,
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ali sad kroz upotrebu sintetske biologije,
02:56
an emerging scientific discipline
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nova znanstvena tehnologija
02:58
that seeks to customize this functionality of living systems,
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koja želi prilagoditi funkcionalnost živih sustava,
03:02
we can now rapid prototype the assembly of DNA.
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možemo sada brzo prototipirati sastav DNK.
03:07
That means that we can engineer the kind of biological precision
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To znači da možemo proizvesti vrstu biološke preciznosti
03:11
that makes it possible to design a bacteria
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koja omogućuje kreiranje bakterije
03:16
that can recycle metal,
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koja može reciklirati metal,
03:18
to grow fungi into furniture
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koja može od gljivica stvoriti namještaj
03:20
and even sequester renewable energy from algae.
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i čak odvojiti obnovljivu energiju iz algi.
03:24
To think about how we might access this inherent brilliance of nature --
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Da pomislimo na to kako bismo mogli pristupiti
ovoj svojstvenoj briljantnosti prirode, da gradimo stvari od živih bića,
03:29
to build things from living things --
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03:32
let's consider the biological process of fermentation.
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razmotrimo biološki proces fermentacije.
03:35
I've come to think of fermentation, when harnessed by humans,
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Počela sam razmišljati o fermentaciji kada je upregnuta od strane ljudi,
03:39
as an advanced technological toolkit for our survival.
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kao napredan tehnološki alat za naš opstanak.
03:42
When a solid or a liquid ferments,
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Kada čvrsta tvar ili tekućina fermentira,
03:44
it's chemically broken down by bacterial fungi.
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kemijski je razgrađena bakterijskim gljivicama.
03:47
The byproduct of this is what we value.
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Nusprodukt toga je ono što vrednujemo.
03:50
So for example, we add yeast to grapes to make wine.
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Tako na primjer, dodajemo kvasac grožđu za pravljenje vina.
03:54
Well in nature, these transformations are part of a complex network --
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Pa u prirodi, ove transformacije dio su složene mreže --
03:59
a continuous cycle that redistributes energy.
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kontinuirani ciklus koji preraspodjeljuje energiju.
04:02
Fermentation gives rise to multispecies interactions
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Fermentacija povisuje viševrsne interakcije
04:05
of bacteria and fungi,
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bakterija i gljivica,
04:07
plants, insects, animals and humans:
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biljaka, insekata, životinja i ljudi:
04:10
in other words, whole ecosystems.
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drugim riječima, cijeli ekosustav.
04:13
We've known about these powerful microbial interactions
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Znali smo za ove moćne mikrobne interakcije
04:16
for thousands of years.
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tisućama godina.
04:19
You can see how through the fermentation of grains,
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Možete vidjeti kako fermentacijom zrna,
04:21
vegetal matter and animal products,
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biljnih materijala i životinjskih proizvoda
04:24
all peoples and cultures of the world have domesticated microorganisms
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svi ljudi i kulture svijeta su pripitomili mikroorganizme
04:29
to make the inedible edible.
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da učine nejestivo jestivim.
04:31
And there's even evidence that as early as 350 AD,
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Postoji čak i dokaz da su već 350 g. po. Kr.
04:36
people deliberately fermented foodstuffs that contained antibiotics.
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ljudi namjerno fermentirali namirnice koje su sadržavale antibiotike.
04:41
The skeletal remains of some Sudanese Nubian
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U ostacima kostura nekih sudanskih Nubijaca
04:43
were found to contain significant deposits of tetracycline.
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otkriveno je da sadrže značajne naslage tetraciklina.
04:47
That's an antibiotic that we use in modern medicine today.
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To je antibiotik koji danas koristimo u modernoj medicini.
04:51
And nearly 1500 years later,
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I skoro 1500 godina kasnije,
04:54
Alexander Fleming discovered the antimicrobial properties of mold.
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Alexander Fleming je otkrio antimikrobna svojstva plijesni.
04:59
And it was only through the industrialized fermentation of penicillin
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I samo kroz industrijaliziranu fermentaciju penicilina
05:04
that millions could survive infectious diseases.
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milijuni su mogli preživjeti zarazne bolesti.
05:07
Fermentation could once again play an important role
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Fermentacija bi još jednom mogla igrati važnu ulogu
05:10
in our human development.
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u našem ljudskom razvoju.
05:13
Could it represent a new mode of survival
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Može li predstavljati novi način preživljavanja
05:15
if we harness it to completely change our industries?
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ako je iskoristimo da potpuno promijenimo naše industrije?
05:19
I've worked in my creative career to develop new material systems
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U svojoj kreativnoj karijeri sam radila da razvijem nove materijalne sustave
05:23
for the textile industry.
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za tekstilnu industriju.
05:24
And while it is work that I love,
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I dok je to posao koji volim,
05:27
I cannot reconcile with the fact that the textile industry
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ne mogu se pomiriti s činjenicom da je tekstilna industrija
05:29
is one of the most polluting in the world.
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jedna od najzagađenijih na svijetu.
05:32
Most of the ecological harm caused by textile processing
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Većina ekološke štete uzrokovana preradom tekstila
05:37
occurs at the finishing and the dyeing stage.
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događa se u završnoj obradi i fazi bojanja.
05:40
Processing textiles requires huge amounts of water.
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Obrada tekstila zahtijeva velike količine vode.
05:45
And since the oil age completely transformed the textile industry,
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I budući da je naftno doba potpuno transformiralo tekstilnu industriju,
05:49
many of the materials
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mnogi materijali
05:50
and the chemicals used to process them are petroleum based.
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i kemikalije korišteni za njihovu obradu su bazirani na nafti.
05:55
And so coupled with our insatiable appetite for fast fashion,
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I tako u kombinaciji s našim nezasitnim apetitom za brzom modom,
06:00
a huge amount of textile waste is ending up in landfill every year
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ogromna količina tekstilnog otpada svake godine završi na odlagalištu
06:05
because it remains notoriously difficult to recycle.
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jer ostaje očigledno težak za recikliranje.
06:09
So again, contrast this with biology.
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Pa opet, usporedite to s biologijom.
06:13
Evolved over 3.8 billion years,
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Evoluirana tijekom 3,8 milijardi godina,
06:16
to rapid prototype,
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do brzog prototipa,
06:18
to recycle and to replenish
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da reciklira i nadopunjuje
06:20
better than any system we've ever engineered.
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bolje od bilo kojeg sustava koji smo ikada razvili.
06:24
I was inspired by this immense potential
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Bila sam inspirirana tim ogromnim potencijalom
06:26
and wanted to explore it through a seemingly simple question --
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i htjela sam to istražiti kroz naizgled jednostavno pitanje --
06:30
at the time.
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u to vrijeme.
06:32
If a bacteria produces a pigment,
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Ako bakterija stvara pigment,
06:35
how do we work with it to dye textiles?
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kako njime radimo na bojenju tekstila?
06:39
Well, one of my favorite ways
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Pa, jedan od mojih najdražih načina
06:41
is to grow Streptomyces coelicolor directly onto silk.
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je uzgojiti Streptomyces coelicolor izravno na svili.
06:46
You can see how each colony produces pigment around its own territory.
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Možete vidjeti kako svaka kolonija stvara pigment oko vlastitog teritorija.
06:51
Now, if you add many, many cells,
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Sada, ako dodate mnogo, mnogo stanica,
06:54
they generate enough dyestuff to saturate the entire cloth.
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one stvore dovoljno boje da natope cijelu krpu.
07:07
Now, the magical thing about dyeing textiles in this way --
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Sada, čarobna stvar u ovakvom načinu bojanja tekstila --
07:10
this sort of direct fermentation
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ova vrsta izravne fermentacije
07:12
when you add the bacteria directly onto the silk --
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kada dodate bakteriju izravno na svilu --
07:16
is that to dye one t-shirt,
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da biste obojali jednu majicu,
07:19
the bacteria survive on just 200 milliliters of water.
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bakterija preživi na samo 200 mililitara vode.
07:24
And you can see how this process generates very little runoff
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I možete vidjeti kako ovaj proces stvara jako malo otpada
07:29
and produces a colorfast pigment without the use of any chemicals.
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i stvara obojani pigment bez upotrebe ikakvih kemikalija.
07:35
So now you're thinking --
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I sada mislite --
07:36
and you're thinking right --
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i točno mislite --
07:39
an inherent problem associated with designing with a living system is:
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prisutan problem povezan s dizajniranjem sa živim sustavom je:
07:44
How do you guide a medium that has a life force of its own?
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Kako voditi medij koji ima vlastitu životnu silu?
07:48
Well, once you've established the baseline for cultivating Streptomyces
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Pa, kada jednom uspostavite osnovicu za uzgoj Streptomyces
07:53
so that it consistently produces enough pigment,
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tako da konstantno stvara dovoljno pigmenta,
07:57
you can turn to twisting, folding,
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možete se okrenuti uvijanju, savijanju,
08:00
clamping, dipping, spraying,
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stezanju, uranjanju, prskanju,
08:03
submerging --
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potapanju --
08:04
all of these begin to inform the aesthetics of coelicolor's activity.
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sve to počinje informirati estetiku aktivnosti coelicolora.
08:10
And using them in a systematic way
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I koristeći ih na sustavan način
08:12
enables us to be able to generate an organic pattern ...
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omogućuje nam da možemo proizvesti organski uzorak ...
08:18
a uniform dye ...
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jednoliku boju ...
08:21
and even a graphic print.
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pa čak i grafički otisak.
08:25
Another problem is how to scale these artisanal methods of making
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Drugi problem je kako postići mjerenje ovih zanatskih metoda izrade
08:31
so that we can start to use them in industry.
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kako bismo ih mogli početi koristiti u industriji.
08:36
When we talk about scale,
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Kada govorimo o mjerenju,
08:38
we consider two things in parallel:
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razmatramo dvije svari paralelno:
08:40
scaling the biology,
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odmjeravanje biologije
08:42
and then scaling the tools and the processes
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i zatim odmjeravanje alata i procesa
08:45
required to work with the biology.
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potrebnih za rad s biologijom.
08:48
If we can do this,
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Ako možemo to učiniti,
08:49
then we can move what happens on a petri dish
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tada možemo to što se događa u Petrijevoj zdjelici
08:52
so that it can meet the human scale,
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primijeniti na razinu koja će zadovoljiti ljudsku mjeru,
08:54
and then hopefully the architecture of our environments.
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i onda, nadamo se, arhitekturu našeg okoliša.
09:02
If Fleming were alive today,
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Da je Fleming danas živ,
09:04
this would definitely be a part of his toolkit.
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ovo bi definitivno bio dio njegovog alata.
09:07
You're looking at our current best guess
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Gledate naše trenutno najbolje nagađanje
09:10
of how to scale biology.
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za odmjeravanje biologije.
09:13
It's a bioreactor;
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To je bioreaktor;
09:14
a kind of microorganism brewery that contains yeasts
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vrsta pivnice mikroorganizama koja sadrži kvasac
09:17
that have been engineered to produce specific commodity chemicals and compounds
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koja je razvijena za proizvodnju specifičnih robnih kemikalija i sastavnica
09:22
like fragrances and flavors.
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poput mirisa i okusa.
09:25
It's actually connected to a suite of automated hardware and software
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Zapravo je povezan sa setom automatskog hardvera i softvera
09:29
that read in real time
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koji se očitavaju u stvarnom vremenu i daju povratnu informaciju
09:31
and feed back to a design team the growth conditions of the microbe.
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dizajnerskom timu o uvjetima rasta mikroba.
09:37
So we can use this system to model the growth characteristics
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Tako možemo koristiti ovaj sustav
za oblikovanje karakteristika rasta organizma kao što je coelicolor
09:40
of an organism like coelicolor
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09:43
to see how it would ferment at 50,000 liters.
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da vidimo kako bi se fermentirao u 50,000 litara.
09:47
I'm currently based at Ginkgo Bioworks,
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Trenutno mi je sjedište u Ginkgo Bioworksu,
09:50
which is a biotechnology startup in Boston.
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što je biotehnološki startup u Bostonu.
09:54
I am working to see how their platform for scaling biology
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Radim da vidim kako njihova platforma za odmjeravanje biologije
09:58
interfaces with my artisanal methods of designing with bacteria for textiles.
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utječe na moje zanatske metode dizajna s bakterijom za tekstil.
10:03
We're doing things like engineering Streptomyces coelicolor
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Radimo stvari poput razvijanja Streptomyces coelicolor
10:08
to see if it can produce more pigment.
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da vidimo može li proizvesti više pigmenta.
10:11
And we're even looking at the tools for synthetic biology.
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I čak istražujemo alate za sintetsku biologiju.
10:15
Tools that have been designed specifically to automate synthetic biology
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Alati koji su posebno dizajnirani za automatizaciju sintetske biologije,
10:20
to see how they could adapt to become tools to print and dye textiles.
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da vidimo kako se mogu prilagoditi da postanu alati za ispis i bojanje tekstila.
10:25
I'm also leveraging digital fabrication,
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Također koristim digitalnu izradu
10:28
because the tools that I need to work with Streptomyces coelicolor
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jer alati koji su mi potrebni za rad s Streptomyces coelicolor
10:32
don't actually exist.
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zapravo ne postoje.
10:34
So in this case --
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Pa u tom slučaju --
10:35
in the last week actually,
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zapravo u prošlom tjednu,
10:37
I've just designed a petri dish
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sam dizajnirala Petrijevu zdjelicu
10:39
that is engineered to produce a bespoke print on a whole garment.
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koja je razvijena da proizvede poseban otisak na cijeloj odjeći.
10:44
We're making lots of kimonos.
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Izrađujemo puno kimona.
10:46
Here's the exciting thing:
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Evo uzbudljive stvari:
10:48
I'm not alone.
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Nisam sama.
10:50
There are others who are building capacity in this field,
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Postoje drugi koji šire mogućnosti na ovom polju,
10:53
like MycoWorks.
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kao MycoWorks.
10:55
MycoWorks is a startup
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MycoWorks je startup
10:56
that wants to replace animal leather with mushroom leather,
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koji želi zamijeniti životinjsku kožu kožom gljiva,
10:59
a versatile, high-performance material
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raznolikim, visokoučinkovitim materijalom
11:02
that has applications beyond textiles and into product and architecture.
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koji ima primjene još dalje od tekstila u proizvodu i arhitekturi.
11:07
And Bolt Threads --
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I Bolt Threads --
11:09
they've engineered a yeast to produce spider-silk protein
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izradili su kvasac za proizvodnju proteina paukove svile
11:14
that can be spun into a highly programmable yarn.
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koji se može razviti u visoko programabilnu pređu.
11:18
So think water resistance,
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Pa pomislite na otpornost na vodu,
11:20
stretchability and superstrength.
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rastezljivost i natprosječnu čvrstoću.
11:24
To reach economies of scale,
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Da bismo postigli ekonomiju razmjera,
11:26
these kinds of startups are having to build and design
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ove vrste startupa moraju graditi, dizajnirati
11:31
and engineer the infrastructure to work with biology.
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i razviti infrastrukturu za rad s biologijom.
11:34
For example,
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Na primjer,
11:35
Bolt Threads have had to engage in some extreme biomimicry.
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Bolt Threads su se morali angažirati u ponešto ekstremnoj biomimikriji.
11:40
To be able to spin the product this yeast creates into a yarn,
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Da bi mogli razviti proizvod, koji kvasac stvara, u pređu,
11:45
they've engineered a yarn-making machine
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izradili su stroj za izradu pređe
11:49
that mimics the physiological conditions
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koji oponaša fiziološke uvjete
11:52
under which spiders ordinarily spin their own silk.
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pod kojima pauci obično vrte svoju svilu.
11:56
So you can start to see how imaginative
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Sada možete početi vidjeti kakvi maštoviti
12:00
and inspiring modes of making exist in nature
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i nadahnjujući načini izrade postoje u prirodi
12:06
that we can use to build capacity around new bio-based industries.
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koje možemo koristiti za rast kapaciteta oko novih bioindustrija.
12:11
What we now have is the technology
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Ono što sada imamo je tehnologija
12:14
to design, build, test and scale these capabilities.
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dizajniranja, izrade, testiranja i mjerenja ovih mogućnosti.
12:19
At this present moment,
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U ovom trenutku,
12:21
as we face the ecological crisis in front of us,
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dok se suočavamo s ekološkom krizom pred nama,
12:25
what we have to do is to determine
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što moramo učiniti je utvrditi
12:28
how we're going to build these new material systems
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kako ćemo izraditi ove nove materijalne sustave
12:31
so that they don't mirror the damaging legacies of the oil age.
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tako da ne zrcale štetnu ostavštinu naftnog doba.
12:37
How we're going to distribute them to ensure a sustainable development
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Kako ćemo ih rasporediti da osiguramo održivi razvoj
12:41
that is fair and equitable across the world.
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koji je pravedan i nepristran diljem svijeta.
12:44
And crucially, how we would like the regulatory and ethical frameworks
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I ključno, kako bismo htjeli da regulatorni i etički okviri
12:47
that govern these technologies
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koji upravljaju ovim tehnologijama
12:49
to interact with our society.
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komuniciraju s našim društvom.
12:52
Biotechnology is going to touch every part of our lived experience.
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Biotehnologija će dotaknuti svaki dio našeg proživljenog iskustva.
12:56
It is living;
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To je živo,
12:57
it is digital;
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to je digitalno,
12:58
it is designed, and it can be crafted.
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to je dizajnirano, i može biti izrađeno.
13:01
This is a material future that we must be bold enough to shape.
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Ovo je materijalna budućnost za koju moramo biti dovoljno hrabri da je oblikujemo.
13:05
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
13:06
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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