Fashion has a pollution problem -- can biology fix it? | Natsai Audrey Chieza

82,964 views ใƒป 2017-12-20

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeesun Youn ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
You're watching the life cycle of a Streptomyces coelicolor.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ™ํ† ๋งˆ์ด์‹œ์Šค ์ฝ”์—˜๋ฆฌ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ƒ์• ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
It's a strain of bacteria that's found in the soil
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ
00:19
where it lives in a community with other organisms,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
00:22
decomposing organic matter.
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์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
Coelicolor is a beautiful organism.
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์ฝ”์—˜๋ฆฌ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด์—์š”.
00:27
A powerhouse for synthesizing organic chemical compounds.
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์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™๋ ฅ์†Œ์ด์ฃ .
00:31
It produces an antibiotic called actinorhodin,
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์ฝ”์—˜๋ฆฌ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์•…ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋”˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
00:34
which ranges in color from blue to pink and purple,
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ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”์„
00:38
depending on the acidity of its environment.
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๊ทธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋„์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
That it produces these pigment molecules sparked my curiosity
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์—ผ๋ก์†Œ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ „ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๊ณ 
00:45
and led me to collaborate closely with coelicolor.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”์—˜๋ฆฌ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:48
It is an unlikely partnership,
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋™์—…๊ด€๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
00:50
but it's one that completely transformed my practice as a materials designer.
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์˜๋ฅ˜์ž์žฌ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ด€ํ–‰๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋ฒ„๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
00:55
From it, I understood how nature was going to completely revolutionize
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ, ์ €๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:00
how we design and build our environments,
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๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ 
01:02
and that organisms like coelicolor
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฝ”์—˜๋ฆฌ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด
01:05
were going to help us grow our material future.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์› ์–ด์š”.
01:08
So what's wrong with things as they are?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
01:12
Well, for the last century,
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ
01:13
we've organized ourselves around fossil fuels,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ
01:17
arguably, the most valuable material system we have ever known.
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ํ™”์„์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ, ๋ฌธํ™”, ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š”
01:20
We are tethered to this resource, and we've crafted a dependency on it
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01:23
that defines our identities, cultures, our ways of making and our economies.
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์ด ์›๋ฃŒ์— ๋ฌถ์ด๊ณ , ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ฃ .
01:29
But our fossil fuel-based activities are reshaping the earth
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™”์„์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์€
๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์™€, ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™” ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:33
with a kind of violence that is capable of dramatically changing the climate,
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01:38
of accelerating a loss of biodiversity
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๊ธ‰๊ธฐ์•ผ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ง€์†์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•˜๋Š”
01:41
and even sustaining human conflict.
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ํญ๋ ฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:44
We're living in a world
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์กฐ์ฐจ
01:45
where the denial of this dependence has become deadly.
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:50
And its reasons are multiple,
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
01:52
but they include the privilege of not being affected
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ
01:56
and what I believe is a profound lack of imagination
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์˜ ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ ์†์—์„œ
02:00
about how else we could live
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
02:02
within the limits of this planet's boundaries.
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์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
02:06
Fossil fuels will one day give way to renewable energy.
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ํ™”์„์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ€๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
02:10
That means we need to find new material systems
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๊ทธ๋ง์€ ์ฆ‰, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„์œ ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€
02:13
that are not petroleum-based.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์›๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:15
I believe that those material systems will be biological,
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์›๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋‹ต์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ฏฟ์ง€๋งŒ
02:19
but what matters is how we design and build them.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
02:22
They mustn't perpetuate the destructive legacies of the oil age.
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์„์œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์„ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
When you look at this image,
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ๋•Œ
02:30
what do you see?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ณด์ด์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
02:33
Well, I see a highly sophisticated biological system,
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ €๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค
02:37
that through the use of enzymes,
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02:39
can move and place atoms more quickly and precisely
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๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์›์ž๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
02:42
than anything we've ever engineered.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์š”.
02:45
And we know that it can do this at scale.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹จ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:48
Nature has evolved over 3.8 billion years
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์ž์—ฐ์€ ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:51
to be able to do this,
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38์–ต๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด ์™”์ง€๋งŒ
02:53
but now through the use of synthetic biology,
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์ด์   ์ƒ๋ช…์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„
02:56
an emerging scientific discipline
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๋งž์ถคํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š”
02:58
that seeks to customize this functionality of living systems,
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ ํฅ ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
03:02
we can now rapid prototype the assembly of DNA.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ DNA๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋์–ด์š”.
03:07
That means that we can engineer the kind of biological precision
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์ฆ‰, ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ •๋ฐ€๋„๋กœ
03:11
that makes it possible to design a bacteria
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ ธ์„œ
03:16
that can recycle metal,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ๊ธˆ์†์„ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:18
to grow fungi into furniture
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๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์›Œ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:20
and even sequester renewable energy from algae.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋นผ๋‚ด์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:24
To think about how we might access this inherent brilliance of nature --
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์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์›€๋“ค์„
03:29
to build things from living things --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
03:32
let's consider the biological process of fermentation.
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๋ฐœํšจ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:35
I've come to think of fermentation, when harnessed by humans,
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฐœํšจ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์“ฐ์ผ ๋•Œ์•ผ ๋ง๋กœ
03:39
as an advanced technological toolkit for our survival.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์ƒ์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋„๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:42
When a solid or a liquid ferments,
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๊ณ ์ฒด ๋˜๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํšจ๋  ๋•Œ์—
03:44
it's chemically broken down by bacterial fungi.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ท ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
03:47
The byproduct of this is what we value.
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:50
So for example, we add yeast to grapes to make wine.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์™€์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ ํฌ๋„์— ํšจ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
03:54
Well in nature, these transformations are part of a complex network --
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์ด ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋“ค์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
03:59
a continuous cycle that redistributes energy.
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์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด์ฃ .
04:02
Fermentation gives rise to multispecies interactions
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๋ฐœํšจ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ
04:05
of bacteria and fungi,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„, ๊ณฐํŒก์ด
04:07
plants, insects, animals and humans:
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์‹๋ฌผ, ๊ณค์ถฉ, ๋™๋ฌผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๋ฅ˜
04:10
in other words, whole ecosystems.
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์ฆ‰, ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:13
We've known about these powerful microbial interactions
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
04:16
for thousands of years.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ณก๋ฌผ, ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์˜
04:19
You can see how through the fermentation of grains,
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04:21
vegetal matter and animal products,
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๋ฐœํšจ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
04:24
all peoples and cultures of the world have domesticated microorganisms
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์„ธ์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๊ธธ๋“ค์—ฌ
๋ชป๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:29
to make the inedible edible.
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04:31
And there's even evidence that as early as 350 AD,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐœํšจ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€
04:36
people deliberately fermented foodstuffs that contained antibiotics.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด 350 A.D. ๋งŒํผ ์ผ์ฐŒ๊ธฐ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
The skeletal remains of some Sudanese Nubian
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ๋ˆ„๋น„์•„์ข…์กฑ์˜ ํ•ด๊ณจ ์œ ๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋Š”
04:43
were found to contain significant deposits of tetracycline.
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋ฆฐ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:47
That's an antibiotic that we use in modern medicine today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ํ•™์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์ด์ฃ .
04:51
And nearly 1500 years later,
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1500๋…„ ์ •๋„ ํ›„์—๋‚˜
04:54
Alexander Fleming discovered the antimicrobial properties of mold.
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์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ํ”Œ๋ ˆ๋ฐ์ด ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์˜ ํ–ฅ๊ท ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:59
And it was only through the industrialized fermentation of penicillin
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ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋ฐœํšจ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ์•ผ๋งŒ
์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:04
that millions could survive infectious diseases.
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05:07
Fermentation could once again play an important role
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๋ฐœํšจ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—
05:10
in our human development.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:13
Could it represent a new mode of survival
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋’ค๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๋•Œ
05:15
if we harness it to completely change our industries?
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๋ฐœํšจ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ์กด๋ฒ•์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:19
I've worked in my creative career to develop new material systems
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์ €๋Š” ์„ฌ์œ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†Œ์žฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์ง์ข…์—์„œ ์ผํ•ด์™”์–ด์š”.
05:23
for the textile industry.
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05:24
And while it is work that I love,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ œ ์ผ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
05:27
I cannot reconcile with the fact that the textile industry
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์ „ ์„ฌ์œ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ค‘
05:29
is one of the most polluting in the world.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž„์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:32
Most of the ecological harm caused by textile processing
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ฌ์œ  ๊ฐ€๊ณต์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ”ผํ•ด๋Š”
05:37
occurs at the finishing and the dyeing stage.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰๊ณผ ์—ผ์ƒ‰๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
Processing textiles requires huge amounts of water.
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์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋ฌผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:45
And since the oil age completely transformed the textile industry,
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์„์œ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์„ฌ์œ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š”
05:49
many of the materials
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์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š”
05:50
and the chemicals used to process them are petroleum based.
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๋งŽ์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์„์œ ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
And so coupled with our insatiable appetite for fast fashion,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํŒจ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒจ์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ถฉ์กฑ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด
06:00
a huge amount of textile waste is ending up in landfill every year
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๋งค๋…„ ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์„ฌ์œ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งค๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:05
because it remains notoriously difficult to recycle.
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์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
06:09
So again, contrast this with biology.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:13
Evolved over 3.8 billion years,
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38์–ต ๋…„์ด ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด
06:16
to rapid prototype,
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ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:18
to recycle and to replenish
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์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์ถฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
06:20
better than any system we've ever engineered.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์•„์š”.
06:24
I was inspired by this immense potential
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ 
06:26
and wanted to explore it through a seemingly simple question --
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๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:30
at the time.
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:32
If a bacteria produces a pigment,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:35
how do we work with it to dye textiles?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:39
Well, one of my favorite ways
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
06:41
is to grow Streptomyces coelicolor directly onto silk.
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ™๋งˆ์ด์‹œ์Šค ์ฝ”์—˜๋ฆฌ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์‹คํฌ์œ„์— ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:46
You can see how each colony produces pigment around its own territory.
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๊ฐ ์„ธ๊ท ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์ด ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜์—ญ ์ฃผ์œ„๋กœ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:51
Now, if you add many, many cells,
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์ด์ œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๋” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:54
they generate enough dyestuff to saturate the entire cloth.
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์ฒœ์— ํ ๋ป‘ ์ ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์ฃ .
07:07
Now, the magical thing about dyeing textiles in this way --
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์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
07:10
this sort of direct fermentation
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์ œ ๋ง์€, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ
07:12
when you add the bacteria directly onto the silk --
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์‹คํฌ์— ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฐœํšจ๋ฒ• ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:16
is that to dye one t-shirt,
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ํ‹ฐ์…”์ธ  ํ•œ์žฅ์„ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
07:19
the bacteria survive on just 200 milliliters of water.
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๊ณ ์ž‘ 200ml์˜ ๋ฌผ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:24
And you can see how this process generates very little runoff
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ์œ ์ถœ๋งŒ ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:29
and produces a colorfast pigment without the use of any chemicals.
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ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ ์—†์ด๋„ ๋ฌผ๋น ์ง ์—†๋Š” ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:35
So now you're thinking --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
07:36
and you're thinking right --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์˜ณ์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
07:39
an inherent problem associated with designing with a living system is:
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์ƒ๋ฌผ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
07:44
How do you guide a medium that has a life force of its own?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
Well, once you've established the baseline for cultivating Streptomyces
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ™ํ† ๋งˆ์ด์‹œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ
07:53
so that it consistently produces enough pigment,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ๋ฉด
07:57
you can turn to twisting, folding,
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ธ ๋น„ํ‹€๊ธฐ, ์ ‘๊ธฐ
08:00
clamping, dipping, spraying,
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์ง‘๊ฒŒ๋กœ ์ง‘๊ธฐ, ๋‹ด๊ทธ๊ธฐ, ์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์ดํ•˜๊ธฐ
08:03
submerging --
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์ž ์ˆ˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
08:04
all of these begin to inform the aesthetics of coelicolor's activity.
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์ฝ”์—˜๋ฆฌ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์˜ ๋ฏธํ•™์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:10
And using them in a systematic way
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์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”์—˜๋ฆฌ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
08:12
enables us to be able to generate an organic pattern ...
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์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ...
08:18
a uniform dye ...
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๊ท ์ผํ•œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ด๋‚˜...
08:21
and even a graphic print.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ‹ฑ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์š”.
08:25
Another problem is how to scale these artisanal methods of making
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์ธ์ •์‹  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ
08:31
so that we can start to use them in industry.
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์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ์ผ€ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
When we talk about scale,
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๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์—
08:38
we consider two things in parallel:
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
08:40
scaling the biology,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
08:42
and then scaling the tools and the processes
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ์ด์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
08:45
required to work with the biology.
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๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์„ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
08:48
If we can do this,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:49
then we can move what happens on a petri dish
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์ด์ œ ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ ‘์‹œ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์„œ
08:52
so that it can meet the human scale,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
08:54
and then hopefully the architecture of our environments.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:02
If Fleming were alive today,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ๋ฐ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:04
this would definitely be a part of his toolkit.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:07
You're looking at our current best guess
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ๋ชจํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์˜
09:10
of how to scale biology.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์ถ”์ธก์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
It's a bioreactor;
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋ฆฌ์—‘ํ„ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ
09:14
a kind of microorganism brewery that contains yeasts
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ํ–ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ํ’๋ฏธ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ • ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ
09:17
that have been engineered to produce specific commodity chemicals and compounds
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ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ
ํšจ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์–‘์กฐ์žฅ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
09:22
like fragrances and flavors.
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09:25
It's actually connected to a suite of automated hardware and software
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ž๋™ํ™”๋œ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์™€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์„ธํŠธ๋“ค์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
09:29
that read in real time
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์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋“ค์„ ์ฝ๊ณ 
09:31
and feed back to a design team the growth conditions of the microbe.
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์„ค๊ณ„ํŒ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
09:37
So we can use this system to model the growth characteristics
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ฝ”์—˜๋ฆฌ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜
09:40
of an organism like coelicolor
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์„ฑ์žฅ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•ด์„œ
09:43
to see how it would ferment at 50,000 liters.
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50,000L ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํšจ๋ ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:47
I'm currently based at Ginkgo Bioworks,
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์ €๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ Ginkgo Bioworks ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
09:50
which is a biotechnology startup in Boston.
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๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—…์ด์—์š”.
09:54
I am working to see how their platform for scaling biology
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋งํ•  ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ์ €์˜ ์žฅ์ธ์ •์‹ ์ด ๊นƒ๋“ 
09:58
interfaces with my artisanal methods of designing with bacteria for textiles.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ์›๋‹จ์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:03
We're doing things like engineering Streptomyces coelicolor
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด
์ŠคํŠธ๋ ™ํ† ๋งˆ์ด์‹œ์Šค ์ฝ”์—˜๋ฆฌ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
to see if it can produce more pigment.
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10:11
And we're even looking at the tools for synthetic biology.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:15
Tools that have been designed specifically to automate synthetic biology
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์ž๋™ํ™”ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ท๊ฐ์„ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ์™€ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ
10:20
to see how they could adapt to become tools to print and dye textiles.
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์ ์šฉ์‹œํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๋””์ž์ธ๋œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์š”.
10:25
I'm also leveraging digital fabrication,
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์ €๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ œ์ž‘๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ด์š”.
10:28
because the tools that I need to work with Streptomyces coelicolor
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ™ํ† ๋งˆ์ด์‹œ์Šค ์ฝ”์—˜๋ฆฌ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:32
don't actually exist.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
10:34
So in this case --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—”
10:35
in the last week actually,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ง€๋‚œ ์ฃผ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:37
I've just designed a petri dish
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์ ‘์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:39
that is engineered to produce a bespoke print on a whole garment.
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์ „์ฒด ์˜์ƒ ์œ„์— ๋งž์ถค ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:44
We're making lots of kimonos.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:46
Here's the exciting thing:
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์•„์ฃผ ์‹ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ :
10:48
I'm not alone.
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์ € ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:50
There are others who are building capacity in this field,
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์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:53
like MycoWorks.
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MycoWorks์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
10:55
MycoWorks is a startup
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MycoWorks๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—… ๋‹จ์ฒด์ธ๋ฐ
10:56
that wants to replace animal leather with mushroom leather,
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์„ฌ์œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ œํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฑด์ถ•์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
10:59
a versatile, high-performance material
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๋‹ค๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ์†Œ์žฌ์ธ
11:02
that has applications beyond textiles and into product and architecture.
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๋ฒ„์„ฏ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋ฌผ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
11:07
And Bolt Threads --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Bolt Threads๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š”
11:09
they've engineered a yeast to produce spider-silk protein
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:14
that can be spun into a highly programmable yarn.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์›์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:18
So think water resistance,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋†’์€ ๋‚ด์ˆ˜์„ฑ
11:20
stretchability and superstrength.
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์‹ ์ถ•์„ฑ๊ณผ ํŠผํŠผํ•จ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
11:24
To reach economies of scale,
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๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
11:26
these kinds of startups are having to build and design
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—…๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ
11:31
and engineer the infrastructure to work with biology.
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์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:34
For example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด
11:35
Bolt Threads have had to engage in some extreme biomimicry.
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Bolt Threads๋Š” ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์ž์—ฐ๋ชจ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
11:40
To be able to spin the product this yeast creates into a yarn,
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ํšจ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์›์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
11:45
they've engineered a yarn-making machine
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด๋Š”
11:49
that mimics the physiological conditions
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์ƒ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•œ
11:52
under which spiders ordinarily spin their own silk.
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์›์‚ฌ ๋ฝ‘๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
11:56
So you can start to see how imaginative
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ์˜๊ฐ์ ์ธ
12:00
and inspiring modes of making exist in nature
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์ฐฝ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์ž์—ฐ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
12:06
that we can use to build capacity around new bio-based industries.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ๋•Œ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:11
What we now have is the technology
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
12:14
to design, build, test and scale these capabilities.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:19
At this present moment,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ์—
12:21
as we face the ecological crisis in front of us,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ž์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์  ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
12:25
what we have to do is to determine
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์€
12:28
how we're going to build these new material systems
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์–ด๋–ค์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์›๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด์„œ
12:31
so that they don't mirror the damaging legacies of the oil age.
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์„์œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์œ ์‚ฐ๋“ค์€ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:37
How we're going to distribute them to ensure a sustainable development
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์›๋ฃŒ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„
12:41
that is fair and equitable across the world.
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๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
12:44
And crucially, how we would like the regulatory and ethical frameworks
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š”
12:47
that govern these technologies
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๊ทœ์ œ์ฒด์ œ์™€ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํ‹€์ด
12:49
to interact with our society.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์˜ˆ์š”.
12:52
Biotechnology is going to touch every part of our lived experience.
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์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์ƒํ™œ์— ์Šค๋ฉฐ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:56
It is living;
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์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™์€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
12:57
it is digital;
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์ด๊ณ 
12:58
it is designed, and it can be crafted.
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๋””์ž์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ œ์ž‘๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
13:01
This is a material future that we must be bold enough to shape.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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