Does math have a major flaw? - Jacqueline Doan and Alex Kazachek

329,548 views ・ 2024-04-23

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jun Pak κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
Consider this mathematician,
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이 μˆ˜ν•™μžλŠ”
00:08
with her standard-issue infinitely sharp knife and a perfect ball.
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ν•œμ—†μ΄ λ‚ μΉ΄λ‘œμš΄ μΉΌκ³Ό μ™„λ²½ν•œ 곡이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:13
She frantically slices and distributes the ball into an infinite number of boxes.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 미친 듯이 곡을 잘라 λ¬΄ν•œν•œ μƒμžμ— λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ λ„£μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
She then recombines the parts into five precise sections.
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그런 λ‹€μŒ 쑰각듀을 μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ λ‹€μ„― λ©μ–΄λ¦¬λ‘œ μž¬κ²°ν•©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
Gently moving and rotating these sections around,
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이 덩어리듀을 μ‘°μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ 움직이고 λŒλ €μ„œ
00:25
seemingly impossibly, she recombines them to form two identical, flawless,
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λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•΄ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” λ™μž‘μœΌλ‘œ 그것듀을 λ‹€μ‹œ 합쳐
μ›λž˜μ˜ 곡과 μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜‘κ°™κ³  흠이 μ—†λŠ” 사본 두 개λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
and complete copies of the original ball.
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00:35
This is a result known in mathematics as the Banach-Tarski paradox.
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이 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν•™μ—μ„œλŠ” λ°”λ‚˜ν-타λ₯΄μŠ€ν‚€ 역섀이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
The paradox here is not in the logic or the proofβ€”
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 역섀은 마치 곡처럼 무결점인 λ…Όλ¦¬λ‚˜ 증λͺ…에 μžˆλŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
00:42
which are, like the balls, flawlessβ€”
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00:44
but instead in the tension between mathematics
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ν˜„μ‹€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 우리의 κ²½ν—˜κ³Ό μˆ˜ν•™ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ κΈ΄μž₯감에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
and our own experience of reality.
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00:50
And in this tension lives some beautiful and fundamental truths
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그리고 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κΈ΄μž₯ 속에 μŠ΄μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” 것은
μˆ˜ν•™μ΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 무엇인지에 λŒ€ν•œ 아름닡고 근본적인 μ§„μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
about what mathematics actually is.
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00:57
We’ll come back to that in a moment, but first,
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이에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μž μ‹œ 후에 λ‹€λ£¨κ² μ§€λ§Œ
λ¨Όμ € λͺ¨λ“  μˆ˜ν•™ μ²΄κ³„μ˜ 근간을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
we need to examine the foundation of every mathematical system: axioms.
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λ°”λ‘œ κ³΅λ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
Every mathematical system is built and advanced
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λͺ¨λ“  μˆ˜ν•™ μ²΄κ³„λŠ” 논리λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 결둠에 λ„λ‹¬ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
01:07
by using logic to reach new conclusions.
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€κ³  λ°œμ „ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
But logic can’t be applied to nothing;
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 아무것도 μ—†λ‹€λ©΄ 논리λ₯Ό μ„ΈμšΈ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
we have to start with some basic statements, called axioms,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 곡리라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” λͺ‡ 가지 κΈ°λ³Έ μ§„μˆ λΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ
01:17
that we declare to be true, and make deductions from there.
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κ·Έ μ§„μˆ μ΄ 참이라고 μ„ μ–Έν•˜κ³  κ±°κΈ°μ„œ μΆ”λ‘ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
Often these match our intuition for how the world worksβ€”
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이런 것듀은 λŒ€κ°œ 세상이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λŒμ•„κ°€λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 직관과 μΌμΉ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
for instance, that adding zero to a number has no effect is an axiom.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μ–΄λ–€ μˆ«μžμ— 0을 더해도 아무 λ³€ν™”κ°€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것은 κ³΅λ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
If the goal of mathematics is to build a house, axioms form its foundationβ€”
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μˆ˜ν•™μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œκ°€ 집을 μ§“λŠ” 것이라면 곡리가 κ·Έ 기초λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
the first thing that’s laid down, that supports everything else.
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κ°€μž₯ λ¨Όμ € μ •λ¦½λ˜λŠ” κ³΅λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ“  것을 λ’·λ°›μΉ¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
Where things get interesting is that by laying a slightly different foundation,
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ν₯미둜운 점은 μ•½κ°„ λ‹€λ₯Έ 기초λ₯Ό λ†“μœΌλ©΄
01:43
you can get a vastly different but equally sound structure.
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μ•„μ£Ό λ‹€λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ νŠΌνŠΌν•œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
For example, when Euclid laid his foundations for geometry,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μœ ν΄λ¦¬λ“œκ°€ κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ˜ 기초λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‘Œμ„ λ•Œ
01:51
one of his axioms implied that given a line and a point off the line,
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그의 곡리 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” μ„ κ³Ό μ„  λ°–μ˜ ν•œ 점이 있으면
01:56
only one parallel line exists going through that point.
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κ·Έ 점을 ν†΅κ³Όν•˜λŠ” 평행선은 ν•˜λ‚˜λΏμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
But later mathematicians,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μˆ˜ν•™μžλ“€μ€
02:02
wanting to see if geometry was still possible without this axiom,
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이 곡리가 없어도 κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œμ§€ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  λ‚˜μ„œ
02:07
produced spherical and hyperbolic geometry.
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ꡬ면 κΈ°ν•˜ν•™κ³Ό μŒκ³‘μ„  κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
Each valid, logically sound, and useful in different contexts.
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각각은 μœ νš¨ν•˜κ³  λ…Όλ¦¬μ μœΌλ‘œ νƒ€λ‹Ήν•˜λ©° 상황에 따라 μœ μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
One axiom common in modern mathematics is the Axiom of Choice.
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ν˜„λŒ€ μˆ˜ν•™μ—μ„œ ν”νžˆ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 곡리 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 선택 κ³΅λ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
It typically comes into play in proofs that require choosing elements from setsβ€”
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μ΄λŠ” 일반적으둜 μ§‘ν•©μ—μ„œ μ›μ†Œλ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•˜λŠ” 과정에 μ“°μ΄λŠ”λ°
02:24
which we’ll grossly simplify to marbles in boxes.
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이λ₯Ό μƒμž μ•ˆμ˜ ꡬ슬둜 크게 λ‹¨μˆœν™”ν•˜μ—¬ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
For our choices to be valid, they need to be consistent,
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우리의 선택이 μœ νš¨ν•˜λ €λ©΄ 일관성이 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
meaning if we approach a box, choose a marble,
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즉, μƒμžμ—μ„œ κ΅¬μŠ¬μ„ κ³ λ₯Έ λ‹€μŒ μ‹œκ°„μ„ 거슬러 μ˜¬λΌκ°€ λ‹€μ‹œ μ„ νƒν•˜λ©΄
02:34
and then go back in time and choose again, we'd know how to find the same marble.
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λ™μΌν•œ κ΅¬μŠ¬μ„ 찾을 방법을 μ•Œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
If we have a finite number of boxes, that’s easy.
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μƒμž μˆ˜κ°€ ν•œμ •λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
It’s even straightforward when there are infinite boxes
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μƒμžκ°€ λ¬΄ν•œν•˜λ”λΌλ„ 각 μƒμžμ—
02:46
if each contains a marble that’s readily distinguishable from the others.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ꡬ슬과 μ‰½κ²Œ κ΅¬λ³„λ˜λŠ” ꡬ슬이 λ“€μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
It’s when there are infinite boxes with indistinguishable marbles
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ꡬ뢄할 수 μ—†λŠ” ꡬ슬이 λ“€μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” μƒμžκ°€ λ¬΄ν•œνžˆ λ§Žμ„ λ•ŒλŠ”
02:54
that we have trouble.
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λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
But in these scenarios,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” 선택 곡리λ₯Ό 톡해
02:57
the Axiom of Choice lets us summon a mysterious omniscient chooser
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λΆˆκ°€μ‚¬μ˜ν•˜κ³  전지전λŠ₯ν•œ 선택기λ₯Ό μ†Œν™˜ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
that will always select the same marblesβ€”
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이 μ„ νƒκΈ°λŠ” 항상 같은 κ΅¬μŠ¬μ„ κ³ λ₯΄μ£ .
03:04
without us having to know anything about how those choices are made.
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κ·Έ κ΅¬μŠ¬μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ„ νƒν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ „ν˜€ μ•Œ ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
Our stab-happy mathematician, following Banach and Tarski’s proof,
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λ‚ μΉ΄λ‘œμš΄ 우리 μˆ˜ν•™μžλŠ” λ°”λ‚˜νμ™€ 타λ₯΄μŠ€ν‚€ 증λͺ…을 따라
03:12
reaches a step in constructing the five sections
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λ‹€μ„― 덩어리λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 단계에 λ„λ‹¬ν–ˆκ³ 
03:15
where she has infinitely many boxes filled with indistinguishable parts.
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ꡬ뢄할 수 μ—†λŠ” λΆ€ν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ κ°€λ“ν•œ λ¬΄ν•œνžˆ λ§Žμ€ μƒμžκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
So she needs the Axiom of Choice to make their construction possible.
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이제 κ·Έ 쑰립이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ €λ©΄ 선택 곡리가 ν•„μš”ν•˜μ£ .
03:25
If the Axiom of Choice can lead to such a counterintuitive result,
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선택 원칙이 이처럼 직관적이지 μ•Šμ€ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
03:29
should we just reject it?
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κ·Έλƒ₯ κ±°λΆ€ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
03:31
Mathematicians today say no,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μˆ˜ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 그렇지 μ•Šλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
because it’s load-bearing for a lot of important results in mathematics.
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선택 원칙이 μˆ˜ν•™μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 결과의 λ””λ”€λŒμ΄κ±°λ“ μš”.
03:38
Fields like measure theory and functional analysis,
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μΈ‘μ • 이둠 및 ν•¨μˆ˜ 뢄석과 같은 λΆ„μ•ΌλŠ”
03:41
which are crucial for statistics and physics,
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톡계와 λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
03:44
are built upon the Axiom of Choice.
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이듀은 선택 곡리λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
While it leads to some impractical results,
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일뢀 λΉ„ν˜„μ‹€μ μΈ 결과둜 이어지기도 ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
03:49
it also leads to extremely practical ones.
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맀우 μ‹€μš©μ μΈ 결과둜 이어지기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
Fortunately, just as Euclidean geometry exists alongside hyperbolic geometry,
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λ‹€ν–‰μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œλ„ μœ ν΄λ¦¬λ“œ κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ΄ μŒκ³‘μ„  κΈ°ν•˜ν•™κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ,
03:59
mathematics with the Axiom of Choice coexists with mathematics without it.
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선택 곡리가 μžˆλŠ” μˆ˜ν•™κ³Ό μ—†λŠ” μˆ˜ν•™λ„ κ³΅μ‘΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
The question for many mathematicians isn’t whether the Axiom of Choice,
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λ§Žμ€ μˆ˜ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ κΆκΈˆν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것은
선택 곡리 λ˜λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 곡리든, 그게 μ˜³μ€μ§€ μ•„λ‹Œμ§€κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:08
or for that matter any given axiom, is right or not,
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04:12
but whether it’s right for what you’re trying to do.
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그것이 ν•˜λ €λŠ” 일에 μ ν•©ν•œμ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
The fate of the Banach-Tarski paradox lies in this choice.
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λ°”λ‚˜ν-타λ₯΄μŠ€ν‚€ μ—­μ„€μ˜ 운λͺ…은 이 선택에 달렀 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
This is the freedom mathematics gives us.
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이것이 μˆ˜ν•™μ΄ μ£ΌλŠ” μžμœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
Not only is it a way to model our physical universe
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일상 κ²½ν—˜μ—μ„œ μ§κ°ν•˜λŠ” 곡리λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
04:26
using the axioms we intuit from our daily experiences,
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물리적 우주 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 방법일 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:29
but a way to venture into abstract mathematical universes
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좔상적인 μˆ˜ν•™μ  μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ λͺ¨ν—˜μ„ λ– λ‚˜
04:33
and explore arcane geometries and laws unlike anything we can ever experience.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ²½ν—˜ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ·Έ μ–΄λ–€ 것과도 비ꡐ할 수 μ—†λŠ”
λΆˆκ°€μ‚¬μ˜ν•œ κΈ°ν•˜ν•™κ³Ό 법칙을 νƒκ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 방법이기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:40
If we ever meet aliens, axioms which seem absurd and incomprehensible to us
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 외계인을 λ§Œλ‚œλ‹€λ©΄,
μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ” ν„°λ¬΄λ‹ˆμ—†κ³  이해할 수 없을 것 같은 곡리가
04:45
might be everyday common sense to them.
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 일상적인 상식일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
To investigate, we might start by handing them an infinitely sharp knife
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이λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„ 보렀면
λ¨Όμ € λ¬΄ν•œνžˆ λ‚ μΉ΄λ‘œμš΄ μΉΌκ³Ό μ™„λ²½ν•œ 곡을 건넨 λ‹€μŒ,
04:53
and a perfect ball,
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그듀이 무엇을 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ 보면 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:55
and see what they do.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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