How does this all-female species reproduce? - Susana Freitas and Darren Parker

440,121 views ・ 2023-04-06

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: 유경 이 κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
In 2021, workers at a Sardinian aquarium were stunned by the birth
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2021λ…„ 사λ₯΄λ°λƒμ— μžˆλŠ” ν•œ μˆ˜μ‘±κ΄€ 직원듀은
μŠ€λ¬΄λ“œν•˜μš΄λ“œ μƒμ–΄μ˜ μƒˆλΌκ°€ νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ κ±Έ 보고
00:12
of a smoothhound shark, who they called Ispera.
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μ†ŒμŠ€λΌμΉ˜κ²Œ λ†€λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ°”λ‘œ 상어 이슀페라죠.
00:15
What shocked them was that, for the last decade,
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좩격적인 사싀은 μ§€λ‚œ 10λ…„κ°„
00:18
Ispera’s mother had been living only with other females.
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이슀페라의 μ—„λ§ˆ 상어가 μ•”μ»·λ“€λ§Œ μžˆλŠ” μˆ˜μ‘°μ—μ„œ μ‚΄μ•„μ™”λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
But it’s actually entirely possible that Ispera had no fatherβ€”
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 사싀 μ΄μŠ€νŽ˜λΌλŠ” μ•„λΉ  상어 없이도 νƒœμ–΄λ‚  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
and the reason why that is also explains other biological curiosities,
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κ·Έ 이유λ₯Ό μ•Œκ³  λ‚˜λ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ 생물학적 κΆκΈˆμ¦λ„ ν•΄κ²°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
like the existence of an all-female lizard species.
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μ•”μ»·λ§Œ μžˆλŠ” λ„λ§ˆλ±€ 쒅이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ„ μ•Œ 수 있죠.
00:37
Usually sexual species have sex cells that contain
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λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ μœ μ„±μƒμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 쒅은 생식 세포λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹ˆκ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
00:41
half the number of chromosomes required to create a viable embryo.
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κ·Έ μ•ˆμ—λŠ” λ°°μ•„λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ λ•Œ ν•„μš”ν•œ 염색체 수의 절반이 ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
So an egg cell must be fertilized by a sperm cell
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν•œ 쌍의 염색체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ €λ©΄
00:49
to form two full sets of chromosomes.
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λ‚œμžκ°€ μ •μžμ™€ μˆ˜μ •λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
00:52
But some species that have sex cells can undergo
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 생식 세포λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹Œ 일뢀 쒅은
00:55
a type of asexual reproduction called parthenogenesisβ€”
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λ¬΄μ„±μƒμ‹μ˜ ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜λ‘œ
μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ„ ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:00
meaning β€œvirgin origin” in Greek.
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κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ–΄λ‘œ β€˜μ²˜λ…€β€™μ™€ β€˜κΈ°μ›β€™μ„ μ˜λ―Έν•˜μ£ .
01:04
In parthenogenesis, an embryo develops from an unfertilized egg cell
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μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ—μ„œ λ°°μ•„ ν˜•μ„±μ€ 자체 염색체 수λ₯Ό 두 배둜 λŠ˜λ¦¬λŠ”
01:09
that doubles its own chromosome count.
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μˆ˜μ •λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ λ‚œμžμ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° μ§„ν–‰λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
In fact, some animals only ever undergo parthenogenesis,
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사싀, μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹λ§Œ ν•˜λŠ” 동물듀이 μžˆλŠ”κ°€ ν•˜λ©΄
01:16
while others can reproduce both sexually and parthenogenetically.
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μœ μ„±μƒμ‹κ³Ό μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ„ λͺ¨λ‘ μ‹œλ„ν•΄μ„œ λ²ˆμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 동물듀도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
It's actually more common than previously thought.
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μ΄μ „μ˜ μƒκ°κ³ΌλŠ” 달리 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ ν”ν•˜κ²Œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒμ΄μ£ .
01:25
More than 80 different sexual vertebrate speciesβ€”
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μœ μ„±μƒμ‹μ„ ν•˜λŠ” 척좔동물 80μ’… 이상
01:29
including Komodo dragons and certain kinds of turkeys, pythons, and sharksβ€”
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ½”λͺ¨λ„μ™•λ„λ§ˆλ±€ νŠΉμ • μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μΉ λ©΄μ‘°, 비단뱀, μƒμ–΄λŠ”
01:34
have surprised us by occasionally reproducing this way.
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λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ 두 κ°€μ§€ μƒμ‹λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λ²ˆμ‹ν•˜μ—¬ 우리λ₯Ό λ†€λΌκ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
These discoveries were usually made when females
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν˜„μƒμ€ μš°λ¦¬μ— κ°‡νžŒ 암컷듀이
01:41
unexpectedly gave birth in captivity.
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예기치 μ•Šκ²Œ μƒˆλΌλ₯Ό 낳을 λ•Œ 주둜 λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
01:44
Ispera’s birth, for one, may have been the first account
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특히 이슀페라의 탄생은 μŠ€λ¬΄λ“œν•˜μš΄λ“œ μƒμ–΄μ˜
01:48
of parthenogenesis in smoothhound sharks.
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첫 번째 μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹ 사둀일 μˆ˜λ„ 있겠죠.
01:52
Scientists also confirmed that parthenogenesis was taking place
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λ˜ν•œ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 일뢀 야생 λ±€ κ°œμ²΄κ΅°μ—μ„œλ„ μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ΄
01:56
in some wild snake populations.
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이루어지고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 ν™•μΈν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
But just how many fatherless creatures are running, slithering, and swimming
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ κ°œμ²΄λ“€μ΄ 수컷 없이 νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜
μ΄λ™ν•˜κ³ , 슀λ₯΄λ₯΄ κΈ°μ–΄κ°€κ³  물속을 ν—€μ—„μΉ˜λŠ”μ§€λŠ” μ•Œ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
around out there is unknown:
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02:05
it’s a tough thing to track without population-wide genetic analyses.
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개체ꡰ 전체 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ λŠ” μΆ”μ ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ ΅μ£ .
02:10
So, why is it happening at all?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ™œ 이런 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚ κΉŒμš”?
02:12
Scientists think parthenogenesis could be evolutionarily beneficial
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ–΄λ–€ λ©΄μ—μ„œ 보면
μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ΄ μ§„ν™”μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ λ¦¬ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
in some contexts because, well, sex can be a drag.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, κΈ€μŽ„μš”. μœ μ„±μƒμ‹μ€ 골치 μ•„ν”ˆ μΌμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
02:21
Mating and its associated demands and rituals can be time- and energy-intensive,
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μ§μ§“κΈ°λ‚˜ ꡬ애 행동과 μ˜μ‹μ€ λ§Žμ€ μ‹œκ°„κ³Ό μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μš”ν•˜κ³ 
02:28
leave individuals vulnerable to predators, and even be fatal.
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ν¬μ‹μž λˆˆμ— 띄기 μ‰¬μš°λ©° 심지어 치λͺ…적일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
Parthenogenesis, meanwhile, requires only one parent.
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λ°˜λ©΄μ— μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ€ ν•œ λΆ€λͺ¨λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
Mayflies can sometimes default to parthenogenesis
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ν•˜λ£¨μ‚΄μ΄λŠ” 짝짓기할 수컷이 μ—†μœΌλ©΄
02:41
if there are no males available,
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기본적으둜 μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ„ ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λŠ”λ°
02:43
which is especially handy because they’ve only got a day or so
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ν•˜λ£¨ 정도 μ‚΄λ‹€κ°€ μ•Œμ„ λ‚³κ³  μ£½μœΌλ‹ˆ
02:46
to reproduce before dying.
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남달리 μœ μš©ν•œ 방법이죠.
02:49
It can also help rapidly expand a population.
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λ˜ν•œ μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ„ ν•˜λ©΄ 개체수λ₯Ό λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 늘릴 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
In the summer, when food is abundant,
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먹이가 ν’λΆ€ν•œ 여름이면
02:54
pea aphids can rely on parthenogenesis,
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μ™„λ‘μˆ˜μ—Όμ§„λ”§λ¬Όμ€ μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•΄
02:57
allowing their population to explode under favorable conditions.
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μœ λ¦¬ν•œ 쑰건을 κ°–μΆ”κ³ μ„œ 개체수λ₯Ό 폭발적으둜 λŠ˜λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
And in the autumn, they switch back to sex.
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그리고 가을이 되면 λ‹€μ‹œ μœ μ„±μƒμ‹μ„ ν•˜μ£ .
03:04
But some aphids, katydids, lizards, geckos, and snakes
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 일뢀 μ§„λ”§λ¬Ό, μ—¬μΉ˜, λ„λ§ˆλ±€, λ„λ§ˆλ±€λΆ™μ΄, 뱀은
03:09
only ever reproduce via parthenogenesis.
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μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μœΌλ‘œλ§Œ λ²ˆμ‹ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:13
So, why do other animals bother with sex?
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그럼, μ™œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 동물듀은 μœ μ„±λ²ˆμ‹μ„ ν•˜λŠλΌ μ• λ₯Ό μ“°λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
03:18
Scientists hypothesize that sex makes up for its shortcomings with long-term gains.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ„Έμš΄ 가섀에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ μœ μ„±λ²ˆμ‹μ΄ 단점은 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
μž₯κΈ°μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 이득이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
It allows individuals to mix their genes, leading to greater genetic diversity.
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μœ μ„±λ²ˆμ‹μ„ ν•˜λ©΄ μœ μ „μžλ“€μ΄ μ„žμ΄λ©΄μ„œ
더 ν’λΆ€ν•œ μœ μ „μ  닀양성을 확보할 수 있죠.
03:29
That way, when the going gets tough,
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그러면 μ§„ν™”μ μœΌλ‘œ 상황이 μ–΄λ €μ›Œμ§ˆ λ•Œ
03:31
beneficial mutations can be selected and harmful ones can be removed
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유읡 λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄κ°€ μ„ νƒλ˜κ³  μœ ν•΄ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λŠ” μ œκ±°λ˜μ–΄
03:36
without ending the entire population.
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개체ꡰ λͺ°μ‚΄μ„ 막을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
In a parthenogenetic population, on the other hand,
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λ°˜λ©΄μ— μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ„ ν•˜λŠ” κ°œμ²΄κ΅°μ—μ„œλŠ”
03:43
individuals can only reproduce using their own genetic material.
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κ°œμ²΄κ°€ 자체 μœ μ „λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œλ§Œ λ²ˆμ‹ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
According to a theory called Muller’s ratchet,
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λ©€λŸ¬μ˜ κΉ”μΆ•ν†±λ‹ˆλΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ” 이둠에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
03:50
that’s not good.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν˜„μƒμ€ λ°”λžŒμ§ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
The theory predicts that parthenogenetic lineages will accumulate harmful mutations
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ν•΄λ‹Ή 이둠은 μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μœΌλ‘œ 이어져 온 κ°œμ²΄κ΅°μ—
μœ ν•΄ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ“€μ΄ μˆ˜λ…„κ°„ μΆ•μ λ˜μ–΄
03:57
over time and eventually, after thousands of generations,
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κ²°κ΅­ 수천 μ„ΈλŒ€κ°€ μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄
04:01
will reach a point of so-called mutational meltdown.
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μ†Œμœ„ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄ λ©œνŠΈλ‹€μš΄μ΄λΌλŠ” 지점에 λ‹€λ‹€λ₯΄λ¦¬λΌ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
At this stage, individuals will be so compromised that they can't reproduce,
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κ·Έ 단계에 이λ₯΄λ©΄ κ°œμ²΄λ“€μ€ μ§„ν™”μ μœΌλ‘œ λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ•½ν•΄μ Έμ„œ
λ²ˆμ‹μ— μ‹€νŒ¨ν•˜κ²Œ 되고
04:10
so the population will nosedive, leading to extinction.
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κ°œμ²΄μˆ˜κ°€ κΈ‰λ½ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λ©Έμ’…μœΌλ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ§ˆ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
We haven’t yet seen this entire process unfold in nature.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μžμ—°μ—μ„œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ „ 과정을 아직 κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
But scientists have observed an accumulation of harmful mutations
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ„ ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€λ²Œλ ˆ κ°œμ²΄κ΅°μ—μ„œ
04:23
in parthenogenetic stick insects that are absent in their sexual relatives.
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μœ μ„±μƒμ‹μ„ ν•˜λŠ” 동쑱 개체ꡰ과 달리
μœ ν•΄ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄κ°€ μΆ•μ λ˜λŠ” κ±Έ λͺ©κ²©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
Only time will tell whether this will cause their extinction.
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μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ΄ λŒ€λ²Œλ ˆ λ©Έμ’… 원인이 λ μ§€λŠ” μ‹œκ°„λ§Œμ΄ μ•Œλ €μ£Όκ² μ£ .
04:33
Otherwise, some parthenogenetic species appear to have ways of circumventing
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그밖에 μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ„ ν•˜λŠ” λͺ‡λͺ‡ 쒅은 λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄ λ©œνŠΈλ‹€μš΄μ„ ν”Όν•΄ κ°€λŠ” 방법을
04:38
a mutational meltdown.
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μ•„λŠ” λ“―ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
New Mexico whiptail lizards came about
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λ‰΄λ©•μ‹œμ½” 채찍꼬리 λ„λ§ˆλ±€μ€
04:43
when two different lizard species hybridized,
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 두 μ’…μ˜ λ„λ§ˆλ±€μ΄ κ΅λ°°ν•˜μ—¬ 탄생해
04:46
creating this new all-female species.
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μ•”μ»·λ§Œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ’…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
As hybrids, their genome is a combination of the different sets of chromosomes
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ꡐ배쒅인 이 λ„λ§ˆλ±€μ˜ κ²Œλ†ˆμ€ 두 λΆ€λͺ¨μ˜ μ’…μ—κ²Œμ„œ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 염색체λ₯Ό
04:54
from their two parent species.
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λ°›μ•„ κ²°ν•©ν•œ 것이죠.
04:57
This gives them a high level of genetic diversity,
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덕뢄에 채찍꼬리 λ„λ§ˆλ±€μ€ 높은 μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ μœ μ „μ  닀양성을 λˆ„λ¦¬κ³ 
05:01
which may allow them to survive long into the future.
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였래였래 생쑴할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
Bdelloid rotifers, meanwhile, have been reproducing parthenogenetically
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ν•œνŽΈ, 단세포 생물 델둜이트 λ‘œν‹°νΌλŠ” 6천만 λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ„ ν•˜λ©°
05:09
for 60 million years.
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λ²ˆμ‹ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
They might have managed this by taking in foreign genetic material.
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이듀은 μ™Έλž˜ μœ μ „ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λ°›μ•„λ“€μ΄λ©΄μ„œ μ²˜λ…€μƒμ‹μ„ 이어 λ‚˜κ°”μ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
Indeed, about 10% of their genes comes from other organisms,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 이듀 μœ μ „μžμ˜ 10% 정도가 λ‹€λ₯Έ μœ κΈ°μ²΄μ—μ„œ μœ μž…λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:21
like fungi, bacteria, and algae.
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κ· λ₯˜, λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„, 물속 μ‘°λ₯˜ λ“±μ—μ„œ λΉ„λ‘―λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
05:24
How exactly they do this is unclear,
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μ •ν™•νžˆ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œμ§€λŠ” λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ•Œ 수 μ—†μ§€λ§Œ,
05:27
but whatever the trick is, it seems to be working.
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κ·Έ 비결이 무엇이든 간에 효과적인 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
To totally untangle the mysteries of reproduction,
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λ²ˆμ‹μ˜ 수수께끼λ₯Ό μ™„μ „νžˆ ν’€λ €λ©΄
05:34
we’ll need more researchβ€”
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더 λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬ가 ν•„μš”ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
and probably a few more surprises like Ispera.
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 이슀페라처럼 λ†€λΌμš΄ 일듀을 λͺ‡ 번 더 λ§Œλ‚˜κ²Œ 되겠죠.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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