The problem with the U.S. bail system - Camilo Ramirez

429,385 views ・ 2020-09-29

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
Since 2000, the annual number of people convicted of crimes in the United States
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2000λ…„ 이후 λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ μœ μ£„ νŒκ²°μ„ 받은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μˆ˜λŠ” 맀년 λΉ„μŠ·ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:11
has stayed steady, but the average number of people in jail each year has shot up.
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감μ˜₯에 κ°‡νžŒ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 평균은 맀년 κΈ‰κ²©ν•˜κ²Œ μ¦κ°€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
How can that be?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 된 κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
00:19
The answer lies in the bail systemβ€”
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λ°”λ‘œ 보석 μ œλ„ λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
which isn’t doing what it was intended to do.
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이 μ œλ„λŠ” 본래 μ·¨μ§€λŒ€λ‘œ 운영되고 μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
The term "bail" refers to the release of people awaiting trial
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β€˜λ³΄μ„β€™μ€ 법정에 λŒμ•„μ™€ νŒκ²°μ„ λ°›λŠ” 쑰건으둜
00:29
on condition that they return to court to face charges.
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재판 쀑인 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ„λ°©ν•˜λŠ” κ±Έ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
Countries around the world use many variations of bail,
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λ‚˜λΌλ§ˆλ‹€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 보석이 있고
00:36
and some don’t use it at all.
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일뢀 κ΅­κ°€μ—λŠ” μ „ν˜€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
The U.S. bail system relies primarily on what’s called cash bail,
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ” 주둜 ν˜„κΈˆ 보석이라 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 방식을 μ“°λŠ”λ°
00:44
which was supposed to work like this:
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
When a person was accused of a crime,
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 범죄 혐의둜 κΈ°μ†Œλ˜λ©΄
00:48
the judge would set a reasonable price for bail.
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νŒμ‚¬λŠ” μ μ •ν•˜κ²Œ λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ„ μ±…μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
The accused would pay this fee in order to be released from jail
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피고인은 법원이 νŒκ²°μ„ 내릴 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€
00:55
until the court reached a verdict on the case.
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감μ˜₯μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜λ €κ³  λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ„ 지급할 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
Once the case ended, whether found guilty or innocent,
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μœ μ£„λ“  무죄든 재판이 μ’…κ²°λ˜κ³ 
01:01
they’d get the bail money back if they made all their court appearances.
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λͺ¨λ“  μž¬νŒμ— μΆœμ„ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄ λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ„ λŒλ €λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
The rationale behind this system is that under U.S. law,
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이 μ œλ„μ˜ κ·Όκ±°λŠ”
법에 따라 μœ μ£„κ°€ μž…μ¦λ˜κΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€ ν”Όκ³ λŠ” λ¬΄μ£„λ‘œ μΆ”μ •λ˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
01:09
people are presumed innocent until proven guiltyβ€”
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01:13
so someone accused of a crime should not be imprisoned
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λ²”μ£„λ‘œ κΈ°μ†Œλœ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μœ μ£„ νŒκ²°μ„ 받지 μ•Šμ€ ν•œ
01:16
unless they’ve been convicted of a crime.
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감μ˜₯에 κ°‡ν˜€μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
But today, the bail system in the U.S.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  미ꡭ의 보석 μ œλ„λŠ”
무죄 좔정을 μ‘΄μ€‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
doesn’t honor the presumption of innocence.
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01:24
Instead, it subverts peoples’ rights and causes serious harm,
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λŒ€μ‹ μ— μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ ꢌ리λ₯Ό μΉ¨ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μ‹¬κ°ν•œ ν•΄λ₯Ό λΌμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
particularly to people in low-income communities
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특히 μ €μ†Œλ“μΈ΅κ³Ό μœ μƒ‰μΈμ’…μ—κ²Œμš”.
01:31
and communities of color.
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01:33
A key reason why is the cost of bail.
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핡심 원인은 보석 κΈˆμ•‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
In order for cash bail to work as intended,
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ν˜„κΈˆ 보석이 μ˜λ„ν•œ λŒ€λ‘œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λ €λ©΄
01:39
the price has to be affordable for the accused.
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λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ€ 피고인이 감당할 수 μžˆμ„ 정도여야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
The cost of bail wasn’t meant to reflect the likelihood of someone’s guiltβ€”
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λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ€ μœ μ£„ κ°€λŠ₯성을 λ°˜μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
when bail is set, the court has not reviewed evidence.
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보석을 κ²°μ •ν•  λ•Œ, 법원은 증거λ₯Ό κ²€ν† ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
Under exceptional circumstances, such as charges of very serious crimes,
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μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 쀑범죄 ν˜μ˜μ™€ 같이 μ˜ˆμ™Έμ μΈ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ
01:56
judges could deny bail and jail the accused before their trial.
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νŒμ‚¬λŠ” 보석을 ν—ˆκ°€ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  재판 μ „ 피고인을 κ΅¬κΈˆν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
Judges were supposed to exercise this power very rarely,
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νŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€ 이런 κΆŒν•œμ„ 거의 ν–‰μ‚¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λ˜κ³ 
λ„ˆλ¬΄ 자주 ν–‰μ‚¬ν•˜λ©΄ 쑰사λ₯Ό 받을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
and could come under scrutiny for using it too often.
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02:08
Setting unaffordably high bail became a second path
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감당할 수 없을 μ •λ„λ‘œ λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ„ λ†’κ²Œ μ±…μ •ν•˜λŠ” 것이
재판 μ „ 석방을 κ±°λΆ€ν•˜λŠ” 두 번째 μˆ˜λ‹¨μ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
to denying people pretrial release.
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02:15
Judges' personal discretion and prejudices played a huge role
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νŒμ‚¬λ“€μ˜ 개인적 μž¬λŸ‰κ³Ό 편견이
λˆ„κ΅¬λ₯Ό 이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬κΈˆν•  것인지에 큰 역할을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
in who they chose to detain this way.
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02:22
Bail amounts climbed higher and higher, and more and more defendants couldn’t payβ€”
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λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ€ 점점 더 λ†’κ²Œ μ±…μ •λ˜κ³ 
더 λ§Žμ€ ν”Όκ³ κ°€ 이λ₯Ό λ‚Ό 수 μ—†μ–΄μ„œ 감μ˜₯에 κ°‡νžˆκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
so they stayed in jail.
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02:29
By the late 19th century,
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19μ„ΈκΈ° ν›„λ°˜μ—
02:31
these circumstances led to the rise of commercial bail bond companies.
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이런 상황은 μƒμ—…μ μœΌλ‘œ μš΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” 보석 보증 νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ¦κ°€λ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
They pay a defendant’s bail, in exchange for a hefty fee the company keeps.
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νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” 수수료λ₯Ό 많이 λ°›κ³  ν”Όκ³ μ˜ λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ„ μ§€κΈ‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
Today, the median bail is $10,000β€”
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ˜ 쀑앙값은 만 λ‹¬λŸ¬μΈλ°
02:46
a prohibitively high price for almost half of Americans,
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λ―Έκ΅­ 인ꡬ 거의 절반과 ν”Όκ³  μ—΄ λͺ… 쀑 아홉 λͺ…에겐
02:51
and as many as nine out of ten defendants.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ 높은 κΈˆμ•‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
If the defendant can’t pay,
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ν”Όκ³ κ°€ 지급할 수 μ—†λ‹€λ©΄
02:56
they may apply for a loan from a commercial bail bond company.
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보석 보증 νšŒμ‚¬μ— λŒ€μΆœμ„ μ‹ μ²­ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
It’s completely up to the company to decide whose bail they’ll pay.
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λˆ„κ΅¬μ˜ λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ„ λ‚Όμ§€λŠ” μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ κ²°μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
They choose defendants they think will pay them back,
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νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” κ°šμ„ 수 μžˆμ–΄ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” ν”Όκ³ λ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•˜κ³ 
03:07
turning a profit of about $2 billion each year.
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맀년 μ•½ 20μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬ 이읡을 λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
In fact, in the past 20 years,
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사싀 μ§€λ‚œ 20λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
03:14
pretrial detention has been the main driver of jail growth in America.
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재판 μ „ ꡬ금이 λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ 감μ˜₯이 νŒ½μ°½ν•˜λŠ” μ£Όμš” μš”μΈμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
Every year, hundreds of thousands of people
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맀년 μˆ˜μ‹­λ§Œ λͺ…이
03:21
who can’t afford bail or secure a loan stay in jail until their case is resolved.
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λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ„ λ‚΄κ±°λ‚˜ λŒ€μΆœλ°›μ„ μ—¬μœ κ°€ μ—†μ–΄ 사건이 쒅결될 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ μˆ˜κ°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
This injustice disproportionately affects Americans who are Black and Latino,
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아프리카계와 라틴계 λ―Έκ΅­μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ 특히 λΆ€λ‹Ήν•œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”λ°
03:32
for whom judges often set higher bail
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μ’…μ’… νŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€ μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ
03:35
than for white people accused of the same offenses.
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같은 λ²”μ£„λ‘œ κΈ°μ†Œλœ 백인듀보닀 더 높은 λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ„ μ±…μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
Unaffordable bail puts even innocent defendants in an impossible position.
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감당할 수 μ—†λŠ” λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ€ λ¬΄κ³ ν•œ 피고쑰차도 λͺΉμ‹œ κ³€λž€ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
Some end up pleading guilty to crimes they did not commit.
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일뢀 ν”Όκ³ λŠ” 저지λ₯΄μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 범죄에 κ²°κ΅­ μœ μ£„λ₯Ό μΈμ •ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
For minor offenses, the prosecution may offer a deal that credits time
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경범죄라면 검찰은 이미 감μ˜₯μ—μ„œ 보낸 μ‹œκ°„μ„
ν”Όκ³ μΈμ˜ ν˜•λŸ‰μ—μ„œ λΉΌμ£ΌλŠ” ν˜‘μƒμ„ μ œμ•ˆν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
already spent in jail toward the accused’s sentence
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03:55
if they plead guilty.
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μœ μ£„λ₯Ό μΈμ •ν•˜λŠ” μ‘°κ±΄μœΌλ‘œμš”.
03:56
Often, the time they’ve already spent in jail is the total length of the sentence,
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μ’…μ’… 이미 감μ˜₯μ—μ„œ 보낸 μ‹œκ°„μ΄
ν”Όκ³ μΈμ˜ ν˜•λŸ‰κ³Ό κ°™μ•„μ„œ μ¦‰μ‹œ μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°ˆ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
and they can go home immediatelyβ€” but they leave with a criminal record.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ „κ³Ό 기둝이 λ‚¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
Defending their innocence, meanwhile,
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ν•œνŽΈ 무죄λ₯Ό μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λŠ” 것은
04:08
can mean staying in jail indefinitely awaiting trialβ€”
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μž¬νŒμ„ κΈ°λ‹€λ¦¬λ©΄μ„œ 기약없이 감μ˜₯에 κ°‡νžˆλŠ” 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ³ 
04:12
and doesn’t guarantee an innocent verdict.
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무죄 평결이 보μž₯λ˜μ§€λ„ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
Bail may not even be necessary in the first place.
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보석은 μ• μ΄ˆμ— ν•„μš”μ—†λŠ” 것일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
Washington, D.C. largely abolished cash bail in the 1990s.
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μ›Œμ‹±ν„΄ D.C.λŠ” 1990λ…„λŒ€μ— ν˜„κΈˆ 보석을 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ νμ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
In 2017, the city released 94% of defendants without holding bail money,
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2017λ…„, ν”Όκ³ μ˜ 94%λ₯Ό λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ„ 받지 μ•Šκ³  μ„λ°©ν–ˆκ³ 
04:30
and 88% of them returned to all their court dates.
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이 κ°€μš΄λ° 88%λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  법정 기일에 μΆœμ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
The nonprofit organization, The Bail Project,
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λΉ„μ˜λ¦¬ 단체인 '베일 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈ'λŠ”
04:37
provides free bail assistance to thousands of low-income people every year,
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맀년 μ €μ†Œλ“μΈ΅ 수천 λͺ…μ—κ²Œ 무료둜 λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ„ μ§€μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
removing the financial incentive that bail is designed to create.
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λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ΄ μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ” 경제적 뢀담을 μ—†μ•€ κ±°μ£ .
04:46
The result? People come back to 90% of their court dates
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κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
법정 기일에 90%κ°€ μΆœμ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
without having any money on the line,
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자기 λˆμ„ μžƒμ„ μœ„ν—˜μ΄ μ—†μ—ˆλŠ”λ°λ„μš”.
04:53
and those who miss their court dates tended to
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법정 기일에 μΆœμ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
04:55
because of circumstances like child care, work conflicts, or medical crises.
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μœ‘μ•„, 직μž₯ 문제, 건강 문제 같은 일 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
Studies have also found that holding people in jail before trial,
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λ˜ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ„ 감당할 수 μ—†λ‹€κ³  ν•΄μ„œ
05:05
often because they cannot afford cash bail,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 재판 전에 κ΅¬κΈˆν•˜λŠ” 것은
05:08
actually increases the likelihood of rearrests and reoffending.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ‹€μ‹œ 체포되고 μž¬λ²”ν•  κ°€λŠ₯성을 높인닀고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
The damage of incarcerating people before their trials
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재판 전에 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ κ΅¬κΈˆν•΄μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” ν”Όν•΄λŠ”
05:17
extends to entire communities and can harm families for generations.
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지역 μ‚¬νšŒ μ „λ°˜μœΌλ‘œ 퍼지고 λŒ€λŒ€λ‘œ κ°€μ‘±μ—κ²Œ ν•΄κ°€ 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:21
People who are incarcerated can lose their livelihoods, homes,
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ꡬ금된 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 생계와 집,
05:25
and access to essential servicesβ€”
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그리고 μƒν™œμ— ν•„μš”ν•œ μ„œλΉ„μŠ€ 등을
05:28
all before they’ve been convicted of a crime.
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μœ μ£„ νŒκ²°μ„ 받기도 전에 λͺ¨λ‘ μžƒμ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
It’s also incredibly expensive:
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λΉ„μš©λ„ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ 많이 λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:34
American taxpayers spend nearly $14 billion every year
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λ―Έκ΅­ λ‚©μ„Έμžλ“€μ€ λ²•μ μœΌλ‘œ 무죄 μΆ”μ •λ˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ κ΅¬κΈˆν•˜λŠ” 데에
05:38
incarcerating people who are legally presumed innocent.
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맀년 μ•½ 140μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό μ”λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:42
This undermines the promise of equal justice under the law,
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μ΄λŠ” μΈμ’…μ΄λ‚˜ 뢀와 상관없이 법 μ•žμ— ν‰λ“±ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” μ •μ˜λ₯Ό ν›Όμ†ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
regardless of race or wealth.
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05:48
The issues surrounding cash bail are symptomatic of societal problems,
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λ³΄μ„κΈˆμ„ λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
ꡬ쑰적 인쒅 차별, κ³Όμž‰ 수감처럼 ν•΄κ²°ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  μ‚¬νšŒ 문제의 μ§•ν›„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
like structural racism and over-reliance on incarceration,
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05:56
that need to be addressed.
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05:58
In the meantime, reformers like The Bail Project
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ν•œνŽΈ β€˜λ² μΌ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈβ€™κ°™μ€ 개혁 λ‹¨μ²΄λŠ”
06:01
are working to help people trapped by cash bail
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λ³΄μ„κΈˆ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κ³€λž€ν•΄μ§„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 돕고
06:04
and to create a more just and humane pretrial system for the future.
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더 κ³΅μ •ν•˜κ³  인도적인 재판 μ „ μ œλ„λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ €κ³  λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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