What is a butt tuba and why is it in medieval art? - Michelle Brown

934,158 views ใƒป 2019-04-16

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Soyun Cho ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sooha Ahn
00:06
A rabbit attempts to play a church organ,
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ํ† ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ตํšŒ ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•  ๋•Œ
00:08
while a knight fights a giant snail
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๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด์™€ ์‹ธ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:11
and a naked man blows a trumpet with his rear end.
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๋ฒŒ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ—์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—‰๋ฉ์ด๋กœ ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
Painted with squirrel-hair brushes on vellum or parchment
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์ด๋Š” ํ”ผ์ง€๋‚˜ ์–‘ํ”ผ์ง€ ์œ„์— ๋‹ค๋žŒ์ฅ ๋ชจ ๋ถ“์œผ๋กœ
00:18
by monks, nuns, and urban craftspeople,
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์ˆ˜๋„์Šน๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋…€, ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์žฅ์ธ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
these bizarre images populate the margins of the most prized books
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์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์„ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฑ…๋“ค์˜ ์—ฌ๋ฐฑ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ฃ .
00:26
from the Middle Ages.
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00:28
Their illustrations often tell a second story as rich as the text itself.
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์‚ฝํ™”์—๋Š” ๊ธ€๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
Some images appear in many different illuminated manuscripts,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์–ด,
00:38
and often reinforce the religious content of the books they decorated.
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์„œ์ ์˜ ์ข…๊ต์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
For example, a porcupine picking up fruit on its spines
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋“ฑ ์œ„์˜ ๊ณผ์ผ์„ ์ง‘์–ด ๋“œ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ €๋Š”
00:46
could represent the devil stealing the fruits of faith--
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์„ ์•…๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ›”์น˜๋Š” ์•…๋งˆ๋‚˜
00:50
or Christ taking up the sins of mankind.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์›์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์งŠ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
Medieval lore stated that a hunter could only capture a unicorn
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์ค‘์„ธ ์ง€์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์œ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ˜์„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š”
00:57
when it lay its horn in the lap of a virgin,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฟ”์„ ์ฒ˜๋…€์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ ์œ„์— ๋†“์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฟ์ด๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
so a unicorn could symbolize either sexual temptation
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ˜์€ ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์œ ํ˜น์ด๋‚˜
01:04
or Christ being captured by his enemies.
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์ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์žกํžˆ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
Rabbits, meanwhile, could represent humanโ€™s lustful naturesโ€”
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ํ•œํŽธ, ํ† ๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํƒ์š•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„
01:11
and could redeem themselves through attempts to make sacred music
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์„ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ณก์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ตฌ์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
despite their failings.
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์‹คํŒจ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:17
All of these references would have been familiar to medieval Europeans
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์ด ์‚ฝํ™”๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์„ธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์งˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
from other art forms and oral tradition,
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ํƒ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
though some have grown more mysterious over the centuries.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ.
01:27
Today,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ,
01:28
no one can say for sure what the common motif of a knight fighting a snail meansโ€”
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด์™€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
01:34
or why the knight so often appears to be losing.
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์™œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
The snail might be a symbol of the inevitability of death,
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋Š” ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•๋ฌผ๋กœ,
01:41
which defeats even the strongest knights.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
Or it could represent humility, and a knightโ€™s need to vanquish his own pride.
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ฒธ์†์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋งŒ์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
Many illuminated manuscripts were copies of religious or classical texts,
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๋งŽ์€ ์ฑ„์ƒ‰ ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ์€ ์ข…๊ต์ , ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ธ€์˜ ๋ณต์ œํŒ์œผ๋กœ,
01:54
and the bookmakers incorporated their own ideas and opinions in illustrations.
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ํŽธ์ง‘์ž๋Š” ์›๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
The butt tuba, for example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ํŠœ๋ฐ”๋Š”
02:02
was likely shorthand to express disapproval with--
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๊ธ€์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:05
or add an ironic spin to-- the action in the text.
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๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
Illuminations could also be used to make subversive political commentary.
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์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ๋ ๋งŒํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:14
The text of the "Smithfield Decretals"
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"์Šค๋ฏธ์Šคํ•„๋“œ ๊ต๋ น์„œ"์—๋Š”
02:16
details the Churchโ€™s laws and punishments for lawbreakers.
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๋ฒ”๋ฒ•์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
But the margins show a fox being hanged by geese,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋ฐฑ์€ ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฉ”๋‹จ ์—ฌ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ฃ .
02:23
a possible allusion to the common people turning on their powerful oppressors.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ฐ€์˜ ํƒ„์••์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ ์•”์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
In the "Chronica Majora,"
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"๋Œ€ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ธฐ"์—์„œ,
02:30
Matthew Paris summarized a scandal of his day,
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๋งค์Šˆ ํŒจ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์˜ํ˜น์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
in which the Welsh prince Griffin
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์›จ์ผ์Šค ์™•์ž์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•€์ด
02:36
plummeted to his death from the tower of London.
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ํƒ‘์—์„œ ์ถ”๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Some believed the prince fell, Paris wrote,
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์™•์ž๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๋ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€,
02:42
while others thought he was pushed.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฏผ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ถ„๋ถ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
He added his own take in the margins,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ถ”์ธก์„ ์—ฌ๋ฐฑ์— ๊ทธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
which show the prince falling to his death
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ์™•์ž๋Š”
02:49
while trying to escape on a rope made of bed-sheets.
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์นจ๋Œ€ ์‹œํŠธ๋กœ ์—ฎ์€ ๋ฐง์ค„๋กœ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค ์ถ”๋ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
Some margins told stories of a more personal nature.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์„ฑ์ด ์ง™์€ ์‚ฝํ™”๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
"The Luttrell Psalter,"
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"๋ŸฌํŠธ๋Ÿด ์‹œํŽธ"์€
02:58
a book of psalms and prayers commissioned by Sir Geoffrey Luttrell,
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์ œํ”„๋ฆฌ ๋ฃจํŠธ๋  ๊ฒฝ์ด ์š”์ฒญํ•ด ์‹œํŽธ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋กํ•œ ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ,
03:02
shows a young woman having her hair done,
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์ Š์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์†์งˆํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:04
while a young man catches a bird in a net.
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ํ•œ ์ฒญ๋…„์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์žก์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
The shaved patch on his head is growing out,
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๊ทธ์˜ ๊นŽ์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์ด ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:10
indicating that he is a clergyman neglecting his duties.
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์ด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋“ฑํ•œ์‹œํ•œ ์„ฑ์ง์ž๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
This alludes to a family scandal
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์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์ถ”๋ฌธ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
03:17
where a young cleric ran away with Sir Geoffreyโ€™s daughter Elizabeth.
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ํ•œ ์ Š์€ ์„ฑ์ง์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œํ”„๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋”ธ์ธ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค์™€ ๋„๋ง์นœ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
The familyโ€™s personal spiritual advisor likely painted it into the book
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์ œํ”„๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜์  ์กฐ์–ธ์ž๋Š” ์ฑ…์— ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
to remind his clients of their failings
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์‹ ๋„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํƒ€๋ฝ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
03:28
and encourage their spiritual development.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
03:31
Some artists even painted themselves into the manuscripts.
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์–ด๋–ค ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ์— ์žํ™”์ƒ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
The opening image of Christine de Pisanโ€™s collected works
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ด ๋“œํ”ผ์ƒ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ง‘์˜ ์ฒซ ์žฅ์€
03:39
shows de Pisan presenting the book to the Queen of France.
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์—ฌ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฑ…์„ ํ—Œ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
The queen was so impressed by de Pisan's previous work
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์—ฌ์™•์€ ๋“œํ”ผ์ƒ์˜ ์ „์ž‘์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ๋ช…๋ฐ›์•„
03:46
that she commissioned her own copy.
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๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
Such royal patronage
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ถฉ์งํ•œ ํ›„์›์ž ๋•๋ถ„์—
03:50
enabled her to establish her own publishing house in Paris.
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ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
The tradition of illuminated manuscripts lasted for over a thousand years.
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์ฑ„์ƒ‰ ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์€ ์ฒœ ๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
The books were created by individuals or teams for uses as wide-ranging
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๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์„œ์ ์„ ์ถœํŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
as private prayer aids, service books in churches, textbooks,
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๊ฐœ์ธ ํ˜น์€ ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋„์„œ, ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ
04:10
and protective talismans to take into battle.
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๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํˆฌ์šฉ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ถ€์ ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:13
Across all this variation,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜,
04:15
those tricky little drawings in the margins
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์—ฌ๋ฐฑ์—์˜ ์ž‘๊ณ  ์˜๋ฌธ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋“ค์€
04:18
are a unique window into the minds of medieval artists.
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์ค‘์„ธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ํˆฌ์˜๋œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ฐฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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