A clever way to estimate enormous numbers - Michael Mitchell

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2012-09-12 ・ TED-Ed


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A clever way to estimate enormous numbers - Michael Mitchell

1,018,628 views ・ 2012-09-12

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Woo Hwang κ²€ν† : K Bang
00:15
Whether you like it or not, we use numbers every day.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ μ’‹λ“  μ‹«λ“ , μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 맀일 숫자λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
Some numbers, such as the speed of sound,
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예λ₯Όλ“€μ–΄ μ†Œλ¦¬μ˜ 속도와 같은 μˆ«μžλ“€μ€ μž‘κ³  μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜κΈ° μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
are small and easy to work with.
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00:22
Other numbers, such as the speed of light,
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λΉ›μ˜ 속도와 같은 μˆ«μžλ“€μ€ 훨씬 크고 닀루기 κΉŒλ‹€λ‘­μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
are much larger and cumbersome to work with.
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00:26
We can use scientific notation to express these large numbers
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 큰 μˆ«μžλ“€μ„ 닀루기 μ‰¬μš΄ ν˜•μ‹μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 과학적 ν‘œκΈ°λ²•μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
in a much more manageable format.
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00:31
So we can write 299,792,458 meters per second
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 299,792,458 λ―Έν„°λŠ” μ΄ˆλ‹Ή 3.0 κ³±ν•˜κΈ° 10의 8제곱 미터라고 μ”λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
as 3.0 times 10 to the eighth meters per second.
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00:41
Correct scientific notation
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μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ 과학적 ν‘œκΈ°λ²•μ—μ„œλŠ” 첫번째 ν•­μ˜ μˆ«μžκ°€ 1λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 크고 10 보닀 μž‘μ€ 숫자λ₯Ό 쓰도둝 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€,
00:43
requires that the first term range in value
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00:45
so that it is greater than one but less than 10,
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그리고 λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ 항은 10의 제곱수, 즉 크기의 정도인데, 이것을 첫번째 항에 κ³±ν•΄ 자리수둜 ν‘œν˜„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
and the second term represents the power of 10 or order of magnitude
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00:50
by which we multiply the first term.
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μ •ν™•ν•œ κ°’μ΄λ‚˜ μˆ«μžκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ λ•ŒλŠ” 10의 제곱수λ₯Ό 톡해 크기λ₯Ό λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ κ°€λŠ ν•΄ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
We can use the power of 10 as a tool in making quick estimations
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00:56
when we do not need or care for the exact value of a number.
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00:59
For example, the diameter of an atom
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μ›μžμ˜ 지름은 λŒ€λž΅ 10의 λ§ˆμ΄λ„ˆμŠ€ 12제곱 λ―Έν„°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
is approximately 10 to the power of negative 12 meters.
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01:04
The height of a tree is approximately 10 to the power of one meter.
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λ‚˜λ¬΄μ˜ λ†’μ΄λŠ” μ•½ 10의 1제곱 λ―Έν„° μ •λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
The diameter of the Earth is approximately 10 to the power of seven meters.
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그리고 μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 지름은 μ•½ 10의 7제곱 λ―Έν„°μ •λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
숫자λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•΄λ³΄λŠ” λ„κ΅¬λ‘œμ¨ 10의 μ œκ³±μˆ˜λŠ” μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ νŽΈλ¦¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€,
01:11
The ability to use the power of 10 as an estimation tool
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01:13
can come in handy every now and again,
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01:15
like when you're trying to guess the number of M&M's in a jar,
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마치 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ 병속에 λ“€μ–΄μžˆλŠ” μ΄ˆμ½œλ › 갯수λ₯Ό κ°€λŠ ν•΄ λ³Ό λ•Œ 처럼 말이죠.
이것은 μˆ˜ν•™κ³Ό κ³Όν•™μ—μ„œ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” 방법이고, 특히 페λ₯΄λ―Έ(Fermi)의 문제λ₯Ό λ‹€λ£° λ•ŒλŠ” λ”μš± κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
but is also an essential skill in math and science,
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01:21
especially when dealing with what are known as Fermi problems.
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페λ₯΄λ―Έμ˜ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” 크기 좔정을 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ 유λͺ…ν•œ μ΄νƒœλ¦¬ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μž 엔리코 페λ₯΄λ―Έ(Enrico Fermi)의 이름을 λ”°μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€,
01:24
Fermi problems are named after the physicist Enrico Fermi,
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01:26
who's famous for making rapid order-of-magnitude estimations,
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즉, λŒ€λž΅ 적은 데이터λ₯Ό 가지고 빨리 μΆ”μ •ν•΄λ³΄λŠ” 방법이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
or rapid estimations, with seemingly little available data.
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01:32
Fermi worked on the Manhattan Project in developing the atomic bomb,
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페λ₯΄λ―ΈλŠ” μ›μžν­νƒ„μ„ κ°œλ°œν•œ λ§¨ν•˜νƒ„ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈ(Manhattan Project)μ—μ„œ μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
and when it was tested at the Trinity site in 1945,
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그리고 1945년에 νŠΈλ¦¬λ‹ˆν‹°(Trinity)μ—μ„œ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•  λ•Œ, 페λ₯΄λ―ΈλŠ” 폭발 λ™μ•ˆ λͺ‡ μž₯의 쒅이λ₯Ό λ–¨μ–΄λœ¨λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€,
01:38
Fermi dropped a few pieces of paper during the blast
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그리고 κ·Έ 쒅이듀이 λ‚ μ•„κ°€λŠ” 거리λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 폭발의 강도λ₯Ό
01:41
and used the distance they traveled backwards as they fell
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01:43
to estimate the strength of the explosion as 10 kilotons of TNT,
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TNT 폭탄 10ν‚¬λ‘œν†€μœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μ •ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” 20ν‚¬λ‘œν†€ μ •λ„μ˜ ν¬κΈ°μ˜€μ§€μš”.
01:47
which is on the same order of magnitude as the actual value of 20 kilotons.
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01:51
One example of the classic Fermi estimation problems
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페λ₯΄λ―Έ μΆ”μ •μ˜ λŒ€ν‘œμ μΈ μ˜ˆλŠ” λ―Έκ΅­ μ‹œμΉ΄κ³ μ— μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ ν”Όμ•„λ…Έ μ‘°μœ¨μ‚¬κ°€ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ κ³„μ‚°ν•΄λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
is to determine how many piano tuners there are
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01:56
in the city of Chicago, Illinois.
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01:58
At first, there seem to be so many unknowns
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μš°μ„ , 풀리지 μ•Šμ€ λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜λ„ λ§Žμ€ λ―Έμ§€μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμ„ 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
that the problem appears to be unsolvable.
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κ·Έ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ •ν™•ν•œ 닡을 μ•Œ ν•„μš”λŠ” 없을 λ•Œ, 10의 제곱수λ₯Ό μ‘μš©ν•œ 쒋은 μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
That is the perfect application for a power-of-10 estimation,
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02:06
as we don't need an exact answer -
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02:07
an estimation will work.
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좔정은 잘 λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
We can start by determining how many people live in the city of Chicago.
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λ¨Όμ € μ‹œμΉ΄κ³ μ˜ 인ꡬ수λ₯Ό 쑰사해 λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
We know that it is a large city,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œμΉ΄κ³ κ°€ λŒ€λ„μ‹œλΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ λͺ‡ λͺ…이 μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€λŠ” λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
but we may be unsure about exactly how many people live in the city.
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02:17
Are the one million people? Five million people?
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3백만λͺ… μΌκΉŒμš”? 5백만λͺ… 정도 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:20
This is the point in the problem
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 이런 λΆˆν™•μ‹€μ„±μ— λΆˆνŽΈν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것이 이 문제의 μš”μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€,
02:22
where many people become frustrated with the uncertainty,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 10의 제곱수λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μ‰½κ²Œ ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
but we can easily get through this by using the power of 10.
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μ‹œμΉ΄κ³ μ˜ 인ꡬ 크기λ₯Ό 10의 6제곱 크기둜 μΆ”μ •ν•΄ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
We can estimate the magnitude of the population of Chicago
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02:30
as 10 to the power of six.
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02:32
While this doesn't tell us exactly how many people live there,
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이 μˆ«μžκ°€ μ •ν™•ν•œ μΈκ΅¬μˆ˜λŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
02:35
it serves an accurate estimation for the actual population
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μ‹€μ œ 인ꡬ가 λŒ€λž΅ 3백만λͺ…이 쑰금 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” μ‹€μ œ 인ꡬ에 λŒ€ν•œ μΆ”μ •μΉ˜λŠ” λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
of just under three million people.
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02:40
So if there are approximately 10 to the sixth people in Chicago,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‹œμΉ΄κ³ μ— 10의 6제곱 μ •λ„μ˜ 인ꡬ가 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ ν”Όμ•„λ…ΈλŠ” λͺ‡ λŒ€κ°€ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:43
how many pianos are there?
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02:44
If we want to continue dealing with orders of magnitude,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ 크기둜 이야기λ₯Ό ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
02:47
we can either say that one out of 10
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10λͺ…쀑에 1λͺ… λ˜λŠ” 100λͺ…쀑에 1λͺ…이 ν”Όμ•„λ…Έλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλ‹€κ³  말할 수 있겠죠.
02:49
or one out of one hundred people own a piano.
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02:51
Given that our estimate of the population includes children and adults,
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μΈκ΅¬μˆ˜μ— 어린이와 성인이 ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄,
02:55
we'll go with the latter estimate,
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μ‹œμΉ΄κ³ μ— μ•½ 10의 4제곱개, 즉 10,000λŒ€ μ •λ„μ˜ ν”Όμ•„λ…Έκ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  μΆ”μ •ν•΄ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
which estimates that there are approximately 10 to the fourth,
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03:00
or 10,000 pianos, in Chicago.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ ν”Όμ•„λ…Έκ°€ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄, ν”Όμ•„λ…Έ μ‘°μœ¨μ‚¬λŠ” λͺ‡ λͺ…μ΄λ‚˜ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:02
With this many pianos, how many piano tuners are there?
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03:05
We could begin the process of thinking about how often the pianos are tuned,
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ν”Όμ•„λ…Έλ₯Ό μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 자주 μ‘°μœ¨ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λΆ€ν„° μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄κ±°λ‚˜,
ν•˜λ£¨μ— μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ ν”Όμ•„λ…Έκ°€ μ‘°μœ¨λ˜λŠ”μ§€, λ˜λŠ” μ‘°μœ¨μ‚¬κ°€ λͺ‡ 일을 μΌν•˜λŠ”μ§€ 생각해보죠,
03:09
how many pianos are tuned in one day,
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03:11
or how many days a piano tuner works,
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03:13
but that's not the point of rapid estimation.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그것이 λΉ λ₯Έ μΆ”μ •μ˜ μš”μ μ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
We instead think in orders of magnitude,
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크기λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ 말고, μ‘°μœ¨μ‚¬κ°€ 1년에 10의 2제곱개 μ •λ„μ˜ ν”Όμ•„λ…Έλ₯Ό μ‘°μœ¨ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄,
03:17
and say that a piano tuner tunes roughly 10 to the second pianos in a given year,
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03:21
which is approximately a few hundred pianos.
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κ·Έ μˆ«μžλŠ” μ•½ λͺ‡ λ°±κ°œμ •λ„ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
Given our previous estimate of 10 to the fourth pianos in Chicago,
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μ•žμ˜ μΆ”μ •μ—μ„œ 10의 4제곱개의 ν”Όμ•„λ…Έκ°€ μ‹œμΉ΄κ³ μ— μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€,
03:26
and the estimate that each piano tuner can tune 10 to the second pianos each year,
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그리고 μ‘°μœ¨μ‚¬κ°€ 맀년 10의 2제곱번 ν”Όμ•„λ…Έλ₯Ό μ‘°μœ¨ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ£ ,
그럼 μ‹œμΉ΄κ³ μ—λŠ” μ•½ 10의 2제곱λͺ…μ˜ ν”Όμ•„λ…Έ μ‘°μœ¨μ‚¬κ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  말할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
we can say that there are approximately 10 to the second piano tuners in Chicago.
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03:34
Now, I know what you must be thinking:
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자, μ €λŠ” μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ—κ²Œ 무슨 생각이 λ“œλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€:
03:36
How can all of these estimates produce a reasonable answer?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이 λͺ¨λ“  좔정듀이 νƒ€λ‹Ήν•œ 닡을 쀄 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:39
Well, it's rather simple.
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사싀 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€: 페λ₯΄λ―Έμ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ—μ„œ, κ³ΌλŒ€ μΆ”μ •κ³Ό κ³Όμ†Œ 좔정이 μ„œλ‘œ κ· ν˜•μ„ 이룬닀고 κ°€μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€,
03:41
In any Fermi problem, it is assumed
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03:42
that the overestimates and underestimates balance each other out,
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그리고 보톡 μ‹€μ œ ν•΄λ‹΅μ—μ„œ 1자리수 이내 크기둜 좔정을 ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
and produce an estimation
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03:47
that is usually within one order of magnitude of the actual answer.
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ν”Όμ•„λ…Έ μ‘°μœ¨μ‚¬μ˜ μ˜ˆλŠ” μ‹œμΉ΄κ³ μ˜ μ „ν™”λ²ˆν˜ΈλΆ€μ—μ„œ μ‘°μœ¨μ‚¬μ˜ 숫자λ₯Ό 톡해 확인해 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
In our case we can confirm this by looking in the phone book
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03:53
for the number of piano tuners listed in Chicago.
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λͺ‡λͺ…μΌκΉŒμš”? 81λͺ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
What do we find? 81.
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03:57
Pretty incredible, given our order-of-magnitude estimation.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•΄λ³Έ 크기 좔정이 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μ •ν™•ν•˜μ£ .
04:00
But, hey - that's the power of 10.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 그것은 10의 μ œκ³±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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