How North America got its shape - Peter J. Haproff

791,745 views ใƒป 2016-07-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:10
The geography of our planet is in flux.
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ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:14
Each continent has ricocheted around the globe on one or more tectonic plates,
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ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื ืขื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:19
changing quite dramatically with time.
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ื•ืžืฉืชื ื” ื“ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:22
Today, we'll focus on North America
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
00:25
and how its familiar landscape and features
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ื•ืื™ืš ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”
00:27
emerged over hundreds of millions of years.
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ื”ื’ื™ื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:31
Our story begins about 750 million years ago.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 750 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
00:35
As the super continent Rodinia becomes unstable,
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”,
00:38
it rifts along what's now the west coast of North America
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ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืขืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืžื” ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
00:42
to create the Panthalassa Ocean.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคื ืชืœืืกื™.
00:44
You're seeing an ancestral continent called Laurentia,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืœื•ืจื ืชื™ื”,
00:48
which grows over the next few hundred million years
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ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
00:51
as island chains collide with it and add land mass.
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ื›ืฉืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืื™ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืืกืช ืื“ืžื”.
00:55
We're now at 400 million years ago.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 400 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
00:58
Off today's east coast, the massive African plate inches westward,
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ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื ืข ืžืขืจื‘ื”,
01:03
closing the ancient Iapetus Ocean.
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ืกื•ื’ืจ ืืช ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืœืคื˜ื•ืก ื”ืขืชื™ืง.
01:05
It finally collides with Laurentia at 250 million years
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื ืœื•ืจื ืชื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ 250 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”
01:10
to form another supercontinent Pangea.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืคื ื’'ื™ืื”.
01:13
The immense pressure causes faulting and folding,
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืงื™ืคื•ืœื™ื,
01:16
stacking up rock to form the Appalachian Mountains.
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ืขื•ืจื ืกืœืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืจื›ืก ื”ืจื™ ื”ืืคืœืืฆ'ื™ื.
01:20
Let's fast forward a bit.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืงื“ื ืžื”ืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
01:22
About 100 million years later, Pangea breaks apart,
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ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืคื ื’'ื™ืื” ื ืฉื‘ืจืช,
01:25
opening the Southern Atlantic Ocean
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ื•ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™
01:27
between the new North American Plate and the African Plate.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™.
01:31
We forge ahead,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืœืื”,
01:33
and now the eastward-moving Farallon Plate
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื•ื— ื”ืคืจืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
01:35
converges with the present-day west coast.
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ืžืชืžื–ื’ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:38
The Farallon Plate's greater density makes it sink beneath North America.
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ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื— ื”ืคืืจืœื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื• ืœืฉืงื•ืข ืชื—ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
01:43
This is called subduction,
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ืคื—ืชื”,
01:44
and it diffuses water into the magma-filled mantle.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืžื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืžืœืืช ื”ืžืื’ืžื”.
01:48
That lowers the magma's melting point
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืชื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื’ืžื”
01:50
and makes it rise into the overlying North American plate.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžื›ืกื”.
01:54
From a subterranean chamber, the magma travels upwards
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ืžื—ืœืœ ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™, ื”ืžืื’ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืœื”
01:58
and erupts along a chain of volcanos.
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ื•ืžืชืคืจืฆืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ.
02:01
Magma still deep underground slowly cools,
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ืžืื’ืžื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื” ืžืชืงืจืจืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
02:04
crystallizing to form solid rock,
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ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืœืข ืžื•ืฆืง,
02:07
including the granite now found in Yosemite National Park
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื’ืจื ื™ื˜ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืคืืจืง ื™ื•ืกืžื™ื˜ื™
02:10
and the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
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ื•ื”ืจื™ ืกื™ื™ืจื” ื ื‘ืื“ื”.
02:12
We'll come back to that later.
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ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:14
Now, it's 85 million years ago.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ 85 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
02:17
The Farallon Plate becomes less steep,
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ืœื•ื— ื”ืคืืจืœื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืœื•ืœ,
02:19
causing volcanism to stretch eastward and eventually cease.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืžื–ืจื—ื” ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง.
02:24
As the Farallon Plate subducts,
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ื›ืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืคืืจืœื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืงืข,
02:26
it compresses North America,
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื—ืก ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
02:28
thrusting up mountain ranges like the Rockies,
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ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื•ืงื™ ืœืžืขืœื”,
02:30
which extend over 3,000 miles.
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ืฉืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 4700 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
02:33
Soon after, the Eurasian Plate rifts from North America,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืื™ืจื•-ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
02:37
opening the North Atlantic Ocean.
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ื•ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
02:40
We'll fast forward again.
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ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ืฉื•ื‘.
02:41
The Colorado Plateau now uplifts,
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ืจืžืช ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื• ืขื•ืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
02:44
likely due to a combination of upward mantle flow
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื
02:47
and a thickened North American Plate.
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ื•ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
02:50
In future millennia, the Colorado River will eventually sculpt the plateau
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ื‘ืืœืคื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื ื”ืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื• ื™ื’ืœืฃ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจืžื”
02:55
into the epic Grand Canyon.
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ืœื’ืจื ื“ ืงื ื™ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืคื™.
02:57
30 million years ago, the majority of the Farallon Plate sinks into the mantle,
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ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื— ื”ืคืืจืœื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืงืข ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช,
03:03
leaving behind only small corners still subducting.
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ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืจืง ืคื™ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคื—ืชื•ืช.
03:06
The Pacific and North American plates converge
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ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื
03:09
and a new boundary called the San Andreas Fault forms.
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ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉื‘ืจ ืกืŸ ืื ื“ืจืืก ื ื•ืฆืจ.
03:13
Here, North America moves to the south,
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ืคื”, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื ืขื” ื“ืจื•ืžื”,
03:16
sliding against the Pacific Plate, which shifts to the north.
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ืžื—ืœื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™ ืฉื ืข ืฆืคื•ื ื”.
03:20
This plate boundary still exists today,
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ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:22
and moves about 30 millimeters per year
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ื•ื ืข ื‘ืขืจืš 30 ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”
03:25
capable of causing devastating earthquakes.
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ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช.
03:28
The San Andreas also pulls apart western North America
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ืฉื‘ืจ ืกืŸ ืื ื“ืจืืก ื’ื ืžืคืจืง ืืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
03:32
across a wide rift zone.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืจืข ืจื—ื‘.
03:34
This extensional region is called the Basin and Range Province,
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืฉืงืข ื•ื”ืจื›ืก,
03:38
and through uplift and erosion,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื” ื•ืฉื—ื™ืงื”,
03:40
is responsible for exposing the once deep granite of Yosemite and the Sierra Nevada.
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ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื’ืจื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื” ื ื‘ืื“ื”.
03:46
Another 15 million years off the clock,
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ืขื•ื“ 15 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ,
03:49
and magma from the mantle burns a giant hole into western North America,
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ื•ืžืื’ืžื” ืžื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืฉื•ืจืคืช ื—ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
03:54
periodically erupting onto the surface.
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ืžืชืคืจืฆืช ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
03:57
Today, this hotspot feeds an active supervolcano
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืžื” ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉ ืคืขื™ืœ
04:00
beneath Yellowstone National Park.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคืืจืง ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
04:03
It hasn't erupted in the last 174,000 years,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชืคืจืฅ ื›ื‘ืจ 174,000 ืฉื ื”,
04:07
but if it did,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืคืจืฅ,
04:08
its sheer force could blanket most of the continent with ash
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืืคืจ
04:12
that would blacken the skies and threaten humanity.
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ืฉื™ืฉื—ื™ืจ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
04:16
The Yellowstone supervolcano is just one reminder
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ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช
04:19
that the Earth continues to seethe below our feet.
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ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืขื•ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
04:22
Its mobile plates put the planet in a state of constant flux.
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ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชืžื™ื“.
04:26
In another few hundred million years,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื”,
04:28
who knows how the landscape of North America will have changed.
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ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื™ืฉืชื ื•.
04:32
As the continent slowly morphs into something unfamiliar,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ,
04:36
only geological time will tell.
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ืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื™ื’ื™ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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