Where did these gigantic space bubbles come from? - Ashkbiz Danehkar

278,355 views ใƒป 2023-11-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In November 2010, NASA announced the discovery of a strange,
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ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2010 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื ืืกโ€œื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜
00:11
never-before-seen galactic object:
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ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืจืื”:
00:14
two gigantic gaseous bubbles,
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ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื’ื– ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช,
00:18
each emanating an impressive 25,000 light years
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ืฉืžื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืชืคืจืกืช 25,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช
00:21
from the center of our home galaxy, the Milky Way.
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ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
00:25
Inside the structures, named the Fermi Bubbles,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคืจืžื™,
00:28
streams of high energy particles traveling faster than the surrounding medium,
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ื™ืฉ ื–ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
00:33
collide with dust, gas, and light,
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ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื‘ืง, ื’ื– ื•ืื•ืจ,
00:35
to create gamma rays, the most energetic form of light.
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืžื, ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:40
Astronomers were perplexed.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื.
00:42
While gamma rays are not uncommon in space,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืžื ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
00:45
radiation of this magnitude had only been observed in distant galaxies.
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ืงืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื–ื” ื ืฆืคืชื” ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช.
00:50
And they are typically produced by large-scale powerful events,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:54
like explosions of supernova.
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ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”.
00:56
Yet, compared to our galactic neighbors,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื ื• ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ื™ื,
00:59
the center of the Milky Way and the supermassive black hole
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ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™
01:02
that resides within it,
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ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ืชืžื™ื“
01:04
was always thought to have been relatively calm.
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืจื’ื•ืข ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
01:07
So, what was the powerful event that created these massive structures?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
01:13
And is the center of our galaxy not so sleepy after all?
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ื•ื”ืื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืฉื ื•ื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ?
01:18
A clue to answering these questions came in December 2020,
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ืจืžื– ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020,
01:22
when astronomers announced the discovery
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™
01:24
of yet another set of radiating spheres.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื•ืช.
01:28
Entitled the eROSITA bubbles, these structures are even wider,
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช eROSITA , ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:32
extending nearly half the distance of the entire Milky Way in both directions,
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ืžืฉืชืจืขื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื›ื•ืœื• ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
01:37
and fully encapsulating the Fermi Bubbles.
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ื•ืžื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคืจืžื™.
01:41
They emit soft X-rays, which have frequencies lower than gamma rays,
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ื”ื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืจื›ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื“ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืงืจื ื™ ื’ืžื,
01:45
but are still highly energetic forms of light.
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ืืš ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:48
Astronomers quickly surmised that the overlapping bubbles
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืขืจื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช
01:51
most likely share a single origin.
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ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“.
01:54
And the event that formed them must have generated a massive amount of energyโ€”
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ื•ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” -
01:58
approximately 1 million times that which the Sun will produce
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื• ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืชื™ื™ืฆืจ
02:02
during its entire lifetime.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”.
02:05
Based on the speed of the jets of energetic electrons within the bubbles,
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
02:09
they calculated the event most likely took place
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ื”ื ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืคื ื™
02:11
less than 3 million years ago.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
02:14
This is relatively recent compared to the galaxyโ€™s 13-billion-year lifespan,
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ื–ื” ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื‘ืช 13 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”,
02:19
and means our early ancestors might have even witnessed the powerful event,
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ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™,
02:24
as a gigantic ball of heated mass illuminating the night sky.
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ื›ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืžืกื” ืžื—ื•ืžืžืช ื”ืžืื™ืจื” ืืช ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
02:29
But what exactly was the powerful event?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื—ื–ืง?
02:32
Two theories quickly emerged about what could have created the bubbles
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ืฉืชื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆืฆื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
02:35
and the high energy particle jets within.
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ื•ืืช ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื.
02:38
And both are still debated today.
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ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:41
The first theory is that the bubbles
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ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
02:43
stem from a recent massive burst of star formation
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ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
02:47
toward the center of our galaxy.
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:49
Newly forming stars produce a vast outflowing of hot gas,
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื–ืจื ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื– ื—ื,
02:54
called stellar winds.
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ื”ื ืงืจื ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
02:55
Meanwhile, young massive stars die quickly,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
02:58
causing energetic supernova explosions.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื™ื.
03:02
Stellar winds combined with these explosions
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ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ืืœื”
03:04
can lead to the formation of large-scale galactic winds.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:09
These galactic winds can push away the surrounding material,
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ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
03:12
creating gigantic bubbles.
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช.
03:15
The second theory is that the structures are the result of a powerful outburst
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ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื”
03:20
from the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy.
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ืžื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:23
Named Sagittarius A*,
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื–ืœ ืกื’โ€™ื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืก A*,
03:26
this black hole lives up to its title of supermassive,
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ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื•,
03:29
as itโ€™s approximately 4 million times the mass of the Sun.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืกืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:34
And scientists have documented similar jets of energy
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ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื
03:36
emanating from similar black holes in other distant active galaxies.
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ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:41
These jets are found in active galactic nuclei known as quasars,
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ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื–ืจื™ื,
03:46
and they're created as dust and gases rapidly fall into the feeding black hole.
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ื•ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื‘ืง ื•ื’ื–ื™ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ.
03:52
This gathers hot ionized gas around the vicinity,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืกืฃ ื’ื– ืžื™ื•ื ืŸ ื—ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
03:55
which is then ejected from the center at ultra-fast velocities.
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ืืฉืจ ื ืคืœื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื”ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
03:59
This theory suggests that Sagittarius A*, which is thought to be relatively quiet,
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืกื’โ€™ื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืก A*, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืงื˜ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
04:04
may have been active relatively recently.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
04:08
And it begs the question: will it wake up again?
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ื•ืื– ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื”: ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืฉื•ื‘?
04:12
Scientists use supercomputers
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™-ืขืœ
04:15
to run what is known as hydrodynamic numerical simulations,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช,
04:19
where different physical conditions that may have led to bubble formation
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืชื ืื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
04:22
are explored.
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ื ื—ืงืจื™ื.
04:24
While several results suggest that extreme outbursts from Sagittarius A*
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื’โ€™ื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืก A*
04:29
likely contributed to the creation of the bubbles,
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ืชืจืžื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
04:32
it remains to be seen whether past star formations may have also played a role.
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ื ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื ืžื™ืœืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“.
04:37
Other simulations show evidence of other contributing factors,
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ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
04:41
like the influence of circumgalactic medium winds from outside our galaxy,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
04:45
which may explain some of the bubblesโ€™ unique features.
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
04:50
These computational simulations will only get more precise
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ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืจืง ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:53
as we continue to launch more sensitive and dynamic telescopes into space.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื’ืจ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืœืœ.
04:58
But whatever answers we unlock will undoubtedly lead to more surprises
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืคืขื ื— ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืœื”ืคืชืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
05:02
about our mysterious, and perhaps not so calm, galaxy.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื’ื•ืขื”, ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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