Curiosity, discovery and gecko feet - Robert Full

131,969 views ใƒป 2012-12-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sonia Barchilon
00:13
Nearly every one of your science classes
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœื›ื
00:17
starts off with the scientific method.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
00:20
You recognize this?
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ืืชื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
00:21
Ask a question,
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00:21
form a hypothesis,
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ืฉืืœื• ืฉืืœื”,
ื’ื‘ืฉื• ื”ืฉืขืจื”,
00:22
perform an experiment,
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ื‘ืฆืขื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
00:24
collect data,
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ืื™ืกืคื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
00:25
draw conclusions,
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ื”ืกื™ืงื• ืžืกืงื ื•ืช,
00:26
and then memorize a bunch of facts.
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ื•ืื– ืฉื ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
00:29
This is really boring!
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉืขืžื!
00:31
Science is not a simple recipe in a cookbook,
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ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ,
00:35
and learning is not memorizing facts for tests.
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ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื,
00:38
Yet, that is exactly what we do.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
00:40
We have to change this!
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”!
00:43
We have to look at how curiosity can ultimately benefit society
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”
00:50
by looking towards tomorrow,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžื—ืจ,
00:53
by going through a path from involvement
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช
00:56
to imagination
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ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ
00:57
to invention
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ืœื”ืžืฆืื”
00:59
to innovation.
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ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
01:01
And I'd like to illustrate this by telling you the real story
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™
01:05
about how we discovered how geckos stick.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืฉืžืžื™ื•ืช ื ืชืคืกื•ืช ืœืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื.
01:09
First you need to get involved.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื–ื”.
01:11
You need to do curiosity-driven research yourself.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
01:15
We know that learning by being an active researcher
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืขื™ืœ
01:18
is the best way to learn.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“.
01:21
Imagine being in my lab
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
01:23
and trying to discover how geckos stick.
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ื•ืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ืš ืฉืžืžื™ื•ืช ื ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
01:25
"Here is one of our subjects.
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"ื”ื ื” ืื—ืช ืžืžื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:26
This is a crested gecko.
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ื–ื• ืฉืžืžื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ืฆืช.
01:28
We are going to put the gecko on glass
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ื ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืžืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
01:30
and we're going to use a high speed camera
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ื•ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
01:31
that can capture up to 1,000 pictures in one second.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืขื“ 1,000 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
01:35
There he goes.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช.
01:36
OK, record it.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
01:39
There's the animal's toes."
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”."
01:40
"So how do their feet stick and unstick so quickly?"
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"ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ?"
01:44
How <i>do</i> they do this?
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ืื– ื‘ืืžืช, ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
01:46
We wonder, it's kind of crazy, right?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ื”ื™ื, ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:49
It's hard to believe.
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ.
01:51
Well it turns out, it was already known that the geckos have hairy toes,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœืฉืžืžื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื™ืจื•ืช,
01:56
and those hairs are really small compared to your hair,
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ื•ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
02:00
and the little tips at the end are even smaller.
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ื•ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:03
Well, my student Tanya,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ื˜ื ื™ื”,
02:05
who is not much older than some of you when she did this,
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืžื—ืœืงื›ื ื›ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื–ื”,
02:07
a sophomore undergraduate,
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ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
02:10
tried to figure this out,
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ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”,
02:12
and we told that her that in order to do this,
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ื•ืืžืจื ื• ืœื” ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
02:15
you'd have to measure the force of a single hair.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช.
02:19
Though we kind of only did this jokingly
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื”
02:20
because these hairs are so small,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
02:22
we didn't think it was possible.
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ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
02:24
But Tanya didn't know that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืืช ื–ื”,
02:26
and she went on to build the simplest,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”
02:28
most beautiful measurement device ever.
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ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ.
02:32
Here it is:
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ื”ื ื” ื–ื”:
02:33
she took one of those tiny little hairs
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ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
02:36
and put it on to a probe,
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ื•ืฉืžื” ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื’ืฉื•ืฉ,
02:38
and then she began pushing it into the metal beam.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื•ืš ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื›ืช.
02:41
Now she was very frustrated for months - it didn't stick.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื - ื–ื” ืœื ื ื“ื‘ืง.
02:44
But she had figured out she had to orient it
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”
02:45
just like the gecko grabs on,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฉืžืžื™ืช ื ืชืคืกืช,
02:47
and then it worked!
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“!
02:49
And there's the little split ends grabbing the beam in that little window.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืฆืœื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
02:53
And then she did something magical:
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืกื•ื:
02:55
for the first time ever,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ ืคืขื,
02:56
she measured the force of a single gecko hair
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ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจืช ืฉืžืžื™ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช
03:00
that allowed her to discover
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ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช
03:02
a completely new way to stick to something,
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ืœืžืฉื”ื•,
03:06
something no human has ever known before.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
03:11
They have hairy little toes,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื™ืจื•ืช,
03:13
huge numbers of hairs,
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ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจื•ืช,
03:14
and each hair has the worst case of split ends possible,
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืฆืœื™ื,
03:17
100 to 1,000 nano-tips that an animal has on one hair,
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100 ืขื“ 1000 ื ื ื•-ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื”,
03:22
and 2 billion total,
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2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ,
03:24
and they don't stick by glue,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืขื ื“ื‘ืง,
03:26
or by suction,
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ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืื™ื‘ื”,
03:28
or by velcro.
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ืื• ืขื ืกืงื•ื˜ืฉ.
03:30
It was discovered that they stick by inter-molecular forces alone,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื,
03:33
by van der Waals forces,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฉืจื™ ื•ืืŸ ื“ืจ ื•ืืœืก,
03:35
and you'll learn this in Chemistry and Physics, if you take it.
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ื•ืืชื ืชืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืกื™ืงื”, ืื ืชืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
03:38
It's unbelievable!
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03:38
It's a whole new way of thinking about making an adhesive!
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื™ืืžืŸ!
ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืง!
03:43
Well, this isn't the end of the story,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
03:45
there are still mysteries.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช.
03:46
Why are the gecko's feet looking like this?
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ืœืžื” ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืฉืžืžื™ื•ืช ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ื›ื”?
03:49
They have bizarre toes and we don't know why.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื”.
03:54
If you go into a museum and look at each gecko species,
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ืื ืชื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืžื™ื•ืช,
03:58
you see they have all different hairs,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
04:00
different lengths, and thicknesses, and patterns.
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ืื•ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช.
04:02
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
04:04
I don't know!
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข!
04:06
But you should come to Berkeley and help me figure this out.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื‘ืจืงืœื™ ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
04:09
It's just about right, so, apply.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ื›ื”, ืื– ืชื’ื™ืฉื• ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช.
04:11
But it's a mystery.
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ื–ื• ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
04:13
There is even more stuff that is unknown.
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ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื.
04:15
This tarantula also has hairs
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ื’ื ืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉืขืจื•ืช
04:19
and can stick this way, too,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื’ื ื›ื›ื”.
04:20
but recently it was found that they also can secrete silk from their feet,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื™ ืžื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื,
04:25
not just their behind, like you know they do.
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ืœื ืจืง ืžื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
04:28
And even more recently, my graduate student Ann showed
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืืŸ, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ื”ืจืืชื”
04:32
that all spiders can secrete glue,
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืง,
04:36
and we know nothing about this glue
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืง ื”ื–ื”,
04:40
except it was around way before this guy,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
04:44
millions of years before.
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•.
04:46
So don't stop at the discovery,
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ืื– ืืœ ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™,
04:48
next imagine the possible uses for society.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
04:52
Here is the first human supported by a gecko-inspired adhesive.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืžืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืฉืžืžื™ืช.
04:57
This is my former graduate student, Kellar Autumn,
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฉืœื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืงืœืจ ืืื•ื˜ื•ื,
04:59
who is professor at Lewis and Clark,
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœื•ืื™ืก ืื ื“ ืงืœืืจืง,
05:01
offering his second born child for the test.
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ืฉืžื ื“ื‘ ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืช ื™ืœื“ืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
05:05
And she's a very good sport about it!
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ื‘ืจ'ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”!
05:09
Now imagine all the things you could make from this,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื–ื”,
05:11
not only adhesives, but products in sports,
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ืœื ืจืง ื“ื‘ืง, ืืœื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜,
05:14
and biomedicine,
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05:14
technology,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื• ืจืคื•ืื”,
ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
05:15
robotics,
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ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
05:16
toys,
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ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื,
05:17
automotive,
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ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
05:18
fashion,
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05:18
clothes,
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ืื•ืคื ื”,
ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“,
05:19
and yes, even hair pieces.
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืขืจ.
05:21
I swear to you, we got a call from Michael Jackson's hairdresser
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ืื ื™ ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื›ื, ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ
05:25
about hair pieces before he passed away.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืขืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ.
05:28
Who would have guessed from studying geckos?!?
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ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื—ืฉ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืฉืžืžื™ื•ืช?!?
05:32
Next, invent a game-changing technology, device, or product.
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ื•ื”ืœืื”, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ, ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจ.
05:38
Like my engineering colleague at Berkeley, Ron Fearing, did
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืขืžื™ืช ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืงืœื™, ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื ื’ ืขืฉื”,
05:42
when he made one of the first synthetic, self-cleaning dry adhesives
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื‘ืง ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ืžื ืงื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
05:46
after the simplest version that you see in animals.
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช.
05:50
Believe it or not, right now, because of this work,
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ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื, ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•,
05:54
you can make your own synthetic gecko nano-tape
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื ื•-ืกืจื˜-ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ ืฉืžืžื™ืชื™ ืžืฉืœื›ื
05:58
by nano-molding with just a few parts,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืงืช-ื ื ื• ื‘ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
06:01
and here's the recipe that we can give you.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื.
06:05
It's been incredible since we made this discovery
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืžืื– ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
06:08
of all the papers and the work
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
06:09
and the different ways to make it,
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ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
06:11
it's emerging into a billion dollar industry.
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœืชืขืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
06:14
And who would have imagined that it started
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ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
06:16
because we were curious about how geckos can run up walls.
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ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ืฉืžืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช.
06:21
Next you need to innovate,
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ,
06:23
create a business that ultimately benefits society.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืกืง ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.
06:28
Did you know that there are 6 million people per year that have chronic wounds,
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ื”ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื™ืฉ 6 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคืฆืขื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื,
06:31
2 million develop an infection,
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2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
06:33
and infections account for 100,000 hospital deaths?
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ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœ-100,000 ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื?
06:37
Imagine if you could build a company that could produce
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
06:39
a gecko-inspired band-aid
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ืคืœืกื˜ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืฉืžืžื™ืช
06:42
that would remove the pain and suffering.
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ืฉื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืœ.
06:46
Just a simple invention.
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ืจืง ื”ืžืฆืื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
06:49
If you look at the last three great earthquakes,
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ืื ืชื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
06:51
over 700,000 people were trapped and lost their lives.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-700,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืœื›ื“ื• ื•ื ื™ืกืคื•.
06:55
Imagine the company that made a search-and-rescue robot
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืฆืœื” ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ
06:58
inspired from a gecko
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ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉืžืžื™ืช
07:00
that could move anywhere
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
07:04
and quickly find individuals that have been trapped,
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืœื›ื“ื•,
07:08
that sometimes survive as long as two weeks.
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื.
07:14
There is a gecko-inspired robot, StickyBot,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืฉืžืžื™ืช, "ืกื˜ื™ืงื™ื‘ื•ื˜",
07:16
from the Stanford group,
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ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“,
07:19
that can grab on to any surface.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—.
07:22
Now we ran our own, for TED, Mini Bio-inspired Design Challenge
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืจืฆื ื•, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ TED, ืืชื’ืจ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืฉืœื ื•
07:27
to get you to think about these kinds of products.
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ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
07:30
We have a winner.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื”.
07:32
Here's the winner.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”.
07:34
The winner came up with this design called StickySeat.
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ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื”ืขืœื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื ืงืจื "ื›ื™ืกื ื“ื‘ื™ืง".
07:37
Really clever.
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ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื›ื.
07:38
It's a seat that is not only comfortable,
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ื–ื” ื›ื™ืกื ืฉืœื ืจืง ื ื•ื—,
07:40
but it aids a seat belt, if you were in an accident,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืื ืืชื ื ืงืœืขื™ื ืœืชืื•ื ื”,
07:43
in terms of keeping your seat and moving.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื•ืœื–ื•ื–.
07:45
This is brilliant!
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ื–ื” ื’ืื•ื ื™!
07:46
We didn't think about this,
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ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”,
07:47
although we might think about patenting it now,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
07:49
but there is a winner for this,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื–ื”,
07:51
and the winner, and you can't,
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ื•ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”, ื•ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื,
07:53
you can't make up something like this,
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”,
07:55
the winner's name
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ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”
07:58
is Harry.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืืจื™. (ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: ืฉืขื™ืจ)
08:00
Where's Harry?
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ืืจื™?
08:01
Harry, come here, we have a prize for you.
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ื”ืืจื™, ื‘ื•ื ื”ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคืจืก ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš.
08:04
Where's Harry?
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ืืจื™?
08:06
Harry!
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ื”ืืจื™!
08:07
Come here!
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ื‘ื•ื ืœื›ืืŸ!
08:13
We have a crested gecko for you
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืžืžื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ืฆืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš
08:17
that has very cool hairs on it.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
08:19
Congratulations for Harry!
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ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืืจื™!
08:22
Excellent job!
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”!
08:26
So don't worry, if you missed out on this, it's OK
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ืื– ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•, ืื ืœื ื–ื›ื™ืชื, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
08:28
because we are doing another design challenge
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืืชื’ืจ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
08:31
working with the San Diego Zoo.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื•.
08:33
They're developing a best ideas project in San Diego,
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ื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื•,
08:36
but it's going to go national.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื›ืœืœ ืืจืฆื™.
08:38
And I'll leave you with a fact that you should keep being curious
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืงืจื ื™ื
08:41
because curiosity-based research leads to the biggest benefits,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:46
as we showed you in our example,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•,
08:48
and you <i>can</i> make a difference
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ื•ืืชื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข
08:50
<i>now</i>
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
08:51
because like Tanya,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืžื• ื˜ื ื™ื”,
08:55
you don't know what can't be done.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
08:57
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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