The game-changing amniotic egg - April Tucker

277,998 views ใƒป 2013-06-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: amit geva
00:13
Would you believe that walruses,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื‘ืชื ื™ื,
00:15
rattlesnakes,
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ืขื›ืกื ื™ื,
00:16
and parakeets
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ื•ืชื•ื›ื™ื
00:17
all once lived in the same house?
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ื—ื™ื• ืคืขื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช?
00:20
Let's go back about 350 million years.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” 350 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
00:23
Look around.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
00:24
Steamy swamps and rain forests of horsetails and ferns
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ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ืžื‘ืขื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ื–ื ื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ืก ื•ืฉืจื›ื™ื
00:27
cover the region.
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ืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
00:29
Amphibians are the dominant land vertebrates.
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ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
00:31
They range in size from newts
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ื”ืŸ ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื ืžื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
00:33
to crocodiles.
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ืœืงื•ืจืงื•ื“ื™ืœื™ื.
00:34
And all require water to do their egg laying.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื™ื ืœื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
00:38
If they don't go to the water,
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื™ื,
00:39
their shell-less, jelly-like eggs will dry out.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ืคื”, ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’'ืœื™ ื™ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•.
00:42
Because of this hazard,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
00:43
they spend most of their time
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ื”ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื
ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื.
00:45
living in or near fresh water.
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00:47
That is, until a breakthrough
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ื•ื–ื”, ืขื“ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš
00:49
in evolution changes everything:
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ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืžืฉื ื” ื”ื›ืœ:
00:52
the amniotic egg.
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"ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช".
00:54
The amniotic egg is shelled,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืงืœื™ืคื”,
00:56
waterproof,
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ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืžื™ื,
00:57
and can be laid on dry land.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
00:59
It is produced by the amniotes,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื,
01:00
a new group of animals named after their revolutionary egg.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:04
The first amniote is a tetrapod,
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ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื˜ืจืคื•ื“,
01:06
a four-legged animal,
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ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืืจื‘ืข ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื,
01:07
resembling a small lizard.
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ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืœื˜ืื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
01:09
While some amphibians can walk around on land
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”
01:11
and bury their eggs in wet soil or highly humid areas,
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ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืœื—ื” ืื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ื™ื,
01:15
nothing before the amniotes has the ability
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ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
01:17
to lay its eggs on completely dry land.
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ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื• ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:20
Because of this evolved egg,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช,
01:22
the amniotes are the first animals
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ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
01:24
with the ability to live a fully terrestrial life.
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ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:27
But, despite their move inland,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื”,
01:29
the amniotes have not abandoned
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ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื ื ื˜ืฉื•
01:31
their pond-dwelling upbringing.
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ืืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื ืฆืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื.
01:33
In fact, the amniotic egg brings the pond with them
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื
01:36
by enclosing the aquatic environment within its shell.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืœืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืœื™ืคื”.
01:39
This is achieved by four main upgrades
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื™ื“ืจื•ื’ื™ื
01:41
that are unique to amniotic eggs.
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ืฉื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช.
01:44
Let's take a closer look.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื‘.
01:45
The first development is the most obvious:
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ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจื”:
01:47
the egg's protective shell.
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ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื”.
01:49
It's tough but flexible,
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ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืื‘ืœ ื’ืžื™ืฉื”,
01:50
and has a leathery surface,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืฉื˜ื— ืขื•ืจื™,
01:52
still seen in reptile eggs today.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:55
The shell protects the eggs from predators,
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ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื,
ื—ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
01:57
bacteria,
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01:57
damage,
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ื ื–ืง,
01:58
and drying out.
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ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
01:59
But, unlike the walls of a fish tank,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ื,
02:01
the shell of the amniotic egg is porous,
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ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืืžื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช,
02:04
allowing oxygen to pass through
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ
02:06
so that the growing amniote inside doesn't suffocate.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื—ื ืง.
02:09
The next two developments are two separate membranes
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช
02:12
that work together like a pair of lungs.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืžื• ื–ื•ื’ ืจืื•ืช.
02:14
They bring oxygen into the embryo
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ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ
02:16
while removing carbon dioxide.
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ื•ืžืกืœืงื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
02:18
The first is the chorion,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ,
02:20
which is the protective layer that oxygen passes through
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื” ืฉื—ืžืฆืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื›ื”
02:23
after entering the shell's tiny pores.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื™ืคื”.
02:25
You may recognize the chorion
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ
02:27
as the thin skin you peel away on a hard boiled egg.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื“ืงื” ืฉืืชื ืžืงืœืคื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืฆื” ืงืฉื”.
02:30
Think of this waterproof membrane
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืขืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื•
02:32
as the in and out doors of the egg.
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ื›ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื”.
02:35
It's the entrance for oxygen
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ
02:36
and exit for carbon dioxide.
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ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
02:39
The membrane working with the chorion
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ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ
02:41
is the allantois.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืืœื ื˜ื•ื™ืก.
02:42
If the chorion is the doors,
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ืื ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช,
02:44
then the allantois is essentially the lobby of the building.
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ืื– ื”ืืœื ื˜ื•ื™ืก ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
02:47
It directs the oxygen and carbon dioxide
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื”ืคื“"ื—
02:49
while simultaneously storing
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
02:51
unneeded waste from the embryo.
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ืคืกื•ืœืช ืœื ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ.
02:53
The chorion and the allantois make sure the embryo
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ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืืœื ื˜ื•ื™ืก ื“ื•ืื’ื•ืช ืฉืœืขื•ื‘ืจ
02:55
has everything it needs
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš
02:57
and gets rid of anything it doesn't.
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ื•ื ืคืชืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื.
02:59
The last and perhaps the most important development
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ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
03:01
is the amnion, the membrane for which the egg is named.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืงืจื•ื™ื”.
03:05
The amnion is also contained within the chroion
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ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืœืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ
03:08
and holds the fluid in which the embryo floats.
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ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื‘ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฆืฃ.
03:10
Because it has left the watery world of the amphibians,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:13
the amnion is necessary for preventing
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ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช
03:15
the embryo from drying out.
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ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ.
03:17
It is the transportable pond
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื ื™ื™ื“ืช
03:19
that allows the amniote to lay the egg on dry land.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืืžื ื™ื•ื˜ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
03:22
Its fluid also protects the embryo
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ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉืœื” ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ
03:23
from any collisions or rough landings,
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืื• ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื”,
03:26
like a shock absorber on your bike or car.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืœื ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ืื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
03:28
Together, the shell and these four membranes
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ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
03:31
create a safe, watery environment
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืช
03:33
for the embryo to grow and develop.
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ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
03:35
The new amniote offspring will continue
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ื”ืฆืืฆื ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš
03:37
the process of vertebrate evolution
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ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช
03:39
as it explores new land away from the water.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืžื™ื.
03:42
They will spend the next million years
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ื”ื ื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
03:44
splitting into two distinct groups:
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ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช:
03:46
the synapsids and sauropsids.
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ื”ืกื™ื ืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืกืื•ืจื•ืคื•ืกื™ื“ื™ื.
03:48
Synapsida is the group of animals
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ืกื™ื ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช
03:50
that contain mammals,
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื,
03:51
while sauropsida is the group that contains
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืกืื•ืจื•ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื”
03:53
reptiles,
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ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื,
03:54
birds,
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ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
03:55
and dinosaurs.
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ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
03:56
These two amniotic groups collectively contain
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื—ื“ ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช
03:59
the walruses,
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03:59
rattlesnakes,
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ืืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ืชืŸ,
ื”ืขื›ืกืŸ,
04:00
and parakeets we know today.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:02
Like a family reunion,
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ื›ืžื• ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™,
04:03
with relatives of every shape and size,
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ืขื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ,
04:06
coming together from different corners of the Earth,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:08
these animals can all call one place home:
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืช:
04:11
the amniotic egg.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ืืžื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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