Equality, sports, and Title IX - Erin Buzuvis and Kristine Newhall

380,471 views ใƒป 2013-06-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: amit geva
00:13
Today lots of girls play sports.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜.
00:16
But, for a long time, girls were not encouraged
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื ืขื•ื“ื“ื•
00:18
to kick,
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ืœื‘ืขื•ื˜,
00:19
throw,
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ืœื–ืจื•ืง,
00:20
run,
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00:20
jump,
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ืœืจื•ืฅ,
ืœืงืคื•ืฅ,
00:21
shoot,
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ืœื™ืจื•ืช,
00:22
slide,
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00:22
or hit like boys.
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ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ,
ืื• ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ื.
00:24
So, why did things change?
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ืื–, ืœืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•?
00:26
And how much have they changed?
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•?
00:28
Are girls and boys treated equally
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ื”ืื ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื—ืก
00:30
when it comes to sports?
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜?
00:32
To begin to answer these questions,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
00:34
we have to look back.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช.
00:36
In 1972, Congress passed a law called Title IX,
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ื‘ 1972, ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืง ืฉื ืงืจื "ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ IX",
00:40
which protected girls and women
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ืฉื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื™ื
00:42
from discrimination in schools,
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ืžืืคืœื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ,
00:43
colleges,
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ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช,
00:44
and universities.
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ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช.
00:46
This included discrimination in school-sponsored sports.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืืคืœื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜.
00:50
At that time, only 15% of college athletes were women,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืจืง 15% ืžื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉื™ื,
00:53
and in high schools,
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ื•ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
00:54
only 7% of athletes were girls.
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ืจืง 7% ืžื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืช.
00:57
Female athletes didn't get a lot of support either
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ืืชืœื˜ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืžื™ื›ื”
01:00
and often had to provide their own uniforms and equipment.
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ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:04
It was Title IX that forced school administrators
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ IX ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ
01:07
to make sports more equal.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™.
01:09
But what does equal mean in sports?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜?
01:12
The government developed rules
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื
01:13
to measure equality under two general categories:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืฉืชื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช:
01:17
participation
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ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช
01:18
and treatment.
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ื•ื™ื—ืก.
01:19
In the early days of Title IX,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ IX,
01:21
the number of girls playing sports was so low
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื—ืงื• ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืžื•ืš
01:24
that it would have been very difficult
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื”
01:25
for schools to suddenly provide exactly the same number
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ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืคืชืื•ื ืœืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ
01:28
of opportunities for girls and boys.
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช.
01:30
Instead, the government wrote rules
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื
01:33
that gave schools three options, or tests,
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ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื,
01:36
to demonstrate fairness in opportunities for girls.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช.
01:39
The three tests are
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•
01:41
proportionality,
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ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช,
01:42
progress,
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช,
01:43
and satisfied interests.
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ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืžืกื•ืคืงื™ื.
01:46
A school can pick which test to follow.
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ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘.
01:49
Proportionality means that girls should receive
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ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช ืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืงื‘ืœื•
01:52
the same percentage of athletic opportunities
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ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืชืœื˜ื™ื•ืช
01:54
as the percentage of girls in the student body.
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ื›ืžื• ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช.
01:57
So, if 51% of students are girls,
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ืื–, ืื 51% ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืช,
02:00
then girls should have approximately
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ืื– ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš
51% ืžื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜.
02:02
51% of the opportunities to play sports.
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02:05
The second test, progress,
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ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช,
02:07
requires schools to make up for the days
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ื“ืจืฉ ืžื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ื
02:09
when girls had fewer opportunities
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ืฉืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
02:11
by adding new sports for girls on a regular basis.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ื•ืข.
02:15
The third test asks if girls interested
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ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืื ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช
02:18
in athletics are satisfied.
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ืžืกื•ืคืงื•ืช.
02:20
Under this test, a school must regularly ask
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ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ
02:23
female students what sports they are interested in
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืŸ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช
02:26
and also take into consideration the popularity
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ื•ื’ื ืœืงื—ืช ืชื—ืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช
02:28
of certain sports in the area
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ
02:29
where the school is located.
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ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืžื•ืงื.
02:32
It must, then, add teams according to the girls' interests.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘, ืื–, ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช.
02:36
Another important part of Title IX
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ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ IX
02:38
is that it doesn't just look at how many
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ื›ืžื”
02:40
athletic opportunities are available to each sex
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืชืœื˜ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ
02:43
but whether those opportunities are of equal quality.
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ืืœื ืื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชืŸ.
02:46
Specifically, Title IX requires equality
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ IX ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ
02:49
between boys and girls teams for things
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
02:51
like equipment and supplies,
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื•ืืกืคืงื”,
02:53
publicity,
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ืคืจืกื•ื,
02:54
the scheduling of games and practice times,
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ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื,
ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืืžื ื™ื.
02:56
and the quality and number of coaches.
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02:58
Girls should also have equal access
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ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื•ื”
03:00
to locker rooms,
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ืœื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืœื‘ืฉื”,
03:01
practice spaces, and competitive facilities,
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื,
03:04
as well as medical services.
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ื›ืžื• ืœืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื.
03:06
So, if the best time to play basketball is on Friday nights
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ืื–, ืื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืขืจื‘
03:09
because that's when most parents and fans can come,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื– ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื,
03:12
then the girls and boys teams
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ืื– ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช
03:14
should take turns playing on Friday night.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืชื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืขืจื‘.
03:16
If boys teams play in a stadium with lights,
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ืื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ืื•ืจื•ืช,
03:19
scoreboards,
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ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช,
03:20
and concession stands,
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ื•ื“ื•ื›ื ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
03:21
then girls teams must have the same opportunity,
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ืื– ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
03:24
either by sharing those facilities
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืชืงื ื™ื
03:26
or getting their own of equal quality.
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ืื• ื‘ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืื™ื›ื•ืช.
03:29
But, as we all know,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
03:30
just because a law exists
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ื•ืง ืงื™ื™ื
03:32
doesn't mean that everybody follows it.
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืชื™ื ืœื•.
03:34
School officials are responsible
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ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืื—ืจืื™ื
ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
03:36
for making sure there is fairness in sports,
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03:38
but you can help, too,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ,
03:39
by keeping an eye on your own school.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
03:42
Look around.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘.
03:43
Are there a lot more boys than girls who play sports?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜?
03:47
Is the boys' soccer field better than the girls'?
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ื”ืื ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช?
03:50
Are athletic trainers available to all teams equally?
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ื”ืื ืžืืžื ื™ื ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”?
03:54
Does the baseball team get new uniforms every year,
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ื”ืื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
03:57
while the softball team gets them every three years?
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืกื•ืคื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื?
04:00
If you think there might be inequality in your schools,
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
04:03
you can approach a school administrator,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
04:05
a parent,
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ื”ื•ืจื”,
04:06
or the Office of Civil Rights,
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ืื• ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
04:07
a government agency that makes sure schools
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ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืฉื“ื•ืื’ืช ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ
04:10
comply with Title IX
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ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ IX
04:12
because equality is important for everyone,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื•ืœื,
04:14
both on the field and off.
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ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื•ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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