What on Earth is spin? - Brian Jones

164,297 views ใƒป 2013-05-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Jessica Ruby
0
0
7000
ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: eviatar edlerman
00:15
The next time you see a news report of a hurricane
1
15173
2291
ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ
00:17
or a tropical storm
2
17464
1210
ืื• ืกื•ืคื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช
00:18
showing high winds battering trees and houses,
3
18674
2607
ืฉืžืจืื” ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื,
00:21
ask yourself, "How did the wind get going so fast?"
4
21281
3274
ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื, "ืื™ืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช?"
00:24
Amazingly enough, this is a motion that started
5
24555
2294
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ื–ื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”
00:26
more than five billion years ago.
6
26849
2085
ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:28
But, to understand why, we need to understand spin.
7
28934
3397
ืื‘ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคื™ืŸ.
00:32
In physics, we talk about two types of motion.
8
32331
2334
ื‘ืคื™ืกื™ืงื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”.
00:34
The first is straight-line motion.
9
34665
1776
ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ.
00:36
You push on something, and it moves forward.
10
36441
2294
ืืชื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
00:38
The second type, spin, involves an object rotating,
11
38735
3337
ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื,
00:42
or turning on its axis in place.
12
42072
2462
ืื• ืกื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
00:44
An object in straight-line motion will move forever
13
44534
2384
ืขืฆื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ื™ื ื•ืข ืœื ืฆื—
00:46
unless something,
14
46918
951
ืืœื ืื ืžืฉื”ื•,
00:47
like the friction of the ground beneath it,
15
47869
1886
ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืขื ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืชื—ืชื™ื•,
00:49
causes it to slow down and stop.
16
49755
2285
ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ืื˜ ื•ืœืขืฆื•ืจ.
00:52
The same thing happens when you get something spinning.
17
52040
2536
ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•.
00:54
It will keep on spinning until something stops it.
18
54576
3011
ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
00:57
But the spin can speed up.
19
57587
2086
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ.
00:59
If an ice skater is gliding across the ice
20
59673
2281
ืื ื’ื•ืœืฉืช ืขืœ ืงืจื— ืชื—ืœื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื—
01:01
in straight-line motion and she pulls her arms in,
21
61954
2598
ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื”,
01:04
she keeps on gliding at the same speed.
22
64552
2378
ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:06
But if she is spinning on the ice
23
66930
1629
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื—
01:08
and she pulls her arms in,
24
68559
1290
ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื”,
01:09
you know what happens next.
25
69849
1830
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
01:11
She spins faster.
26
71679
1741
ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:13
This is called the conservation of angular momentum.
27
73420
3604
ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื•ื™ืชื™ืช.
01:17
Mathematically, angular momentum is a product of two numbers,
28
77024
3590
ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช, ืชื ืข ื–ื•ื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
01:20
one that gives the spin rate
29
80614
1335
ืื—ื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘
01:21
and one that gives the distance of the mass from the axis.
30
81949
2962
ื•ืื—ื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื” ืžื”ืฆื™ืจ.
01:24
If something is freely spinning,
31
84911
1754
ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช,
01:26
as one number gets bigger,
32
86665
1430
ื›ืฉืื—ื“ ื’ื“ืœ,
01:28
the other gets smaller.
33
88095
1523
ื”ืฉื ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ.
01:29
Arms closer, spin faster.
34
89618
2360
ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:31
Arms farther, spin slower.
35
91978
2732
ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:34
Spin causes other effects, too.
36
94710
2074
ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืจื ื’ื ืœืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:36
If you are riding on a spinning merry-go-round
37
96784
1667
ืื ืืชื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื•ืกืœื”
01:38
and you toss a ball to a friend,
38
98451
1725
ื•ืืชื ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ,
01:40
it will appear to follow a curving path.
39
100176
2338
ื™ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืขื•ืงืœ.
01:42
It doesn't actually curve, though.
40
102514
2114
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืขื•ืงืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”.
01:44
It really goes in a straight line.
41
104628
1973
ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ.
01:46
You were the one who was following a curving path,
42
106601
2448
ืืชื ืขืงื‘ืชื ืื—ืจื™ ืงื• ืžืขื•ืงืœ,
01:49
but, from your point of view,
43
109049
1533
ืื‘ืœ, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
01:50
the ball appears to curve.
44
110582
1895
ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
01:52
We call this the coriolis effect.
45
112477
2457
ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืืคืงื˜ ืงื•ืจื™ื•ืœื™ืก.
01:54
Oh, and you are riding on a speeding merry-go-round
46
114934
2222
ืื”, ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื•ืกืœื” ืžืื™ืฆื”
01:57
right now at this very moment.
47
117156
2019
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข.
01:59
We call it the Earth.
48
119175
1501
ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:00
The Earth spins on its axis once each day.
49
120676
2902
ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฆื™ืจื• ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
02:03
But why does the Earth spin?
50
123578
1446
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘?
02:05
Now, that's a story that starts billions of years ago.
51
125024
3094
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:08
A cloud of dust and gas that form
52
128118
1738
ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืง ื•ื’ื– ืฉื™ืฆืจ
02:09
the Sun and the Earth and the planets
53
129856
1214
ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช
02:11
and you and me
54
131070
1043
ื•ืืชื›ื ื•ืื•ืชื™
02:12
started to collapse as gravity pulled it all together.
55
132113
2919
ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืก ื›ืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžืฉืš ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื“.
02:15
Before it started to collapse,
56
135032
1646
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืก,
02:16
this cloud had a very gentle spin.
57
136678
2497
ืœืขื ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื“ื™ืŸ.
02:19
And, as it collapsed,
58
139175
1315
ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจืก,
02:20
like that ice skater pulling her arms in,
59
140490
2129
ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœื™ืงืช ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืžืฉื›ื” ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื”,
02:22
the spin got faster and faster.
60
142619
2012
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:24
And everything that formed out of the cloud,
61
144631
2049
ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื ืŸ,
02:26
the Sun
62
146680
628
ื”ืฉืžืฉ
02:27
and the planets around the Sun
63
147308
1512
ื•ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืžืฉ
02:28
and the moons around the planets,
64
148820
1683
ื•ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
02:30
all inherited this spin.
65
150503
2089
ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘.
02:32
And this inherited spin is what gives us night and day.
66
152592
3043
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
02:35
And this day-night cycle is what drives our weather.
67
155635
3003
ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
02:38
The Earth is warm on the daytime side,
68
158638
1804
ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื—ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:40
cool on the nighttime side,
69
160442
1666
ื•ืงืจื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
02:42
and it's warmer at the equator than at the poles.
70
162108
2455
ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื.
02:44
The differences in temperature
71
164563
1459
ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช
02:46
make differences in air pressure,
72
166022
1756
ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ,
02:47
and the differences in air pressure
73
167778
1225
ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ
02:49
make air move.
74
169003
1310
ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื•ื™ืจ ืœื ื•ืข.
02:50
They make the wind blow.
75
170313
1339
ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืจื•ื— ืœื ืฉื•ื‘.
02:51
But, because the Earth spins,
76
171652
1375
ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
02:53
the moving air curves to the right
77
173027
1544
ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืชืขืงืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ
02:54
in the Northern Hemisphere
78
174571
1337
ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™
02:55
because of the coriolis effect.
79
175908
2932
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืืคืงื˜ ืงื•ืจื™ื•ืœื™ืก.
02:58
If there's a region of low pressure in the atmosphere,
80
178840
2373
ืื ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
03:01
air is pushed toward it,
81
181213
1030
ืื•ื™ืจ ื ื“ื—ืฃ ืืœื™ื•,
03:02
like water going down a drain.
82
182243
1863
ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ืจ.
03:04
But the air curves to the right as it goes,
83
184106
2121
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืชืขืงืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืข,
03:06
and this gives it a spin.
84
186227
2269
ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘.
03:08
With the dramatic low pressure in a storm,
85
188496
2098
ืขื ืœื—ืฅ ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื•ืคื”,
03:10
the air gets pulled in tighter and tighter,
86
190594
1923
ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืฉืื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื” ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:12
so it gets going faster and faster,
87
192517
1916
ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ืข ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:14
and this is how we get the high winds of a hurricane.
88
194433
3892
ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ.
03:18
So, when you see a spinning storm on a weather report,
89
198325
2141
ืื–, ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
03:20
think about this:
90
200466
1350
ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”:
03:21
The spin ultimately came from the spin of the Earth,
91
201816
3040
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:24
and the Earth's spin is a remnant,
92
204856
1494
ื•ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืจื™ืช,
03:26
a fossil relic,
93
206350
1179
ืฉืืจื™ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื ืช,
03:27
of the gentle spin of the cloud of dust and gas
94
207529
2754
ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืง ื•ื”ื’ื–
03:30
that collapsed to make the Earth
95
210283
1420
ืฉืงืจืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
03:31
some five billion years ago.
96
211703
1915
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”.
03:33
You are watching something, the spin,
97
213618
2334
ืืชื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘,
03:35
that is older than dirt,
98
215952
1462
ืฉืขืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื“ืžื”,
03:37
that's older than rocks,
99
217414
1119
ืฉืขืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืœืขื™ื,
03:38
that's older than the Earth itself.
100
218533
2791
ืฉืขืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืฆืžื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7