How does an atom-smashing particle accelerator work? - Don Lincoln

680,166 views ใƒป 2013-04-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:14
One of the grandest scientific tools ever made by mankind
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ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ืฆืจ
00:17
is called an atom smasher.
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ื ืงืจื ืžืจืกืง ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
00:19
And I mean literally grand.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
00:21
The biggest one ever built,
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ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื ื‘ื ื”,
00:22
the Large Hadron Collider, or LHC,
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ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื• LHC,
00:24
is a ring with a circumference of about 18 miles.
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืขื ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 29 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
00:27
That's more than the entire length of Manhattan.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ.
00:30
So what is an atom smasher?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืจืกืง ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื?
00:32
It is a device that collides atomic nuclei together
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ื–ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืžืจืกืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื—ื“
00:35
at extremely high energy.
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ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.
00:36
The most powerful one scientists have ever built
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ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื ื•
00:38
can heat matter to the hottest temperatures ever achieved,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืžื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ื”,
00:41
temperatures last seen at a trillionth of second
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
00:44
after the universe began.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
00:46
Our accelerators are full of engineering superlatives.
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ื”ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคืจืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื.
00:49
The beam-containing region of the LHC is a vacuum,
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”LHC ื”ื•ื ื•ืืงื•ื
00:52
with lower pressure than what surrounds
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ืขื ืœื—ืฅ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ
00:54
the international space station,
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ืืช ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
00:55
and is 456 degrees Fahrenheit below zero,
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ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ 253.5 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคืก,
01:00
colder than the temperature of deepest space.
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ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืขืžื•ืง.
01:02
A previous accelerator sitting in the LHC tunnel
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ืžืื™ืฅ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื”ืจื” ืฉืœ ื” LHC
01:05
holds the world record for velocity,
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
01:08
accelerating an electron to a speed so fast
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ื”ืืฆื” ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
01:11
that if it were to race a photon of light,
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ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ,
01:13
it would take about 14 minutes for the photon
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš 14 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ
01:15
to get a lead of about 10 feet.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืขืจ ืฉืœ 3 ืžื˜ืจ.
01:17
If that doesn't impress you,
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ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืžืจืฉื™ื ืืชื›ื,
01:18
remember the photon is fastest thing in the universe,
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
01:21
it goes about 186,000 miles per second.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 300,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”.
01:26
So how do these subatomic particle accelerators work?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืžืื™ืฆื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืชืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื?
01:29
Well, they use electric fields.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
01:31
Electric fields make charged particles move in the same way
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ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš
01:34
that gravity will pull a dropped baseball.
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ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืชืžืฉื•ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืคืœ.
01:36
The force from the electric field
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืžื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™
01:38
will pull a particle to make it move.
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ื™ืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื–ื•ื–.
01:40
The speed will continue to increase
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ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ
01:42
until the charged particle is moving incredibly fast.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื”.
01:45
A simple particle accelerator can be made
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ืžืื™ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช
01:47
by hooking two parallel metal plates to a battery.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืชื›ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืกื•ืœืœื”.
01:50
The charge from the battery moves
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ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืžื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื ืข
01:52
on to the two metal plates
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ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช
01:53
and makes an electric field that pulls the particle along.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื“ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
01:56
And that's it,
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ื•ื–ื”ื•,
01:57
you got a particle accelerator.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืื™ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
01:59
The problem is that an accelerator built this way is very weak.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืื™ืฅ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืœืฉ.
02:03
Building a modern accelerator like the LHC this way
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืื™ืฅ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื›ืžื• ื” LHC ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•
02:05
would take over five trillion standard D-cell batteries.
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ืชื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช D.
02:09
So scientists use much stronger batteries
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ืื– ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:12
and put them one after another.
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ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
02:13
An earlier accelerator used this method
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ืžืื™ืฅ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•
02:16
and was about a mile long
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื›ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™
02:17
and was equivalent to 30 billion batteries.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช.
02:21
However, to make an accelerator
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืื™ืฅ
02:22
that is equivalent to five trillion batteries
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ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื—ืžืฉ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช
02:24
would require an accelerator 150 miles long.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืื™ืฅ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 240 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
02:28
Scientists needed another way.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
02:30
While electric fields would make a particle go faster,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื—ืœืงื™ืง ืœื ื•ืข ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:33
magnetic fields make them move in a circular path.
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ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ืžืขื’ืœื™.
02:36
If you put an electric field along the circle,
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ืื ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื“ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื’ืœ,
02:38
you don't need to use miles of electric fields,
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ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื,
02:41
you can use a single electric field over and over again.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
02:44
The beams go around the circle,
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ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ,
02:46
and each time they gain more energy.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
02:48
So very high-energy accelerators consist of
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ืื– ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื
02:51
a short region with accelerating electric fields,
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ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ืขื ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืžืื™ืฆื™ื,
02:54
combined with long series of magnets
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ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื
02:56
that guide the particles in a circle.
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ.
02:58
The strength of the magnets
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื
02:59
and the radius of the circular path
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ื•ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™
03:01
determines the maximum energy of the beam.
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ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ.
03:04
Once the beam is zooming along,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืงืจืŸ ื—ื•ืœืคืช ื‘ื™ืขืฃ,
03:06
then the real fun begins,
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ืื– ื”ื›ื™ืฃ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ,
03:08
the smashing.
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ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืง.
03:09
The reason physicists want to get
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื
03:10
those particles moving so fast
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ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ
03:12
is so that they can slam them into one another.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืกืง ืื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™.
03:14
These collisions can teach us
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ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•
03:15
about the fundamental rules that govern matter,
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ,
03:18
but they'd be impossible without the feat of engineering
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ืฉื’ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื™
03:21
that is the particle accelerator.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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