Making waves: The power of concentration gradients - Sasha Wright

210,091 views ใƒป 2014-03-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
If you've ever floated on an ocean swell,
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ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืฆืคืชื ืขืœ ื’ืœ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
00:09
you'll know that the sea moves constantly.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช.
00:12
Zoom out, and you'll see the larger picture:
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ื–ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื•ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”:
00:14
our Earth, covered by 71 percent water,
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ 71 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื™ื,
00:18
moving in one enormous current around the planet.
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ืฉื ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื ืื—ื“ ืื“ื™ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืคืœื ื˜ื”.
00:21
This intimidating global conveyor belt
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ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ื ืข ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืžืื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”
00:23
has many complicated drivers,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
00:25
but behind it all is a simple pump
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
00:28
that moves water all over the earth.
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ืฉืžื ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
00:30
The process is called thermohaline circulation,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ืงืจื ืกื™ืจืงื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืชืจืžื•ื”ืœื™ื ื™ืช,
00:34
and it's driven by a basic concept:
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™:
00:36
the concentration gradient.
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ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช.
00:43
Let's leave the ocean for one moment
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืœืจื’ืข
00:44
and imagine we're in an empty room
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ื•ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืจื™ืง
00:46
with lots of Roombas sardined together
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ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื—ื“
00:49
in one corner.
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ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ืื—ืช.
00:50
Turn them all on at once
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ืื ืชื“ืœื™ืงื• ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“
00:52
and the machines glide outwards
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ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ืœื™ืงื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ
00:53
bumping into and away from each other
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ื™ืชื ื’ืฉื• ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจื—ืง ืื—ืช ืžืื—ืจืช
00:56
until the room is filled with an evenly spaced distribution.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ื“ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื‘ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื”.
01:00
The machines have moved randomly
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื ื•ืขื• ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™ืช
01:02
towards equilibrium,
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ,
01:03
a place where the concentration of a substance
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ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
01:05
is equally spread out.
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ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”.
01:07
That's what happens along a concentration gradient,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืจื™ื›ื•ื–,
01:10
as substances shift passively from a high,
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืข ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจื™ื›ื•ื–
01:13
or squashed, concentration,
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ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืื• ืžืขื•ืš,
01:14
to a lower, more comfortable one.
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ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ืžื•ืš ืื• ื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:17
How does this relate to ocean currents and thermohaline circulation?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ืจืžื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืกื™ืจืงื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืจืžื•ื”ืœื™ื ื™ื?
01:21
Thermo means temperature,
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ืชืจืžื• ืžืฉืžืขื• ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”,
01:22
and haline means salt
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ื•ื”ืœื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื• ืžืœื—
01:24
because in the real world scenario of the sea,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื,
01:26
temperature and salinity drive the shift
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื–ื”
01:29
from high to low concentrations.
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ืžืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ื™ื.
01:33
Let's put you back in the ocean
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
01:34
to see how this works.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
01:36
Snap!
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ืกื ืืค!
01:37
You're transformed into a molecule of surface water,
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ืืชื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
01:40
off the temperate coast of New York
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืžื•ื–ื’ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
01:42
surrounded by a zillion rowdy others.
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ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:44
Here, the sun's rays act as an energizer
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ื›ืืŸ, ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื˜ืขื™ื ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
01:47
that set you and the other water molecules
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ืืœื” ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื›ื ื•ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช
01:49
jostling about, bouncing off each other
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ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜, ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”
01:52
like the Roombas did.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ืช ืขืฉื•.
01:53
The more you spread out,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืชืคื–ืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:54
the less concentrated the water molecules
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื•ืช
01:56
at the surface become.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
01:58
Through this passive motion,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
02:00
you move from a high to a lower concentration.
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ืืชื ื ืขื™ื ืžืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:03
Let's suspend the laws of physics for a moment,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืขืœื ืžื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืจื’ืข,
02:05
and pretend that your molecular self
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ื•ื ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”
02:07
can plunge deep down into the water column.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืžืขืžืงื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืง ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื.
02:10
In these colder depths,
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ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:12
the comparative lack of solar warmth
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ื”ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืฉืžืฉ
02:14
makes water molecules sluggish,
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:16
meaning they can sit quite still at high concentrations.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
02:19
No jostling here.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื.
02:21
But seeking relief
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžื ื•ื—ื”
02:22
from the cramped conditions they're in,
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ืžืชื ืื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช,
02:24
they soon start moving upwards
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ื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื”
02:26
towards the roomier situation at the surface.
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
02:29
This is how temperature
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ื›ืš ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
02:30
drives a shift of water molecules
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ืžื ื™ืขื” ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื
02:32
from high to low concentrations,
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ืžืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ื™ื,
02:34
towards equilibrium.
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ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ.
02:36
But sea water is made up of more than just H2O.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืž H2O.
02:39
There are a great deal of salt ions in it as well.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืœื—.
02:42
And like you, these guys have a similar desire
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื›ื, ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื“ื•ืžื”
02:44
for spacious real estate.
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ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื—ื™ื”.
02:46
As the sun warms the sea,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžื—ืžืžืช ืืช ื”ื™ื,
02:48
some of your fellow water molecules
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ื›ืžื” ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
02:50
evaporate from the surface,
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ืžืชืื“ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
02:52
increasing the ration of salt to H2O.
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ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ืžืœื— ื‘ H2O.
02:55
The crowded salt ions left behind
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ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืœื— ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ
02:57
notice that lower down,
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ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:58
salt molecules seem to be enjoying more space.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืœื— ื ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื.
03:01
And so an invasion begins,
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ื›ืš ืฉืคืœื™ืฉื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”,
03:03
as they too move downwards in the water column.
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืขื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื.
03:06
In the polar regions,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื,
03:07
we see how this small local process
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
03:09
effects global movement.
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ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช.
03:11
In the arctic and antarctic,
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ื‘ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื•ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™,
03:13
where ice slabs decorate the water's surface,
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ืฉื ื’ื•ืฉื™ ืงืจื— ืžืงืฉื˜ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื,
03:15
there's little temperature difference
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
03:16
between surface and deeper waters.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื.
03:19
It's all pretty cold.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื“ื™ ืงืจ.
03:20
But salinity differs,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื”,
03:22
and in this scenario,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
03:23
that's what triggers the action.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”.
03:24
Here, the sun's rays melt surface ice,
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ืคื”, ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืžื™ืกื™ื ืงืจื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
03:27
depositing a new load of water molecules
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ืžืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืœืื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื
03:29
into the sea.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื.
03:31
That not only increases the proximity
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื”
03:33
between you and other water molecules,
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ื‘ื™ื ื›ื ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:35
leaving you vying for space again,
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ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืชื›ื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืงื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื•ื‘,
03:37
but it also conversely dilutes
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ืœืœ
03:39
the concentration of salt ions.
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ืืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—.
03:42
So, down you go,
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ืื–, ืœืžื˜ื” ืืชื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื,
03:43
riding along the concentration gradient
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ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–
03:45
towards more comfortable conditions.
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ื›ืœืคื™ ืชื ืื™ื ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:47
For salt ions, however,
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ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืœื—, ืขื ื–ืืช,
03:48
their lower concentration at the surface,
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ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื™,
03:50
acts like an advertisement
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ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืคืจืกื•ืžืช
03:52
to the clamoring masses of salt molecules below
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ืœื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืœื— ืœืžื˜ื”
03:55
who begin their assent.
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ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
03:57
In both temperate and polar regions,
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ื’ื ื‘ืื•ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ื’ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื,
03:59
this passive motion along a concentration gradient,
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ืคื•ืขื™ ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–,
04:02
can get a current going.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื–ืจื.
04:04
And that is the starting point
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ื•ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”
04:05
of the global conveyor
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืข ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
04:07
called thermohaline circulation.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืชืจืžื•ื”ืœื™ื ื™.
04:09
This is how a simple concept
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ื›ืš ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜
04:10
becomes the mechanism underlying
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœ
04:12
one of the largest
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ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช
04:13
and most important systems on our planet.
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ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:15
And if you look around,
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
04:16
you'll see it happening everywhere.
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
04:18
Turn on a light, and it's there.
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ืชื“ืœื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ื•ื–ื” ืฉื.
04:20
Concentration gradients govern
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ืฉื™ืคื•ืขื™ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื
04:22
the flow of electricity,
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ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
04:23
allowing electrons squashed together in one space
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ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“
04:26
to travel to an area of lower concentration
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ืœื ื•ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:28
when a channel is opened,
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ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื‘ ื ืคืชื—,
04:30
which you do by flipping a switch.
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ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉืืชื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืกืง.
04:32
Right now, in fact, there's some gradient action going on
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืคืขื•ืœืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช
04:35
inside you as you breath air into your lungs
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื ื›ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ื™ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจืื•ืช
04:39
letting the concentrated oxygen in that air
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ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ื›ื– ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ
04:41
move passively out of your lungs
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ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
04:43
and into your blood stream.
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ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื.
04:45
We know that the world is filled
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื
04:46
with complex physical problems,
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ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
04:48
but sometimes the first step
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
04:50
towards understanding them can be simple.
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ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜.
04:52
So when you confront the magnitude
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ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ
04:54
of the ocean's currents,
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ืฉืœ ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
04:55
or have to figure out how electricity works,
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ืื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“,
04:57
remember not to panic.
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ื–ื›ืจื• ืœื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืคืื ื™ืงื”.
04:59
Understanding can be as simple as flipping a switch.
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ื”ื‘ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืžืคืกืง.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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