Why are scientists shooting mushrooms into space? - Shannon Odell

636,846 views ใƒป 2024-07-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Floating 350 kilometers above the Earth's surface,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฆืคื™ื 350 ืง"ืž ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:10
astronauts aboard the Soviet space station Mir made a frightening discovery.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช "ืžื™ืจ" ื’ื™ืœื• ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื”.
00:16
Their once clear porthole was clouded with a green and black web-like substance.
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ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืจืฉืช ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื•ืฉื—ื•ืจื”.
00:22
Soon, these growths were found throughout the shuttle,
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ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื ืžืฆืื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช,
00:25
blanketing air conditioners and corroding control panels,
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ืžื›ืกื™ื ืžื–ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ื–ื™ื”
00:28
putting both the station's integrity and the astronauts' lives at risk.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืกื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื.
00:34
The invaders were identified as several species of Earth-derived fungi
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ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื–ื•ื”ื• ื›ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:39
that had, against all odds, survived the journey to space.
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ืฉืฉืจื“ื•, ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื, ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ืœื—ืœืœ.
00:43
And once there, they'd adapted to the microgravity
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื, ื”ืŸ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื• ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
00:47
and radiation-dense environment.
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ื•ืงืจื™ื ื” ืฆืคื•ืคื”.
00:49
Thankfully, the crew managed to keep these threats at bay,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
00:53
and Mir remained in orbit for the next 13 years.
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ื•"ืžื™ืจ" ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš 13 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
00:57
During that time, scientists have learned that fungi have the potential
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืฉืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ
01:02
not to hinder space travel, but to help it.
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ืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ืืœื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืŸ.
01:05
In fact, these resilient, often overlooked organisms
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ื,
01:09
may be the key to our future on other planets.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืขืชื™ื“ื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:13
Once outside the Earth's protective magnetic field,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:16
most living things need serious protection
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช
01:19
to survive the DNA-damaging cosmic radiation in space.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘- DNA ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
01:24
But that's not the case for some fungi.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืงืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
01:26
Many species produce a unique form of melanin,
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ,
01:30
a pigment that safely absorbs high levels of radiation
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ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ื”ืกื•ืคื’ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื”
01:33
and, in some cases, uses this energy to fuel growth.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื“ืœืง ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
01:38
Even if dangerous levels of radiation make it past this homegrown armor
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ื’ื ืื ืจืžื•ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื”ื–ื”
01:42
to damage DNA,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘- DNA,
01:43
many fungi have robust repair systems that spring into action,
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ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืคืฆื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื”,
01:47
cutting out and restoring defective sequences.
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ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืจืฆืคื™ื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื.
01:50
And radiation isn't the only cosmic element fungi can withstand.
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ื•ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื•.
01:54
Their hardy spores sport thick cell walls
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ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืชืื™ื ืขื‘ื™ื
01:58
that allow them to survive extreme temperatures.
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:01
So, how might we utilize fungi in space?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืฆืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ?
02:05
Well, a big obstacle to settling on other planets
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
02:08
is figuring out how to source the materials
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
02:11
needed to build suitable habitats.
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ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื.
02:14
There are two common solutions.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.
02:16
First, we could send these supplies up from Earth.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:19
But this is expensiveโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืงืจ -
02:20
it costs roughly $10,000 for each kilogram of weight added to a launch.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 10,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ.
02:26
Alternatively, we could use what's already there.
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ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื.
02:29
Homes could be built from the dust and fragmented rock
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ื ืžื”ืื‘ืง ื•ื”ืกืœืข ื”ืžืงื•ื˜ืข
02:32
that coat the surface of other planets, which is called regolith.
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ื”ืžืฆืคื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืจื’ื•ืœื™ืช.
02:36
Yet this would require a shipment of large, heavy, energy-intensive machinery
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
02:40
to collect, heat, and compact the loose regolith into something usable.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ, ืœื—ืžื ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืคืช ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื™ืฉ.
02:45
That's where fungi come in.
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ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
02:47
Most fungi have hair-like root structures called mycelia.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ.
02:51
And as they grow, they easily bind nearby materials,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ื”ื ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื,
02:55
whether it be wood chips, sawdust, or regolith.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ ืขืฅ, ื ืกื•ืจืช ืื• ืจื’ื•ืœื™ืช.
02:59
The result is a dense, interconnected web
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืจืฉืช ืฆืคื•ืคื” ื•ืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•
03:01
that makes a surprisingly durable building material
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข
03:04
that's both thermal and radiation protective.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื’ืŸ ืชืจืžื™ ื•ื’ื ืžืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ื ื”.
03:08
Scientists working with NASA's Innovative Advanced Concepts program
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืืกโ€œื
03:12
have devised plans for using this technology
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•
03:15
to grow fungal homes on other planets.
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ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:18
First, lightweight, flexible bags seeded with dehydrated spores
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื
03:22
are launched to their new home.
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ืžืฉื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:24
Once they've arrived, accompanying rovers source water for rehydration
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•, ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื™ื ืœืจื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ
03:28
and regolith for binding.
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ื•ืจื’ื•ืœื™ืช ืœื›ืจื™ื›ื”.
03:30
Alternatively, the bags could be preseeded with a lightweight binding material,
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ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืจื™ื›ื” ืงืœ ืžืฉืงืœ,
03:35
like dehydrated wood chips.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ ืขืฅ ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื.
03:37
And there's another essential ingredient to these packages, cyanobacteria,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืฆื™ืื ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”,
03:42
which provide the fungi with nutrients and convert sunlight into oxygen.
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ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืžื™ืจื” ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ.
03:47
The mycelia grow to fit the shape of their bags,
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ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:49
creating the walls, roof, and even the furniture of these fungal abodes.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื’ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื›ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
03:55
Once completed, maintaining these buildings
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ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืชื, ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื”
03:58
would likely be relatively simple,
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
04:00
as any cracks could be reseeded and regrown.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื“ืงื™ื ื•ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
04:04
Scientists could engineer cyanobacteria to alert residents if repair is needed,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื“ืก ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช (ืฆื™ืื ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”) ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ,
04:09
by glowing when oxygen or pressure levels in the habitat dip.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืื• ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช.
04:13
Of course, there's still a lot of work out there
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉื
04:15
before these lightweight habitat packs are ready for launch.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ.
04:19
In the meantime, researchers have begun to iron out the details
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื
04:22
by growing these sustainable, carbon-negative fungal habitats
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืฉืœื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ
04:26
right here on Earth.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:28
And housing is just one of many possible uses for fungi in space.
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ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
04:33
Communities will need to grow their own food,
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ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ,
04:36
yet soil suitable for plants isn't readily available off Earth.
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ืืš ืื“ืžื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:40
Fungi can release a variety of chemical-degrading enzymes
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ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
04:44
capable of dissolving carbon-rich asteroids into soil.
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ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžื™ืก ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืื“ืžื”.
04:49
And they can also be engineered to mine and extract metals,
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืœืฅ ืžืชื›ื•ืช,
04:53
like aluminum and iron,
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ,
04:54
which could allow space colonies to source these valuable ores locally.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™.
04:59
Fungi have come a long way from their space hazard beginnings
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ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ
05:03
and will undoubtedly continue to break the mold.
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ื•ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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