Are pandas the most misunderstood animal? - Lucy Cooke

455,678 views ใƒป 2024-01-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In the late 1930s, a grand panda drama unfolded at the Chicago Zoo.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื“ืจืžืช ืคื ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
00:13
Su-Lin, who had been a media darling since she was a cub,
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ืกื•-ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืงื™ืจืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื•ืจื”,
00:17
passed away.
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ื ืคื˜ืจื”.
00:18
Zookeepers were already in the process
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ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš
00:20
of procuring another female panda named Mei Mei,
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ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ืงื‘ื” ืคื ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ื™ ืžื™ื™,
00:24
and they were determined to find her a mate before tragedy struck again.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื” ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืชืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘.
00:29
So when they acquired a prospective suitor named Mei Lan,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืžื—ื–ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ื™ ืœืืŸ,
00:33
it seemed their troubles were over.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื•.
00:35
Magazines monitored their progress,
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ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื,
00:37
and the public eagerly awaited the patter of tiny panda paws.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืงื™ืงื” ืœืฆืขื“ื™ ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืคื ื“ื” ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช.
00:41
But the wait dragged on.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ื ืžืฉื›ื”.
00:44
At first, headlines declared that Mei Mei was "getting nowhere" with her love life.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืฉืžื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ "ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื" ืขื ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”.
00:49
But eventually zookeepers realized their significant slip-up:
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื:
00:54
both bears were male.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ื›ืจื™ื.
00:58
This is just one of many mistakes humans have made when it comes to pandas.
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ื–ื• ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคื ื“ื•ืช.
01:04
We've incorrectly classified them as raccoons,
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ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื›ื“ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
01:07
misrepresented them as cuddly vegetarians,
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ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื›ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืฉืžื™ื,
01:10
andโ€” since the doomed union of Mei Mei and Mei Lanโ€”
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ื•ืžืื– ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ ื•ืžื™ื™ ืœืืŸ -
01:14
declared them as incompetent lovers.
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ื”ื›ืจื–ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืขืœ ืžืื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช.
01:17
Some people have taken this even further,
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืขื ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:20
suggesting it's remarkable this sex-shy species
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ื•ืจืžื–ื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”
01:24
has been able to sustain themselves at all.
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
01:27
However, this common perception of pandas having low libidos
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชืคื™ืกื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืคื ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื ืžื•ืš
01:31
actually has more to do with human incompetence.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:36
When it comes to breeding pandas in captivity,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืคื ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™,
01:39
zookeepers face multiple challenges.
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ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:42
As the Chicago case suggests, it can be tricky to figure out a panda's sex.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืจืžื– ื”ืžืงืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื“ื”.
01:48
Their external genitals don't appear until they're a few months old,
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ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:52
and once visible, they look very similar.
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื ืจืื™ื, ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
01:56
This forces zookeepers to rely on inconsistent methods,
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ื–ื” ืžืืœืฅ ืืช ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช,
01:59
like trying to measure the distance between the anus and genitals,
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ื›ืžื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ,
02:03
or simply going by feel.
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ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”.
02:06
And even when males and females are paired up correctly,
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ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
02:10
chemistry isn't guaranteed.
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ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช.
02:13
In one case at the Moscow Zoo,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”,
02:15
a female bear that had been isolated from other animals
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ื ืงื‘ื” ื“ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื“ื“ื” ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
02:18
proved more interested in zookeepers than other pandas.
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ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืคื ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:22
Complicating things further,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืกื‘ืš ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:24
female pandas can only be impregnated 1 to 3 days each year
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ื”ืคื ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืจืง ื™ื•ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
02:30
due to their incredibly short ovulation window.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:33
Zookeepers try to track fertility levels by measuring the hormones in their urine,
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ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
02:38
but this data is often cryptic to decipher and messy to capture.
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ืืš ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืœืคืขื ื•ื— ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ื ื™ื ืœืœื›ื™ื“ื”.
02:44
Females have also evolved the ability to reabsorb their own fetuses,
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ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
02:48
meaning that even a successful impregnation can be reversed.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช.
02:53
The difficulty of breeding pandas has reinforced the idea
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ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื™ืช ืคื ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
02:56
that they're not naturally inclined to procreate.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:59
But there's a huge gap between how these animals behave in captivity
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืคืขืจ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™
03:04
and the privacy of the wild.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
03:07
Prowling through her home territory,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ืชื”,
03:09
a female panda rubs her anal glands on tree trunks to attract mates,
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ื ืงื‘ื” ืคื ื“ื” ืžืฉืคืฉืคืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื–ืขื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’,
03:14
then waits in the treetops bleating as loudly as she can.
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ื•ืื– ืžื—ื›ื” ื‘ืฆืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืคื•ืขื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื”.
03:19
Soon enough, males crowd around the tree and compete for her attention
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ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื”, ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืชืืกืคื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืฅ ื•ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”
03:23
by seeing who can pee the highest.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
03:26
Suitors adopt a variety of poses in these competitions,
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ืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”,
03:30
including the "squat," "legcock," and "handstand."
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ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืกืงื•ื•ืื˜", "ืœื’ืงื•ืง" ื•"ืขืžื™ื“ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื".
03:35
They're also known to dab urine behind their ears
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื ื’ื ืžื˜ืคื˜ืคื™ื ืฉืชืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื”ื
03:37
to broadcast their virility through the breeze.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื•ื—.
03:41
Once a female picks a winner,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืžื ืฆื—,
03:43
the mating pair will often have sex over 40 times in a single afternoon.
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ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -40 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืื—ืจ ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืื—ื“.
03:49
At these rates, you might expect panda populations to be booming,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื“ื” ื™ืฉื’ืฉื’ื•,
03:53
especially since panda sperm is incredibly potent.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ืจืข ื”ืคื ื“ื” ื—ื–ืง ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
03:57
But females' short ovulation cycles and ability to reabsorb fetuses
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื
04:02
keep the population in check.
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ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
04:05
In the wild, young pandas are usually able to witness at least one breeding season
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ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ืคื ื“ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช
04:10
before reaching sexual maturity,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช,
04:13
giving them time to learn the rituals of seduction.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื˜ืงืกื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™.
04:16
But in captivity, pandas are never able to learn these customs.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™, ืคื ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:21
And while breeders have tried to kick start young pandas' sexual awakenings
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื“ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช
04:25
by showing them footage of mating elders and offering them doses of Viagra,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืื’ืจื”,
04:30
none of these strategies have worked consistently.
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ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช.
04:33
The most reliable approach they've found is artificial insemination,
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืฆืื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ืจืขื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
04:38
which has dramatically increased the captive population
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ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื
04:41
in the past few decades.
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
04:43
But if pandas are so much better at reproducing in the wild,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืคื ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
04:46
one has to ask why are conservation efforts so focused on breeding them.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:52
Maybe our time would be better spent
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ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื–ืžื ื ื•
04:54
protecting the pandas' natural environments,
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ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื“ื•ืช,
04:58
giving them all the space they need to get down to business.
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ืœืชืช ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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