PAST TENSE | Simple, Continuous, Perfect | Learn English Grammar Course

684,177 views ãƒģ 2021-10-07

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āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻš āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛-āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤

00:00
Hi, everybody. I’m Esther. 
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āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨. āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
00:02
In this video, I will introduce the past tense. We’ll talk about the past simple, past continuous,  
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛, āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•,
00:09
past perfect, and past perfect continuous tense. There’s a lot to study,  
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡,
00:15
and there’s a lot to practice. So let’s get started.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•.
00:24
Hi, everyone.
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āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨.
00:25
In this video, I will introduce the past simple English tense.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦāĨ¤
00:30
This grammar tense can help you explain a past general state, action, or habit.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
00:37
There's a lot to learn and it's a very important tense, so keep watching.
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āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ–ā§āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
00:45
In this video, I will talk about the 'be' verb
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ
00:48
in the past simple tense.
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° 'āĻŦā§‡' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŦāĨ¤
00:51
The 'be' verb in the past simple tense can be used to describe a past general state.
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° 'āĻŦā§‡' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
00:57
We use the 'be' verbs, ‘was’ and ‘were’ in this tense.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ 'be' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, 'was' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'were' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
01:02
Take a look at the examples.
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āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
01:04
‘I was scared.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ­ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ.'
01:06
‘James', or he 'was a teacher.’
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'āĻœā§‡āĻŽāĻ¸', āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ 'āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
01:10
‘She was sad.’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ–āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛.'
01:13
‘My dog was hungry.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛.'
01:15
‘My dog’ can be ‘it’.
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°' 'āĻāĻŸāĻž' āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
01:17
So for ‘I’, ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, we use the past tense 'be' verb, ‘was’.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ 'I', 'he', 'she', 'it' āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž past tense āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ 'be' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, 'was'āĨ¤
01:25
However, for ‘you’, ‘we’ and ‘they’, we use ‘were’.
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āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, 'āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ', 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž'-āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'were' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
01:30
‘You were a good student.’
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'āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤'
01:33
‘Your parents, or they were at the park.’ and ‘We were at home for two hours.’
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'āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻ˜āĻŖā§āĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
01:42
In this last sentence, you see that the duration is emphasized.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
01:46
Great job.
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āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§‚āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ.
01:47
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
01:49
Now I will talk about regular verbs in the past simple tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŦāĨ¤
01:54
Take a look at these examples.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŸāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨.
01:56
‘Liam played a game.’
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'āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
01:59
Liam is a ‘he’,
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āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ 'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ',
02:01
but really it doesn't matter for regular verbs in the past simple tense.
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āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ‡ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
02:06
Because no matter what the subject is, all we have to do is add ‘d’ or ‘ed’
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āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛
02:12
to the end of the verb.
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āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ 'd' āĻŦāĻž 'ed' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
02:14
Here the verb is ‘play’, so I added ‘-ed’.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨', āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ '-ed' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
02:19
‘Liam played a game.’
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'āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
02:22
‘The car, or it needed gas.’
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'āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ, āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
02:26
The verb here is ‘need’.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāĻ˛ 'need'āĨ¤
02:28
For the past simple tense, I added ‘-ed’.
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ '-ed' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
02:32
‘We watched a movie.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻŽāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ.'
02:34
Again, an ‘ed’ at the of ‘watch’.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, 'āĻ˜āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ'-āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'ed'āĨ¤
02:38
‘You exercised for an hour.’
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'āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ• āĻ˜āĻŖā§āĻŸāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
02:41
In this case, the verb is ‘exercise’.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ'āĨ¤
02:44
I only need to add a ‘d’ to make it the past tense.
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āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'd' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
02:48
And finally, ‘They usually worked after school.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤'
02:53
The verb is ‘work’.
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āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ•āĻžāĻœ'āĨ¤
02:54
And I added an ‘ed’ to make it in the past tense.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'ed' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĨ¤
02:58
The word ‘usually’ shows that this was a habit.
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'āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
03:02
Remember, the past simple tense can be used to show past habits.
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āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
03:08
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
03:09
Now, I'll talk about irregular verbs in the past simple tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŦāĨ¤
03:14
Remember, for regular verbs, we only add ‘d’ or ‘ed’ to make a verb into the past tense.
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āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° 'd' āĻŦāĻž 'ed' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
03:21
However, for irregular verbs, we have to change the verb in a different way.
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āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
03:27
Let's take a look at some examples.
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āĻ†āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
03:30
‘I ate with my friend.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
03:32
The verb here is ‘ate’.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ–āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž'āĨ¤
03:35
‘ate’ is the past simple tense of ‘eat’.
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'ate' āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ–āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž'-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤
03:39
The next example says, ‘Nara wrote a story.’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
03:43
The verb is ‘write’.
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āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻ¨'āĨ¤
03:45
And because it's irregular to change it into the past tense, we change the verb to ‘wrote’.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻšā§‡āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ 'āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ' āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
03:53
‘You often came home late.’
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'āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
03:56
The verb here is ‘come’ and it's been changed to ‘came’.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻ†āĻ¸āĻž' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ 'āĻ†āĻ¸āĻž' āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
04:01
You'll notice that we had the word ‘often’ to show a habit.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ 'āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ‡' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
04:07
‘We bought a camera.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
04:09
The verb here is ‘buy’ and it's been changed to ‘bought’ to show the past simple tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ 'āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨āĻž' āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
04:16
And finally, ‘My parents sent me money for a year.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
04:21
Here the verb ‘sent’ is the past tense of ‘send’.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ 'sent' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ 'send'-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤
04:27
Here we also see ‘for a year’, this shows duration.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯'āĻ“ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋ, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
04:32
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
04:33
Now I will talk about the negative form for the 'be' verb in the past simple tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° 'āĻŦā§‡' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŦāĨ¤
04:39
Here are some examples.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻƒ.
04:41
The first one says, ‘I was not hungry.’
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
04:46
For the past simple tense, the negative 'be' verb
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• 'āĻŦā§‡' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
04:49
I f the subject is ‘I’, ‘he’, ‘she’ or ‘it’, we say ‘was not’.
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I f āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'I', 'he', 'she' āĻŦāĻž 'it', āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ 'was not'āĨ¤
04:55
For example, ‘I was not’ or ‘she was not’ or the contraction ‘wasn't’.
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āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž' āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ 'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž'āĨ¤
05:02
‘I wasn't’.
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž'āĨ¤
05:04
‘She wasn't’.
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž'āĨ¤
05:05
So let's look again, ‘I was not hungry.’
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
05:10
‘She wasn't home today.’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻœ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
05:13
Now, if the subject is ‘you’, ‘we’ or ‘they’,
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ 'āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ', 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž' āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ,
05:17
We say ‘were not’ or the contraction ‘weren't’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ 'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž' āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ 'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž'āĨ¤
05:21
‘The children, or they were not quiet.’
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'āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
05:26
‘The children were not quiet.’
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'āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻž āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
05:30
And then, ‘The dog', or it was not, or 'wasn't playful.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°, 'āĻ•ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°', āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ•ā§ŒāĻ¤ā§āĻ•āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
05:37
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
05:38
Now, let's talk about how to form the negative in the past simple tense for non-'be' verbs,
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ¨āĻ¨-'āĻŦā§‡' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•,
05:45
regular or irregular.
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āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
05:47
Here are some examples.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻƒ.
05:49
‘I did not like him.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
05:52
What we do for non-'be' verbs is simply put ‘did not’ after the subject.
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āĻ¨āĻ¨-'āĻšāĻŦā§‡' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ 'did not' āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
05:59
And you'll notice that for the verb, we don't make any changes.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
06:03
We keep the base verb.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĨ¤
06:06
‘He didn't catch the ball.’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
06:09
Again, it's ‘he did not’, but here we used a contraction,
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻāĻŸāĻž 'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ', āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ,
06:14
‘He didn't catch the ball.’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
06:17
‘They didn't dance.’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻšā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
06:19
Again, here's the contraction for ‘did not’.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ 'did' āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤
06:23
And you'll notice that for the verb, we didn't change it at all.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§‹āĻŸā§‡āĻ“ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
06:27
Here's an irregular verb, and here's a regular verb, we keep them in the base form.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĨ¤
06:34
And finally, ‘We didn't think about that.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
06:37
Again, we simply say ‘did not’ or ‘didn't’.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ 'āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ'āĨ¤
06:42
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
06:43
Now I will introduce two ways to form questions for the past simple tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦāĨ¤
06:49
Take a look at the first example.
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
06:51
‘He was angry.’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛.'
06:54
In this first sentence, we see the 'be' verb ‘was’.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž 'āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸' āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
06:58
It's quite easy.
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āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ.
06:59
All you have to do to turn this into a question is switch the order the first two words.
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
07:05
‘Was he angry?’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
07:07
You can answer by saying ‘Yes, he was.’ or ‘No, he wasn't.’
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨' āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
07:13
The next sentence also has a 'be' verb.
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āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻŦā§‡' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
07:16
‘They were comfortable.’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
07:19
So again, switch the first two words.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ‡āĻš.
07:22
‘Were they comfortable?’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
07:24
The answers can be, ‘Yes, they were.’
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āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡, 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
07:27
or ‘No, they weren't.’
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āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
07:29
However, look at the third sentence.
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āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
07:32
‘Sam lived here.’
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'āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤āĨ¤'
07:34
There is no 'be' verb in this sentence.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ 'āĻšāĻŦā§‡' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤
07:37
Instead, we see the action verb ‘lived’.
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āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž 'āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ­āĻĄ' āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤
07:40
So what we do is no matter what the subject,
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨,
07:44
we start the question with ‘did’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
07:47
‘Did Sam live here?’
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'āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ¨?'
07:49
You'll notice that the verb no longer is in the past tense.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤
07:54
We use the base form of the verb.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻ¸ āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
07:57
‘Did Sam live here?’
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'āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ¨?'
07:59
You can say ‘Yes, he did.’
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
08:02
or ‘No, he didn't.’
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āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
08:04
The last sentence is similar.
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āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽāĨ¤
08:06
‘They won the contest last year.’
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'āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
08:10
The verb here is ‘won’, that's not a 'be' verb.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻœāĻ¯āĻŧ', āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻšāĻŦā§‡' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
08:14
So again, we start the question with ‘did’ .
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'did' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
08:17
And then the subject ‘they’, we use the base form of the verb and that's ‘win’.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž', āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻ¸ āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻœāĻ¯āĻŧ'āĨ¤
08:25
‘Did they win the contest last year?’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
08:28
You can say, ‘Yes, they did.’
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
08:30
or ‘No, they didn't.’
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āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
08:32
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
08:33
Now I'll introduce how to create an answer WH questions in the past simple tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° WH āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
08:40
Take a look at the board.
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āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤
08:42
We have some WH words here.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ WH āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡.
08:45
‘What’ ‘When’
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'āĻ•ā§€' 'āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨'
08:47
‘Where’ and ‘Why’
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'āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨'
08:49
You'll notice that after each WH word comes the word ‘did’.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ WH āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ 'did' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤
08:54
‘What did’ ‘When did’
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'āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡' 'āĻ•āĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡'
08:56
‘Where did’ and ‘Why did’.
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'āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡'āĨ¤
08:59
What comes after that the subject and then the base form of the verb.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡ subject āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° verb āĻāĻ° base formāĨ¤
09:04
So, let's take a look.
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āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŸāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•.
09:07
‘What did you do last night?’
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'āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›?'
09:10
‘What did you do last night?’
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'āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›?'
09:12
I can answer by saying something like, ‘I watched a movie.’
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻŽāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
09:17
Or ‘I read a book.’
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āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĨ¤'
09:19
You'll notice that the answer is in the past simple tense.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
09:24
‘When did you get home last night?’
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'āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›?'
09:26
‘I got home at 10 p.m.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ ā§§ā§ĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ'
09:30
‘Where did they eat lunch?’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡?'
09:32
‘They ate lunch at home.’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
09:34
Again, ‘ate’ is the past tense of ‘eat’.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, 'āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡' āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ–āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž'-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤
09:38
Answer in the past simple tense.
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
09:41
And finally, ‘Why did the company hire him?’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛?'
09:45
‘The company hired him because he's a hard worker.’
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'āĻ•ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽā§€āĨ¤'
09:49
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
09:51
In this first checkup, we'll take a look at
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻšā§‡āĻ•āĻ†āĻĒā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž
09:53
practice questions using the 'be' verb in the past simple tense.
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° 'be' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§€ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ°
09:58
Remember the 'be' verbs in the past simple tense are ‘was’ or ‘were’.
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āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻœāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻŦ āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° 'āĻšāĻŦā§‡' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ'āĨ¤
10:03
Let's take a look at the first sentence.
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
10:06
‘He __ at work earlier.’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ __ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āĨ¤'
10:09
The subject here is ‘we’.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž'āĨ¤
10:11
So do we use ‘was’ or ‘were’?
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'was' āĻŦāĻž 'were' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ?
10:14
The correct answer is ‘was’.
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āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'āĨ¤
10:17
‘He was at work earlier.’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
10:21
The next sentence says,
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
10:22
‘We _____ very happy yesterday.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž _____ āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ–ā§āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤'
10:26
If the subject is ‘we’, remember the be verb is ‘were’.
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āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž' āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ be āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ˛ 'were'āĨ¤
10:33
‘We were very happy yesterday.’
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'āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ–ā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
10:36
Next, ‘My parents or they __ worried about me.’
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āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž __ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤'
10:42
If it's 'they', remember we have to say ‘were’.
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āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž' āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ 'āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ'āĨ¤
10:47
‘My parents were worried about me.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
10:50
If I want to use the negative, I can also say ‘My parents weren't worried about me.’
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ“ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻŽāĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
10:55
And that's possible.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤
10:57
Now I want you to find the mistake in the next sentence.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
11:02
‘We wasn't good students.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
11:05
We wasn't good students.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
11:08
Can you figure out what's wrong?
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨?
11:10
The subject here is ‘we’, so we don't say ‘was not’.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž', āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž 'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž'āĨ¤
11:15
We need to say ‘were not’ or the contraction ‘weren't’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ 'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž' āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ 'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž'āĨ¤
11:22
‘We weren't good students,’ is the correct answer.
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž,' āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĨ¤
11:27
The next one says, ‘Were she a teacher?’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
11:31
Now, this is a question so the be verb comes at the beginning.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ be āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤
11:35
That's correct, but the subject here is ‘she’.
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āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻ•, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ¸ā§‡'āĨ¤
11:39
Therefore, we need to start with ‘was’.
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āĻ…āĻ¤āĻāĻŦ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° 'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
11:43
‘Was she a teacher?’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨?'
11:46
And finally,
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡,
11:47
‘They wasn't at school.’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
11:50
The subject is ‘they’, so the answer is
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āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž', āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻšāĻ˛
11:58
‘They weren't at school.’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
12:00
You can use the contraction ‘weren't’ or ‘were not’.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ 'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž' āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
12:05
Let's move on to the next checkup.
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āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻšā§‡āĻ•āĻ†āĻĒā§‡ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
12:08
Now, let's practice regular verbs in the past simple tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
12:12
Take a look at the first sentence.
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
12:15
‘He ____ at home.’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ ____ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡āĨ¤'
12:17
The verb is ‘study’.
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āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨'āĨ¤
12:20
Remember, when changing a regular verb into
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āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ
12:22
the past tense, we add ‘d’ or ‘ed’ to the end of the
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, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ 'd' āĻŦāĻž 'ed' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ
12:27
verb.
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āĨ¤
12:28
However, there's a separate rule for words that end in ‘y’.
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āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, 'y' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻ• āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
12:32
Such as, ‘study’.
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āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨, 'āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨'āĨ¤
12:34
We drop the ‘y’ and we add ‘ied’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'y' āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ 'ied' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
12:38
So the correct answer is,
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻšāĻ˛,
12:40
‘He studied at home.’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§‹āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
12:45
The next sentence says, ‘We __ pencils.’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž __ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
12:49
We want to use negative because it says ‘not use’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ' āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤
12:53
Remember for the negative, we always use ‘did not’, no matter what the subject.
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āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ 'did not' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
13:03
You can also use the contraction ‘didn't’.
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āĻāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ“ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ 'āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ'āĨ¤
13:06
Now, what do we do to the verb?
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦ?
13:08
We keep it as ‘is’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ 'āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡' āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĨ¤
13:10
We do not change it.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž.
13:13
‘We didn't’ or ‘We did not’ use pencils.
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ' āĻĒā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
13:18
The next sentence says, ‘His friends or they walk to the gym.’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻœāĻŋāĻŽā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤'
13:24
What's the past tense of ‘walk’?
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'āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ•'-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ•ā§€?
13:27
We simply have to add ‘ed’ because it's a regular verb.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ 'ed' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
13:35
‘His friends walked to the gym.’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻœāĻŋāĻŽā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
13:38
Now, find a mistake in the next sentence.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
13:44
‘She didn't likes math.’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
13:47
‘didn't’ is correct.
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'āĻ¨āĻž' āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
13:49
However, remember we keep the verb as ‘is’ in the base form.
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āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ 'is' āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĨ¤
13:55
So we don't say ‘likes’.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ•' āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
13:57
We say ‘like’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ 'āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ•'āĨ¤
13:59
‘She didn't like math.’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
14:02
The next sentence says, ‘Did it rained this morning?’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻœ āĻ¸āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡?'
14:06
Now this is a question.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨.
14:08
In a question, it’s right to start the sentence with ‘Did’.
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āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡, 'Did' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
14:12
‘Did it rained?’
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'āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡?'
14:14
Do you notice the mistake?
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨?
14:16
Remember, we do not use the past tense form in the question.
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āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
14:22
We use the base form of the verb.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§‡āĻ¸ āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
14:24
‘Did it rain this morning?’
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'āĻ†āĻœ āĻ¸āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡?'
14:27
And finally, ‘They not play the piano.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
14:31
The verb is an action verb.
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āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
14:33
So we need a ‘did’ in front of ‘not’.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° 'āĻ¨āĻž' āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻĄāĻŋāĻĄ' āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
14:38
‘They did not play the piano.’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
14:42
Let's move on to the next checkup.
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āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻšā§‡āĻ•āĻ†āĻĒā§‡ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
14:44
Now, I'll talk about irregular verbs in the past simple tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŦāĨ¤
14:49
Take a look at the first sentence.
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
14:51
‘He __ to school.’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ __ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤'
14:54
And the verb is ‘run’.
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āĻ†āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨'āĨ¤
14:56
‘run’ is an irregular verb, so the past tense form is ‘ran’.
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'āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨' āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨'āĨ¤
15:03
‘He ran to school.’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻĻā§ŒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛āĨ¤'
15:06
The next sentence says, ‘We __ flowers.’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž __ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĨ¤'
15:10
We want to use the negative because here it says ‘not grow’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ 'āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž'āĨ¤
15:14
Remember, no matter what the subject in the negative form,
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āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨,
15:18
we say ‘did not’
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ 'āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ'
15:23
or ‘didn't’.
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āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ'āĨ¤
15:26
Then we keep the verb in its base form.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĨ¤
15:32
‘We did not grow’ or ‘We didn't grow flowers.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻšāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋ' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĢā§āĻ˛ āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
15:37
The next sentence says, ‘Where __ you teach last year?’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨?'
15:42
This is a question.
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āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
15:44
Again, all we need to put is ‘did’.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻĄāĻŋāĻĄ'āĨ¤
15:49
‘Where did you teach last year?’
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'āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ā§‡?'
15:51
It doesn't matter what the subject is.
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āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻž.
15:54
We always go with ‘did’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ 'āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤
15:57
Next, try to find the mistake in the next sentence.
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āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€, āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
16:01
‘He didn't sold newspapers.’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
16:04
Remember, in the negative, ‘didn't’ is correct for whatever subject there is.
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āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, 'āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋ' āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
16:11
However, we need to keep the verb in its base form.
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āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
16:15
So the correct answer is, ‘He didn't sell newspapers.’
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻšāĻ˛, 'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
16:21
The next sentence says, ‘Did she sing a song?’
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡?'
16:25
You'll notice it's a similar problem here.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨.
16:28
‘sang’ is the irregular past tense form of ‘sing’.
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'sang' āĻšāĻ˛ 'sing'-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĨ¤
16:32
But in a question, if it starts with ‘did’,
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āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'did' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ,
16:36
we use the base form.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻ¸ āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
16:38
‘Did she sing a song?’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡?'
16:42
And finally, ‘We taked it home.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
16:46
Does that sound right?
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āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ?
16:48
‘taked’ is not correct.
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'āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āĻ¤' āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
16:51
The past tense of ‘take’ is ‘took’.
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'āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž'-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž'āĨ¤
16:56
‘We took it home.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
16:58
Great job, everyone.
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āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ, āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡.
17:00
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
17:01
Wow, we learned a lot in this video.
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āĻŦāĻžāĻš, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
17:04
Keep studying and reviewing the past simple tense.
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤
17:08
It's an essential tense that will help you talk about the past.
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
17:13
Keep studying English and I'll see you in the next video.
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āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
17:16
Bye. 
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āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
17:25
Hi, everybody.
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āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨.
17:26
I'm Esther.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
17:28
In this video.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¤ā§‡.
17:29
I will introduce the past continuous tense.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦāĨ¤
17:32
This tense can be used to describe an action that was ongoing in the past.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
17:38
It can also be used to describe two actions happening at the same time in the past.
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
17:44
There's a lot to learn so let's get started.
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āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
17:50
Let's take a look at the first usage of the past continuous tense.
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āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
17:55
This tense can be used to describe an action that was ongoing in the past.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
18:01
Let's take a look at these examples.
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āĻ†āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŸāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•.
18:04
‘I was walking in the park in the evening.’
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'āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻŸāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
18:08
So first we start with the subject, ‘I’.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ'āĨ¤
18:11
For I, he, she, and it, we follow with ‘was’.
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I, he, she, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ it āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'was' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
18:17
‘I was’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'
18:18
And then we add an ‘ING’ to the end of the verb.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'ING' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
18:23
‘I was walking’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻŸāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ'
18:25
Now take a look at the whole sentence.
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āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
18:28
‘I was walking in the park in the evening.’
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'āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻŸāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
18:31
You can see that this was an ongoing action and it happened in the past.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ā§ˇ
18:38
Let's look at the next example.
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āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨.
18:40
‘She was living here last year.’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
18:44
Here, the subject is ‘she’.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡, āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ¸ā§‡'āĨ¤
18:46
So again we use ‘was’ and then ‘verb-ing’.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'was' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° 'verb-ing' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
18:50
Here we have another expression that shows that this action was happening in the past.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
18:58
‘The dog,’ or ‘it’, ‘was eating dinner five minutes ago.’
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'āĻ•ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°,' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻāĻŸāĻŋ', 'āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻš āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
19:04
The subject here is ‘the dog’ which can be replaced by the pronoun ‘it’.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ•ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°' āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ 'āĻāĻŸāĻŋ' āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
19:09
And so we follow with ‘was’.
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āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'was' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
19:12
And finally, ‘Andy and Jim,’ we can replace this with ‘they’.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœāĻŋāĻŽ,' āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
19:18
For ‘you’, ‘we’ and ‘they’, we use ‘were’.
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'āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ', 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž'-āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'were' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
19:23
‘They were’, or ‘Andy and Jim were working at 9:00 p.m.’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛', āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ 9:00 āĻŸāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'
19:30
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤
19:31
The past continuous tense is also used to describe an ongoing
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ“
19:36
action in the past that was interrupted by another action.
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
19:40
This interrupting action is used in the past simple tense with the word ‘when’.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ 'when' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
19:46
Let's take a look at this example.
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āĻ†āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
19:49
‘I was playing cards when you called.’
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'āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
19:52
Again we start with the subject ‘was’ or ‘were’,
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻŸ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ 'was' āĻŦāĻž 'were',
19:56
and then ‘verb-ing’,
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° 'verb-ing',
19:59
so this is the action that was ongoing in the past,
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, '
20:03
‘I was playing cards’
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ'
20:05
The interrupting action in this sentence is ‘you called’.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ '
20:10
You'll notice I use the word ‘when’ to show the interrupting action’
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ 'when' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡'
20:15
And I used it in the past simple tense, ‘called’.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ, 'āĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡'āĨ¤
20:20
Let's take a look at the next sentence.
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āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
20:22
‘The cat' or 'it' was eating when Eric came home.’
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'āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ˛' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ‡āĻŸ' āĻ–āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
20:28
Again the action in progress is ‘the cat was eating’.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻšāĻ˛āĻ›ā§‡ 'āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ–āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'āĨ¤
20:33
And ‘Eric came home’, you'll notice the past simple tense.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡', āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
20:38
This is the interrupting action used with the word ‘when’.
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
20:43
‘We were sleeping when Anne arrived.’
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'āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ˜ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
20:46
Again we have the ongoing action in the past.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡.
20:50
The subject here is ‘we’.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž'āĨ¤
20:52
And so we used ‘were’ and then ‘verb-ing’.
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āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'were' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° 'verb-ing' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
20:57
‘When Anne arrived’ is the interrupting action.
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'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ˛ā§‹' āĻš'āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
21:02
And finally, ‘Alicia and I’, or ‘We' were walking when we saw Mark.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž' āĻšāĻžāĻāĻŸāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
21:09
‘When we saw Mark’ is the interrupting action that interrupted the ongoing ‘Alicia
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'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ' āĻšāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ 'āĻ†āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
21:15
and I were walking’.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻŸāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ' āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
21:17
It's also important to note that we can also switch the order of the sentence around and
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āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ“ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚
21:23
say,
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āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ,
21:24
‘When you called, I was playing cards,’
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'āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĢā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ,'
21:27
or ‘When Eric came home, the cat was eating.’
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āĻŦāĻž 'āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ–āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
21:31
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
21:33
Another usage for the past continuous tense is to talk about two actions that were
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ˛
21:38
happening at the same time in the past.
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻžāĨ¤
21:42
We use the past continuous tense for both actions with the word ‘while’.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'while' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
21:47
Let's take a look at some examples.
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āĻ†āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
21:50
The first sentence says, ‘While I was playing soccer, she was watching
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ, āĻ¸ā§‡
21:55
me.’
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
21:56
You'll notice that both actions are in the past continuous tense.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
22:01
‘I was playing soccer’ and ‘She was watching me’.
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'āĨ¤
22:05
The word ‘while’ at the beginning shows that these actions were happening at the sametime.
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āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ 'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
22:12
‘While you were reading, I was preparing dinner.’
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'āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
22:16
Again both actions are expressed in the past continuous tense.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
22:22
The word ‘while’ shows that they were happening at the same time.
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'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
22:27
‘While Her husband’ or ‘he’, ‘was driving
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'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¸ā§‡', 'āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ‡āĻ­āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛
22:31
she was taking pictures.’
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āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
22:34
Both actions are in the past continuous tense.
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āĻ‰āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤
22:38
And finally,
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡,
22:39
‘While we were eating, the music was playing.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ–āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
22:44
Both actions were happening at the same time.
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āĻ‰āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛.
22:48
Now, you'll notice that in my examples the word ‘while’ comes at the beginning,
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ 'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡,
22:54
however, it's important to note that you can move the word ‘while’ around in several
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āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ 'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨
22:59
ways.
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āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ˜ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
23:00
For example, instead of saying this,
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āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡,
23:03
‘While I was playing soccer, she was watching me.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ, āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
23:06
I can move ‘while’ to the middle of the sentence.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ 'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨' āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
23:10
‘I was playing soccer while she was watching me.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
23:13
I can put the ‘while’ between the two actions.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ 'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨' āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
23:17
Or I can also change the sentence around and say,
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āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ,
23:20
‘While she was watching me, I was playing soccer.’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
23:24
So it doesn't matter which action comes first with the ‘while’ if you put it in the
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āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–ā§‡āĻ¨
23:29
beginning.
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āĨ¤
23:31
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
23:32
Now let's talk about the negative form of the past continuous tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
23:37
Here are some examples.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻƒ.
23:39
‘She was not reading last night.’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
23:42
The subject is ‘she’ and so we use ‘was’.
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āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ¸ā§‡' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
23:46
However, before the ‘verb-ing’, we add ‘not’.
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āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, 'verb-ing' āĻāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'no' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
23:51
‘She was not reading last night.’
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
23:54
I can use a contraction and say,
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ,
23:57
‘She wasn't reading last night.’
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'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
24:00
‘We were not listening to music this morning.’
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'āĻ†āĻœ āĻ¸āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
24:04
In this case, the subject is ‘we’ and so we use ‘were’.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'were' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
24:09
Again ‘not’ comes before the ‘verb-ing’.
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° 'not' āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡ 'verb-ing'-āĻāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡āĨ¤
24:13
‘We were not listening to music this morning.’
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'āĻ†āĻœ āĻ¸āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
24:16
Again I can use a contraction and say,
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ,
24:19
‘We weren't listening to music this morning.’
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻœ āĻ¸āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
24:22
And the next one says, ‘He wasn't watching TV when his dad came
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨
24:27
home.’
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āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
24:29
In this example, the contraction is already there for you,
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§‡, āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡,
24:32
‘He wasn't watching TV’.
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž'āĨ¤
24:35
You'll notice the word ‘when’.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ 'āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
24:38
Remember ‘when’ + ‘a past simple tense verb’ shows an interrupting action,
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āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ 'when' + 'a past simple tense āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž' āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ,
24:44
so, ‘When his dad came home he wasn't watching TV.’
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡, 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
24:49
He was doing something else.
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āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
24:51
And finally,
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡,
24:52
‘They weren't talking while the game was playing.’
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'āĻ—ā§‡āĻŽāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
24:56
The word ‘while’ is in this sentence.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ 'while' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
24:59
Remember that shows 2 past ongoing actions happening at the same time,
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āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ 2āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ›ā§‡,
25:05
so ‘While the game was playing they weren't talking’.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ 'āĻ—ā§‡āĻŽāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž'āĨ¤
25:09
They were doing something else.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
25:11
Let's move on now.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨.
25:13
Let's talk about how to form ‘be’ verb questions for the past continuous tense.
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āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ 'be' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋāĨ¤
25:18
Take a look at the first statement.
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
25:21
It says,
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āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡,
25:22
‘It was raining this morning.’
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'āĻ†āĻœ āĻ¸āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
25:24
In order to turn this into a question, it's quite easy,
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ,
25:28
all we have to do is change the order of the first two words.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤
25:32
Instead of ‘It was’, I now say ‘Was it’ to make it a question.
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'āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ 'āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋāĨ¤
25:38
You'll notice that the rest of the words stay in the same place.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
25:43
‘Was it raining this morning?’
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'āĻ†āĻœ āĻ¸āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
25:45
You can answer by saying, ‘Yes, it was.’ or ‘No, it wasn't.’
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤' āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
25:51
The next statement says,
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āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡,
25:52
‘They were living there when the fire happened.’
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'āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
25:56
To turn this into a big question, again we just switched the order of the first two words.
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
26:02
Instead of ‘They were’, we say ‘Were they’.
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'āĨ¤
26:06
And again, the rest of the words can stay in the same place.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
26:10
‘Were they living there when the fire happened?’
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'āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤?'
26:14
And you can answer by saying,
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ
26:15
‘Yes, they were’ or ‘No, they weren't.’
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'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž' āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨
26:19
Let's continue on.
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āĨ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨.
26:21
Now I'll go into how to make WH questions for the past continuous tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ WH āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
26:27
You'll notice that the examples here all begin with some WH words.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ WH āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
26:32
For example, ‘what’, ‘where’, ‘why’, and ‘who’.
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āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨, 'āĻ•ā§€', 'āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ', 'āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨', āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ•ā§‡'āĨ¤
26:38
Let's take a look at the first question.
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
26:40
‘What were they doing last night?”
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'āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§€ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?
26:43
The subject of this sentence is ‘they’.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž'āĨ¤
26:47
So what you do is after the WH word you put the proper ‘be’ verb.
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ WH āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• 'be' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤
26:52
In this case, ‘were’.
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, 'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'āĨ¤
26:55
‘What were they doing last night?’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
26:57
You'll notice that after the subject comes the ‘verb-ing’.
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ 'āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž-āĻ‡āĻ‚' āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤
27:02
‘What were they doing last night?’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
27:04
I can answer by saying, ‘They were playing games’ or
432
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ—ā§‡āĻŽ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' āĻŦāĻž
27:08
‘They were reading a book’.
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'āĨ¤
27:11
The next question says,
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āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
27:13
‘Where was he working last week?’
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2000
'āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨?'
27:16
In this case the subject is ‘he’ and so the be verb to use is ‘was’.
436
1636160
5440
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ subject 'he' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ be verb āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ 'was'āĨ¤
27:22
‘Where was he working last week?’
437
1642640
2080
'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
27:25
I can say, ‘He was working in Canada.’
438
1645440
3040
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
27:30
‘Why was she crying when she finished the book?’
439
1650160
3920
'āĻŦāĻ‡āĻŸāĻž āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻāĻĻāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨?'
27:34
In this case, the subject is ‘she’ and so I put ‘was’ after ‘why’.
440
1654080
5520
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ¸ā§‡' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ 'āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨' āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ 'āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸' āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
27:40
‘Why was she crying when she finished the book?’
441
1660640
2720
'āĻŦāĻ‡āĻŸāĻž āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻāĻĻāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨?'
27:44
I can say, ‘She was crying because the ending was sad.’
442
1664080
4400
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻāĻĻāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻŸāĻž āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ–āĻœāĻ¨āĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
27:49
And finally,
443
1669360
1280
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡,
27:50
‘Who were the children staying with while their mom was working?’
444
1670640
4160
'āĻŽāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤?'
27:55
In this case, ‘the children’ is a ‘they’
445
1675520
3840
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, 'āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§' āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž'
27:59
so we follow 'who' with ‘were’.
446
1679360
2960
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'who' āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ 'were' āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
28:02
‘Who were they’ or
447
1682320
2240
'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻž' āĻŦāĻž
28:04
‘Who were the children staying with while their mom was working?’
448
1684560
4240
'āĻŽāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ¤?'
28:09
To answer, I can say, ‘The children’ or
449
1689680
3200
āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻž' āĻŦāĻž
28:12
‘They were staying with their dad.’
450
1692880
3120
'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
28:16
Let's move on.
451
1696000
800
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
28:17
In this section, let's do a checkup for the past continuous tense.
452
1697440
4240
āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§‡, āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
28:22
Take a look at the first sentence.
453
1702560
1840
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
28:25
‘Last night they were blank at school.’
454
1705280
2960
'āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ•āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
28:29
I want you to try to fill in the blank with the negative for the verb ‘stay’.
455
1709120
4720
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ 'āĻĨāĻžāĻ•' āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§‚āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
28:34
‘not stay’
456
1714400
720
'āĻĨāĻžāĻ• āĻ¨āĻž'
28:35
What do you think it is?
457
1715920
1120
āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ?
28:38
Remember, for the negative of the past continuous,
458
1718160
3280
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯,
28:42
all you have to do is put ‘not’ and then ‘verb-ing’ after the 'be' verb.
459
1722000
6000
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ 'no' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° 'be' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ 'verb-ing'āĨ¤
28:48
‘They were not staying at school last.’
460
1728640
9440
'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
28:58
‘Last night, they were not staying at school.’
461
1738080
2560
'āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ“āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
29:01
The next sentence says,
462
1741760
1200
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
29:03
‘Two days ago you blank soccer.’
463
1743600
3200
'āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĨ¤'
29:07
Again try the negative for the verb ‘play’.
464
1747520
4480
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° 'āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻž' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
29:12
‘Two days ago blank not play soccer.’
465
1752000
4000
'āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ–āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
29:16
In this case, the first thing that's missing is the ‘be’ verb.
466
1756800
3840
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻšāĻŦā§‡' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
29:21
If the subject is ‘you’, can you think of which be verb needs to be put in there?
467
1761280
5360
āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ 'āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ' āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡?
29:27
The correct answer is ‘were’.
468
1767520
2400
āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'āĨ¤
29:30
And then, we say ‘not’.
469
1770720
2240
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ 'āĻ¨āĻž'āĨ¤
29:34
What happens after that?
470
1774080
1280
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§‡?
29:36
Remember, ‘verb-ing’.
471
1776160
2080
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, 'verb-ing'.
29:39
So ‘you were not playing’
472
1779200
3440
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ 'āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž'
29:43
‘two days ago, you were not playing soccer’
473
1783520
3120
'āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡, āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž'
29:47
You can also use a contraction and say,
474
1787200
2320
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨,
29:49
‘You weren't playing soccer.’
475
1789520
1840
'āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
29:52
Now try to find the mistake in the next sentence.
476
1792240
3120
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
29:56
‘Yesterday, she were reading at home.’
477
1796160
2720
'āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
29:59
hmmm
478
1799960
1000
hmmm
30:00
The subject of this sentence is ‘she’ so the ‘be’ verb to use is not ‘were’.
479
1800960
7040
āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'she' āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ 'be' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ 'were' āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
30:08
It's 'was'.
480
1808000
1600
āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'.
30:10
‘Yesterday, she was reading at home.’
481
1810560
2800
'āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
30:14
In the next sentence it says, ‘Tomorrow, they were seeing their friends.’
482
1814560
4880
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻ—āĻžāĻŽā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
30:20
hmmm
483
1820400
240
āĻšā§āĻŽāĻŽ
30:21
‘They’ and ‘were’
484
1821680
1680
'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'
30:23
That's correct.
485
1823360
1200
āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
30:24
And we have the ‘verb-ing’
486
1824560
2160
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž-āĻ‡āĻ‚' āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡
30:27
So what's the mistake?
487
1827440
1200
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻŋ?
30:29
Remember the past continuous is for the past.
488
1829440
3520
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤
30:33
‘Tomorrow’ is not the past.
489
1833520
2800
'āĻ†āĻ—āĻžāĻŽā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛' āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
30:36
So instead, we need to put a word that shows the past.
490
1836320
4640
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
30:40
For example, I can say, ‘yesterday’.
491
1840960
3120
āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛'āĨ¤
30:46
‘Yesterday, they were seeing their friends.’
492
1846240
2480
'āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
30:49
Let's move on.
493
1849680
800
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
30:51
Now, let's start a checkup of the ‘when’ usage
494
1851120
3360
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°
30:54
of the past continuous tense.
495
1854480
1840
'when' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•
30:56
Take a look at the first example.
496
1856880
1760
āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
30:59
It says, ‘Andrea and John’ blank when they bank hurt.’
497
1859280
5040
āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'Andrea āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ John' āĻ–āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˜āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤'
31:05
Remember ‘when’ shows an interrupting action.
498
1865200
4080
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ 'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨' āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
31:09
It needs to be used with the past simple tense.
499
1869280
3360
āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨āĨ¤
31:12
So let's first look at the second blank.
500
1872640
2880
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ•āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨.
31:15
‘When they blank hurt’
501
1875520
2480
'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ–āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ˜āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡'
31:18
What's the past tense of the verb ‘get’?
502
1878000
2320
'āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ•ā§€?
31:20
The answer is ‘got’.
503
1880960
2160
āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ'āĨ¤
31:24
Now let's take a look at the action that was in progress in the past.
504
1884480
4720
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ• āĻ¨āĻœāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻšāĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
31:29
‘Andrea and John’ or ‘they’
505
1889840
2320
'āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœāĻ¨' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž'
31:33
Well what comes after ‘they’?
506
1893040
1600
āĻ†āĻšā§āĻ›āĻž 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž' āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•ā§€ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡?
31:35
‘were’.
507
1895680
400
'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'āĨ¤
31:37
‘Andrea and John were’
508
1897120
1840
'Andrea āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ John were'
31:39
Then remember we need to add -ing to the verb.
509
1899760
3360
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
31:44
‘They were skiing’ or ‘Andrea and John were skiing when they got hurt’.
510
1904400
6800
'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‡āĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‡āĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ˜āĻžāĻ¤ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'āĨ¤
31:52
The next example says, ‘It blank not raining when the game blank’.
511
1912160
5200
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, 'āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ• āĻ¨āĻž āĻ°ā§‡āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ•āĻž'āĨ¤
31:57
And I want you to use the verb ‘start’ for the second blank.
512
1917920
3680
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ–āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ 'āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸ' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
32:02
Take a look ‘when the game blank’ what's the past tense of ‘start’?
513
1922560
4800
āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨ 'āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ•āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡' 'āĻļā§āĻ°ā§'-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ•ā§€?
32:09
‘started’
514
1929120
640
'started'
32:10
Now let's look at the first part of the sentence.
515
1930960
2880
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻŸāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋāĨ¤
32:14
The subject is ‘it’.
516
1934400
1840
āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻāĻŸāĻŋ'āĨ¤
32:17
So what ‘be’ verb do we use for 'it'?
517
1937120
2800
āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ 'be' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'it' āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ?
32:21
‘was’
518
1941680
320
'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'
32:22
‘It was not raining when the game started.’
519
1942800
2720
'āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
32:26
Now find the mistake in the next sentence.
520
1946320
2640
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
32:32
‘I wasn't study at the library yesterday’.
521
1952160
4000
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ'āĨ¤
32:36
The subject here is ‘I’ and so the ‘be’ verb ‘was’ is correct.
522
1956880
4960
āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'I' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ 'be' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž 'was' āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
32:42
Here there's a contraction, ‘I wasn't’ for ‘I was not’.
523
1962720
4640
āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž' āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž'āĨ¤
32:48
Now the problem is with the verb.
524
1968320
2240
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĨ¤
32:51
Remember we need to put ‘–ing’ at the end of the verb.
525
1971120
5200
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ '–ing' āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
32:56
‘I wasn't studying at the library yesterday.’
526
1976320
3440
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
33:00
And finally, ‘We did meet our friends last weekend.’
527
1980480
4720
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
33:06
That sounds right, but remember we're doing the past continuous tense.
528
1986320
4880
āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻļā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
33:12
Take a look again.
529
1992160
960
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤
33:13
The subject is ‘we’.
530
1993760
1520
āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž'āĨ¤
33:16
We need a ‘be’ verb.
531
1996080
1200
āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻšāĻ“' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
33:18
‘were’
532
1998000
480
'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'
33:20
Then what happens?
533
2000240
960
āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ?
33:21
Remember, we need to add an ‘-ing’ to the end of the verb,
534
2001920
4880
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ '-ing' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡,
33:27
so we take out ‘did’ and say, ‘We were meeting our friends last weekend.’
535
2007360
5040
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'did' āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
33:33
Let's move on.
536
2013200
1120
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
33:34
Now, for this checkup, we'll look at the ‘while’ usage of the past continuous tense.
537
2014320
5680
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻāĻ‡ āĻšā§‡āĻ•āĻ†āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° 'while' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŦāĨ¤
33:40
Take a look at the first example.
538
2020640
1760
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
33:42
‘While I blank someone blank my bike.’
539
2022960
3360
'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ• āĻ–āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ.'
33:47
When we use ‘while’ in the past continuous tense,
540
2027120
3680
āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ 'while' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ,
33:50
we're showing that two actions happened at the same time in the past
541
2030800
4640
āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡
33:55
or they were happening at the same time in the past.
542
2035440
3600
āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
33:59
So we need to use the past continuous for both actions.
543
2039040
4480
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛āĻžāĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
34:04
‘While I blank’
544
2044640
1760
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ'
34:06
I want you to use ‘shop’ in the first blank.
545
2046960
2800
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ 'āĻĻā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
34:10
Remember, the subject here is ‘I’ so I need to use the ‘be’ verb ‘was’.
546
2050400
5440
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'I' āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ 'be' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ 'was'āĨ¤
34:17
Then ‘verb-ing’.
547
2057760
1920
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° 'verb-ing'āĨ¤
34:23
‘While I was shopping’
548
2063920
1440
'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ'
34:26
Now ‘someone’ can be a ‘he’ or ‘she’.
549
2066400
2960
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ 'āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰' āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ 'āĻ¸ā§‡' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¸ā§‡' āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
34:30
Therefore, again we need to use ‘was’
550
2070000
3840
āĻ…āĻ¤āĻāĻŦ, āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° 'āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'
34:34
and then the ‘verb-ing’ of ‘steal’.
551
2074560
3680
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° 'āĻšā§āĻ°āĻŋ' āĻāĻ° 'āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž-āĻ‡āĻ‚' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĨ¤
34:39
‘While I was shopping, someone was stealing my bike.’
552
2079280
3600
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ• āĻšā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
34:43
The next sentence says,
553
2083920
1360
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
34:45
‘While he blank’
554
2085840
2240
'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ–āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ'
34:48
I want you to use the verb ‘cook’.
555
2088080
2080
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ 'āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻž' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĨ¤
34:51
The subject is ‘he’ and so I need to use ‘was cooking’.
556
2091200
5520
āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ¸ā§‡' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ 'āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
34:58
‘While he was cooking, his girlfriend was cleaning.’
557
2098880
8160
'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŦā§€ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
35:08
Did you get that?
558
2108240
800
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨?
35:10
Let's move on.
559
2110240
800
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
35:11
Try to find the mistake in the next sentence.
560
2111600
4240
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
35:17
‘Jane was looking for us while we get off the plane.’
561
2117360
4320
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻœā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
35:22
The first part of the sentence is correct.
562
2122880
2480
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
35:25
‘Jane was looking’
563
2125920
1360
'āĻœā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'
35:28
Now the second part of the sentence.
564
2128480
2800
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĨ¤
35:31
Notice it's not in the past continuous tense.
565
2131280
3040
āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
35:34
‘While we get off the plane’
566
2134960
2480
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ'
35:37
So what we need to do is say, ‘were getting’.
567
2137440
6400
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛, 'āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ'āĨ¤
35:44
‘Jane was looking for us while we were getting off the plane.’
568
2144800
4160
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻœā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
35:50
The next sentence says, 'I was watching TV while my wife sleep’
569
2150160
5520
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ'
35:56
Again this part of the sentence did not use the past continuous tense.
570
2156960
4960
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
36:02
My wife is a ‘she’ and so I need to say ‘was sleeping’.
571
2162720
8080
āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ 'āĻ¸ā§‡' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ 'āĻ˜ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨' āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
36:11
‘I was watching TV while my wife was sleeping.’
572
2171440
3360
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
36:15
Great job, everyone.
573
2175680
1280
āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ, āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡.
36:16
Let's move on.
574
2176960
800
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
36:18
Good job, everybody in learning the past  
575
2178720
2560
āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ, āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤
36:21
continuous tense.
576
2181280
1040
āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡.
36:22
This tense can be a little difficult and a little tricky.
577
2182960
3920
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
36:27
Especially when it comes to the ‘when’ and ‘while’ usage.
578
2187440
3280
āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤
36:31
It'll take some practice to really master it, but I know you can do it.
579
2191280
3760
āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ—āĻŦā§‡, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨.
36:35
Keep studying English and I'll see you in the next video. 
580
2195600
4240
āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
36:47
Hi, everybody.
581
2207280
960
āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨.
36:48
I'm Esther.
582
2208240
1200
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
36:49
In this video, I will introduce the past perfect tense.
583
2209440
3440
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦāĨ¤
36:53
This tense is used to describe an action that took place at a specific time in the past.
584
2213600
5920
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ˜āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
37:00
This tense can be a little tricky, but don't worry I will guide you through it.
585
2220240
4880
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—āĻžāĻ‡āĻĄ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦāĨ¤
37:05
There's so much to learn and it's a very important tense.
586
2225120
3200
āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤
37:08
So keep watching.
587
2228320
880
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
37:12
Let's take a look at the first usage of the past perfect tense.
588
2232720
3840
āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
37:17
This tense can be used to describe an action in the past
589
2237280
3840
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡
37:21
that happened before another action in the past.
590
2241120
2880
āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
37:24
Here are some examples.
591
2244640
1280
āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻƒ.
37:26
‘I have visited China before I moved there.’
592
2246800
2960
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
37:30
No matter what the subject you follow with ‘had’,
593
2250560
3280
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄ' āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻž,
37:33
So that's easy.
594
2253840
960
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĨ¤
37:35
‘I had’ ‘Steve had’
595
2255360
2480
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' 'āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'
37:37
‘The plane had’ and ‘We had’.
596
2257840
2160
'āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'āĨ¤
37:40
Then, we follow with the past participle of the verb.
597
2260960
3440
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
37:44
In this case, it's ‘visited’.
598
2264960
1760
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨'āĨ¤
37:47
‘I had visited China.’
599
2267520
2320
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
37:49
Now you'll notice that the second verb is in the past simple tense.
600
2269840
4400
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
37:54
‘I moved there.’
601
2274240
1120
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
37:55
And I'll talk about that a little bit more later on.
602
2275920
2880
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡.
37:59
‘Steve had bought the book.’
603
2279920
1440
'āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­ āĻŦāĻ‡āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
38:01
Again, ‘subject’, ‘had’ and ‘past participle’.
604
2281920
4320
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, 'āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ', 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄ' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻĒāĻ˛'āĨ¤
38:06
In this case, the verb is ‘buy’.
605
2286240
1760
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨'āĨ¤
38:08
‘Steve had bought the book before he read it.’
606
2288960
3520
'āĻŦāĻ‡āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
38:13
Again, we have the simple tense of ‘read’ which is ‘read’.
607
2293200
4880
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ 'āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ' āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž 'āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž'āĨ¤
38:18
And finally, ‘The plane had left by the time I got to the airport.’
608
2298080
4800
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ›ā§‡āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
38:23
Again, the first part of this sentence is in the past perfect tense.
609
2303520
4880
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°āĨ¤
38:28
‘The plane had left’.
610
2308400
1440
'āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡'āĨ¤
38:30
This is the past participle of ‘leave’.
611
2310480
2800
āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—'-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻžāĨ¤
38:33
The second verb says, ‘I got to the airport.’
612
2313920
3600
āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
38:37
‘got’ is the past tense of ‘get’.
613
2317520
2400
'got' āĻšāĻ˛ 'get'-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤
38:40
Now what these three sentences have in common is that you'll see, ‘before’.
614
2320800
5920
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, 'āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡'āĨ¤
38:47
‘before’ or ‘by the time’.
615
2327520
1840
'āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡'āĨ¤
38:49
They all mean the same thing.
616
2329920
1520
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡.
38:52
The verb that is in the past perfect tense happened first.
617
2332560
4160
āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
38:57
The verb that's in the past simple tense happen after.
618
2337520
3440
āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĨ¤
39:01
So again, for the first example.
619
2341520
2640
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯.
39:04
‘before I move there’ That happened later.
620
2344160
3520
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡' āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
39:08
Before that, ‘I had already visited China.’
621
2348400
3120
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
39:12
Do you understand how that works?
622
2352160
1680
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡?
39:14
Let's take a look at the last example.
623
2354400
2080
āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
39:17
‘When they arrived, we had already started the game.’
624
2357200
3440
'āĻ“āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
39:21
So maybe they were late or something had happened.
625
2361280
3120
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
39:24
But ‘When they arrived’, this is the past simple tense.
626
2364400
4480
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ 'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§‹', āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤
39:28
So this happened second.
627
2368880
2480
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻž āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡.
39:31
‘We had already started the game.’
628
2371360
2240
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
39:34
This action had already started.
629
2374480
2960
āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
39:37
It started before this action.
630
2377440
2400
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
39:40
Let's move on.
631
2380880
1360
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
39:42
Earlier I mentioned that the past perfect tense can be used to describe an action
632
2382240
5440
āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ– āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ
39:47
that happened in the past before another action in the past.
633
2387680
4000
āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
39:52
We can do the same thing but also emphasize the duration.
634
2392240
4320
āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°āĻ“ āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
39:56
How long that first action happened.
635
2396560
2320
āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡.
39:59
We do this by using four and a duration.
636
2399440
3200
āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
40:03
Let's take a look.
637
2403280
960
āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•.
40:05
‘I had owned my computer for two months before it broke.’
638
2405120
5040
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ™ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
40:10
This is very similar to the first usage.
639
2410160
2480
āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĨ¤
40:13
‘I had’ and the past participle of the verb.
640
2413520
4160
'I had' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° past participle.
40:18
This part shows the action that happened earlier in the past.
641
2418560
3760
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
40:23
The second part, ‘it broke’.
642
2423040
2000
āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ, 'āĻ‡āĻŸ āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•'āĨ¤
40:25
The past simple tense verb shows the action in the past
643
2425680
4080
āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ
40:29
that happened later than the first action.
644
2429760
2480
āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
40:33
However, you'll notice that this sentence has a duration, ‘for two months’.
645
2433120
5120
āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, 'āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯'āĨ¤
40:38
‘I had owned my computer for two months before it broke.’
646
2438960
3840
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­ā§‡āĻ™ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
40:43
All I'm doing here is showing how long the first action had been true.
647
2443600
4960
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
40:49
Let's take a look at the next example.
648
2449280
2960
āĻ†āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
40:52
‘Jim had been lonely for a long time until he got a puppy.’
649
2452240
4800
'āĻœāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ•ā§€ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ›āĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤'
40:57
Again, we have subject ‘had’, past participle.
650
2457760
4880
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ subject 'had', past participle āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
41:02
And then we have the past simple ‘he got a puppy’.
651
2462640
4400
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ›āĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡'āĨ¤
41:07
All we're doing here is emphasizing how long first action had been true.
652
2467920
5280
āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
41:13
He had been lonely for a long time.
653
2473760
2800
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻ•ā§€ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
41:17
That is until the later action, ‘he got a puppy.’
654
2477280
4080
āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤, 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻ›āĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
41:22
And finally, ‘She and I had been friends for many years before she became my wife.’
655
2482160
6240
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
41:29
The first part of the sentence is the past perfect.
656
2489680
3440
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤āĨ¤
41:33
It happened before she became my wife.
657
2493120
3440
āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
41:37
But I want to explain how long that had been true for many years.
658
2497280
4880
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
41:42
Let's move on.
659
2502960
1200
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
41:44
Now I'll introduce how to form the negative in the past perfect tense.
660
2504160
4800
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‹āĻŖāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ• āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
41:49
Take a look at the board.
661
2509520
1040
āĻŦā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤
41:51
The first sentence says, ‘I had not eaten at the restaurant before I went yesterday.’
662
2511200
6080
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻ–āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
41:58
Again, we have the past perfect tense here and the past simple tense here.
663
2518000
5680
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
42:04
This one is the action that happened earlier in the past
664
2524400
3840
āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛
42:08
And this one over here is the action that happened later in the past.
665
2528240
4640
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
42:13
However, because this is the negative, what I'm going to do is add a 'not' between
666
2533600
6160
āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ•, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛
42:19
the ‘had’ and the past participle of the verb.
667
2539760
3440
'had' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'not' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤
42:23
So I say, ‘I have not eaten’.
668
2543920
2880
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ, 'āĻ–āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋ'āĨ¤
42:27
Or I can use the contraction
669
2547360
2080
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡
42:29
and say, ‘I hadn't eaten at the restaurant before I went yesterday.’
670
2549440
5200
āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻ—āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻ–āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
42:35
The next sentence is very similar.’
671
2555360
2080
āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽāĨ¤'
42:38
‘She had not been to the circus before she went last week.’
672
2558000
4080
'āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
42:42
Here's the action that happened earlier in the past,
673
2562880
3600
āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ,
42:46
and here's the action that happened later in the past.
674
2566480
3680
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ.
42:50
However, again, because it's negative,
675
2570720
3120
āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ•,
42:53
I put a 'not' between ‘had’ and the past participle of the verb.
676
2573840
5120
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ 'had' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'not' āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
42:59
Also, I can use the contraction and say, ‘She hadn't been to the circus.’
677
2579680
5280
āĻāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ“, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
43:06
The next sentence says,
678
2586320
1520
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
43:07
‘The cat hadn't chased the bird for very long before it flew away.’
679
2587840
5120
'āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
43:13
Remember, we can show duration,
680
2593760
2400
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ,
43:16
or how long the first action was true.
681
2596160
2960
āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
43:19
by using 'for' and a duration.
682
2599120
2480
'āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
43:22
Because this is the negative form,
683
2602560
2240
āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ,
43:24
again, I use 'had not' after the subject and before the past participle of the verb
684
2604800
7280
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ 'had not' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ
43:32
In this case, the contraction ‘hadn't’ is already there for you.
685
2612080
4000
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ 'hadn't' āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
43:37
‘We hadn't known each other for three months before we married.’
686
2617200
4720
'āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
43:42
That's a pretty short time.
687
2622560
1920
āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ.
43:44
It shows the duration by saying ‘for’, How long?
688
2624480
3760
āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'for' āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ?
43:48
‘three months’
689
2628240
800
'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸'
43:49
Let's move on.
690
2629840
800
āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤
43:51
Now, let's take a look at questions using ‘had’ in the past perfect tense.
691
2631280
5120
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° 'had' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
43:57
Take a look at the first sentence.
692
2637040
2160
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
43:59
It says, ‘She had eaten lunch by noon.’
693
2639200
3360
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
44:03
Now, to turn this into a question is quite easy.
694
2643360
3760
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĨ¤
44:07
All you have to do is change the order of the first two words.
695
2647120
3440
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĨ¤
44:11
So instead of ‘she had’, we say ‘Had she’.
696
2651120
3360
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄ āĻ¸ā§‡'āĨ¤
44:15
‘Had she eaten lunch by noon?’
697
2655200
2000
'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡?'
44:18
You can say, ‘Yes, she had.’
698
2658160
2320
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
44:20
or ‘No, she hadn't.’
699
2660480
1680
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
44:23
The next sentence says, ‘It had rained before they left.’
700
2663040
3680
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
44:27
Again simply switched the order of the first two words.
701
2667440
4320
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨.
44:31
Instead of ‘It had’, say ‘Had it’ to make a question.
702
2671760
4080
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ 'āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ 'Had it' āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
44:36
‘Had it rained before they left?’
703
2676560
1920
'āĻ“āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
44:39
To reply you can say, ‘Yes, it had.’
704
2679360
3280
āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
44:42
or ‘No, it hadn't.’
705
2682640
1920
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
44:45
Let's move on now.
706
2685280
2080
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨.
44:47
I'll go into how to form ‘WH’ questions in the past perfect tense.
707
2687360
4640
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ 'WH' āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
44:52
Let's take a look.
708
2692560
800
āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•.
44:54
Here we see at the beginning of each question a 'WH' word.
709
2694400
4400
āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ 'WH' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤
44:59
‘where’, ‘who’, ‘what’, and ‘how’.
710
2699520
4320
'āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ', 'āĻ•ā§‡', 'āĻ•āĻŋ', āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡'āĨ¤
45:04
Let's take a look at the first question.
711
2704560
2000
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
45:07
‘Where had he traveled before?’
712
2707520
2240
'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨?'
45:10
You'll notice that after each ‘WH’ word, we have ‘had’.
713
2710560
4400
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ 'WH' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° 'had' āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
45:15
And then the subject and then the past participle of the verb.
714
2715920
4960
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° subject āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° verb āĻāĻ° past participle.
45:21
‘Where had he traveled before?’
715
2721600
2160
'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨?'
45:25
The next question says, ‘Who had she talked to before?’
716
2725040
3920
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨?'
45:29
This is the same thing the ‘WH’ word
717
2729760
3200
āĻāĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ 'WH' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
45:33
‘had she’ and then the past participle.
718
2733520
2880
'had she' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° past participle.
45:37
You'll notice here that we have the word ‘before’, but we didn't write a specific point in time.
719
2737200
6400
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ 'āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
45:44
If you see that it simply means before now.
720
2744400
2960
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡āĨ¤
45:48
The next question says, ‘What had he eaten before lunch?’
721
2748560
4400
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻžā§āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§€ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
45:53
Again we follow the same formula, however, here it says ‘lunch for you'.
722
2753920
5920
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ 'āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°'āĨ¤
46:00
The last one says,
723
2760400
1440
āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨,
46:01
‘How long had she known him before she dated him?’
724
2761840
3920
'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĄā§‡āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤?'
46:06
Again how long ‘had’ + ‘subject’ and then the past participle.
725
2766720
6080
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ 'had' + 'subject' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° past participleāĨ¤
46:13
Let's take a look at how  to answer these questions.
726
2773600
2880
āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ• āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
46:17
‘Where had he traveled before?’
727
2777520
2000
'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨?'
46:20
‘He had traveled to Europe.’
728
2780400
2160
'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
46:22
is one possible answer.
729
2782560
1440
āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĨ¤
46:25
‘Who had she talked to before?’
730
2785360
2960
'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨?'
46:28
Here I can say, ‘She had talked to her brother.’
731
2788320
3440
āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
46:33
‘What had he eaten before lunch?’
732
2793360
2400
'āĻ˛āĻžāĻžā§āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ•ā§€ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
46:36
‘He had eaten sushi before lunch.’
733
2796640
2560
'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻžā§āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
46:39
And finally, ‘How long had she known him before she dated him?’
734
2799920
4800
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĄā§‡āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ¨?'
46:45
‘She had known him for three years.’
735
2805440
2560
'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻšā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
46:48
That is one possible answer.
736
2808000
1840
āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĨ¤
46:50
Let's move on.
737
2810560
880
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
46:52
Now let's take a look at some practice exercises for the basic usage of the past perfect tense.
738
2812400
6240
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻœāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
46:59
Take a look at the first sentence.
739
2819200
1680
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
47:01
‘I blank for six hours before I had a break.’
740
2821520
3920
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ›āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ˜āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
47:06
The verb here is ‘work’.
741
2826080
1680
āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻ•āĻžāĻœ'āĨ¤
47:08
Remember, we need to say ‘I had’.
742
2828560
3120
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'āĨ¤
47:11
No matter what the subject is, say ‘had’.
743
2831680
2720
āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨, 'āĻšāĻžāĻ¤' āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
47:16
And then, you take the past participle of the verb.
744
2836880
3360
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
47:20
In this case, we would say ‘worked’.
745
2840800
3040
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŦ 'āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡'āĨ¤
47:26
‘I had worked for six hours before I had a break.’
746
2846240
3840
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ›āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ˜āĻŖā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
47:30
For the next sentence, I want you to try the negative form.
747
2850880
3280
āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
47:35
‘We blank TV before we listened to the radio.’
748
2855280
4480
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ°ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻļā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ‡āĨ¤'
47:41
Remember, for the negative form, we say ‘had not’
749
2861200
3840
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ 'āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋ'
47:45
or we use the contraction, ‘hadn't’.
750
2865040
2320
āĻŦāĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋ'āĨ¤
47:49
‘We hadn’t’.
751
2869520
1120
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž'āĨ¤
47:51
And then, we need the past participle.
752
2871360
2400
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨.
47:57
‘We hadn't watched TV before we listened to the radio.’
753
2877120
4640
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ°ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻļā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
48:02
Now find the mistake in the next sentence.
754
2882640
3200
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
48:07
‘Reggie had it be to Mexico before he went to Peru.’
755
2887840
4480
'āĻĒā§‡āĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ—āĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•ā§‹āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
48:13
Well, we have the subject here and for the negative, ‘hadn't’ is correct.
756
2893040
5520
āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ˛, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, 'āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋ' āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
48:19
However, we need the past participle of the verb ‘be’.
757
2899280
4640
āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° 'āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨āĨ¤
48:24
So the correct answer is,
758
2904720
1760
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻšāĻ˛,
48:26
‘Reggie hadn't been to Mexico before he went to Peru.’
759
2906480
4240
'āĻĒā§‡āĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ—āĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•ā§‹āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
48:31
And finally, ‘Sally and Jan or they had do their job.’
760
2911680
6000
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
48:38
Hmm.
761
2918200
1000
āĻšā§āĻŽāĨ¤
48:39
Remember, we need the past participle.
762
2919200
2480
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻĒāĻ˛ āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
48:42
We don't say do.
763
2922320
1440
āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋāĨ¤
48:43
We say ‘done’.
764
2923760
1280
āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ 'āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡'āĨ¤
48:46
‘Sally and Jan had done their job before they watched TV.’
765
2926160
4480
'āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
48:51
Let's move on.
766
2931680
1040
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
48:52
In this checkup, we'll take a look at some practice exercises
767
2932720
3840
āĻāĻ‡ āĻšā§‡āĻ•āĻ†āĻĒā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻœāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻŦ
48:56
for the past perfect tense that describes how long.
768
2936560
3920
āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĨ¤
49:00
Let's take a look at the first sentence.
769
2940480
1920
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
49:03
‘You blank at the park for three hours before you came home.’
770
2943120
4800
'āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ˜āĻŖā§āĻŸāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ•āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤'
49:08
Remember, we start with the subject and then ‘had’.
771
2948880
3040
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻŸ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° 'had' āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
49:12
So I'm going to add that here,
772
2952720
1680
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋ,
49:15
then we need the past participle of the verb ‘be’.
773
2955200
3440
āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° 'be' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° past participle āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
49:19
And that is ‘been’.
774
2959440
1440
āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸāĻž āĻšāĻ˛ 'āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡'āĨ¤
49:22
‘You had been at the park for three hours before you came home.’
775
2962320
4320
'āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ˜āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
49:27
The next sentence says,
776
2967680
1760
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡,
49:29
‘They blank for six hours before they took a break.’
777
2969440
3920
'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ›āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ˜āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ–āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĨ¤'
49:34
Again, no matter what the subject, we have ‘had’ and then the past participle.
778
2974240
5440
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ 'āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§€āĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
49:40
So the answer is,
779
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻšāĻ˛,
49:42
‘They had studied for six hours before they took a break.’
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ›āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ˜āĻŖā§āĻŸāĻž āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§‹āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
49:49
Now, find the mistake in the next sentence.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
49:52
It's a little bit longer so it might take you a while.
782
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2800
āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡.
49:56
‘They had been known each other for ten years before they had their first fight.’
783
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5360
'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻĻāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
50:03
Can you find the mistake?
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨?
50:05
Well, we have the subject and ‘had’, but check this out.
785
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āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ˛, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄ', āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨.
50:09
There are two past participles here.
786
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
50:12
We need to get rid of one of them.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
50:15
We can take out this verb and say, ‘They had known each other for ten years
788
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡
50:21
before they had their first fight.’
789
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2000
āĻĻāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤
50:24
The next sentence says, ‘I have played soccer for many years before I scored my first goal.’
790
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āĨ¤' āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ—ā§‹āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
50:32
This sentence doesn't look wrong at first.
791
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
50:36
But remember, in the past perfect tense, we need to say ‘had’.
792
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āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ 'had'āĨ¤
50:40
‘I had played soccer for many years before I scored my first goal.’
793
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'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ—ā§‹āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤'
50:48
Good job, everybody.
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āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ, āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡.
50:49
Let's move on.
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āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
50:50
Great job, everyone.
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1520
āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ, āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡.
50:52
Now you have a better understanding of the past perfect tense.
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āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
50:56
I know it can be a little difficult but keep studying,
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3200
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨,
50:59
and keep practicing, and you will get better.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
51:02
I know studying English is not easy but with time and effort,
800
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4080
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡,
51:06
I know you'll master it.
801
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
51:08
Thank you so much for watching and I'll see you in the next video.
802
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āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
51:20
Hi, everybody.
803
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āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨.
51:21
I'm Esther.
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
51:22
In this video, I will introduce the past perfect continuous tense.
805
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦāĨ¤
51:27
It's a great tense that helps you express an ongoing action
806
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡
51:30
in the past continuing up to another point in the past.
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
51:34
There's a lot to learn, so keep watching.
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āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
51:40
One usage of the past perfect continuous tense is to talk about an ongoing action in the
809
3100480
6320
āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž
51:46
past that continued up to another point in the
810
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3280
āĻ¯āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛
51:50
past.
811
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400
āĨ¤
51:51
You can use ‘for’ and a duration to talk about
812
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ 'āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨
51:54
how long that action was in progress.
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āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻœāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡
51:57
Here are some examples.
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āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻƒ.
51:59
‘I had been waiting for the bus for two hours before it arrived.’
815
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'āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻ˜āĻŖā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ…āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
52:04
You'll notice that at the beginning.
816
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āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
52:06
It doesn't matter what the subject is, we follow with ‘had been’.
817
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4400
āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻšā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'haed been' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
52:11
For example, ‘I had been’, ‘Chuck had been’,
818
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3920
āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ', 'āĻšāĻžāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛',
52:15
And ‘Tom and Kim had been.’
819
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2160
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻŸāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŋāĻŽ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
52:18
And then we follow with the verb ‘-ing’.
820
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2720
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž '-ing' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
52:22
‘waiting’.
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480
'āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž'āĨ¤
52:23
‘I had been waiting.’
822
3143200
1840
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
52:25
Now this is the ongoing action that happened first.
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3145040
3440
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
52:29
Again, four and two hours shows the duration.
824
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻ˜āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
52:33
The second part says, ‘it arrived’.
825
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āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, 'āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡'āĨ¤
52:36
This verb is in the past simple tense.
826
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°āĨ¤
52:39
Therefore, that is the second action.
827
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āĻ…āĻ¤āĻāĻŦ, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĨ¤
52:42
It's the action that this first action happened until this action happened,
828
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āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛,
52:49
so again, ‘I had been waiting for the bus,’ happened
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ'
52:52
first.
830
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
52:53
And then, it happened until the bus arrived.
831
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°, āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ†āĻ¸āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡.
52:58
‘Chuck had been cooking,’ Again, that part's easy.
832
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'āĻšāĻ• āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛,' āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻŸāĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĨ¤
53:02
No matter what’s the subject, we say ‘had been’ and then verb ‘-ing’.
833
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āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ 'had been' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° verb '-ing'āĨ¤
53:08
Again, I can show how long Chuck had been cooking by saying ‘for an hour’, showing
834
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āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ 'āĻāĻ• āĻ˜āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯' āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻšāĻ• āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ,
53:14
the duration.
835
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720
āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĨ¤
53:16
And then, I finished by saying, ‘before he finished’.
836
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡' āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
53:20
He had been cooking up to this point in the past.
837
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āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
53:25
Finally, ‘Tom and Kim had been walking,’ This part should be familiar to you by now,
838
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āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻŸāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŋāĻŽ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻŸāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨,' āĻāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤,
53:31
‘for an hour’ Again, that shows duration.
839
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'āĻāĻ• āĻ˜āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯' āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
53:35
‘before they rested.’
840
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'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡āĨ¤'
53:37
So they had been walking for an hour before they took a break.
841
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻ˜āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻŸāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
53:43
Before they rested.
842
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1360
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤
53:45
Let's move on.
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800
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
53:46
The past perfect continuous tense is also used to express cause and effect in the
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ
53:52
past.
845
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480
āĨ¤
53:54
The verb that's in the past perfect continuous tense shows the cause,
846
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āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ,
53:59
why something happened.
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āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
54:00
We can use ‘because’ or ‘so’ to show the cause and effect.
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āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ' āĻŦāĻž 'āĻ¸ā§‹' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
54:06
Here, I'll explain.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦ.
54:08
‘Jason was tired because he had been jogging.’
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'āĻœā§‡āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻœāĻ—āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
54:12
The first part of the sentence is in the past tense.
851
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āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ°āĨ¤
54:16
‘Jason was tired,’ However, we see ‘why?’
852
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'āĻœā§‡āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛,' āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡āĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋ 'āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨?'
54:21
Well, because, ‘he had been jogging’.
853
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āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ, 'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻœāĻ—āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨'āĨ¤
54:24
The second part of this sentence is in the past perfect continuous tense.
854
3264800
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤
54:29
‘he had been’, remember no matter what the subject,
855
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'he had been', āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨,
54:33
we follow with ‘had been’ and jogging – ‘verb -ing’.
856
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5120
āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ 'had been' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ jogging – 'verb -ing'āĨ¤
54:38
‘he had been jogging’ This shows why Jason was tired.
857
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'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻœāĻ—āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨' āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻœā§‡āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
54:44
The next sentence says, ‘The pavement’ or it ‘was wet because
858
3284480
5520
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻĒāĻžāĻĨ' āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 'āĻ­ā§‡āĻœāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ
54:50
it had been raining.’
859
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2000
āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
54:52
Similar to the first sentence, ‘it had been raining’ shows the cause.
860
3292000
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹, 'āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤' āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
54:57
Why was the pavement wet?
861
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āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻĒāĻžāĻĨ āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨?
54:59
‘The pavement was wet because it had been raining.’
862
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'āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻĒāĻžāĻĨ āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
55:04
In this sentence, we see a little difference.
863
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āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ‡āĨ¤
55:07
‘The children had been playing’ Again, this is the past perfect continuous
864
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'āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•
55:13
tense.
865
3313360
320
āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĨ¤
55:14
‘had been playing’ The second part says, ‘the room was a mess’.
866
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'āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡' āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, 'āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŸāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻ—ā§‹āĻ˛āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'āĨ¤
55:19
So here, instead of ‘because’ like the first two sentences,
867
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡, 'āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ' āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹,
55:23
I used ‘so’.
868
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āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
55:25
So the order has been changed but the meaning is the same.
869
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āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡āĨ¤
55:30
This, ‘the children had been playing’ is why the room was a mess.
870
3330000
5280
āĻāĻ‡, 'āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ˜āĻ°āĻŸāĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§‹āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛āĨ¤
55:36
This is the cause and this is the effect.
871
3336080
3760
āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
55:40
Let's move on.
872
3340640
800
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
55:42
Now let's go into the negative form of the past perfect continuous tense.
873
3342480
5440
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
55:47
Here are some examples.
874
3347920
1120
āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻƒ.
55:50
‘I had not been working for a day before I quit.’
875
3350080
3600
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
55:54
So no matter what the subject ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘she’, or ‘it’,
876
3354400
4880
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ', 'āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ', 'āĻ¸ā§‡', āĻŦāĻž 'āĻāĻŸāĻŋ',
55:59
just like in the affirmative, we say ‘had’, but after the ‘had’, in the negative form,
877
3359920
6240
āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄ', āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ 'āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄ'-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡
56:06
we add ‘not’. ‘had not’
878
3366160
2320
āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻž'. 'haad not'
56:09
‘had not’ or you can use the contraction ‘hadn't’.
879
3369040
4480
'hadi not' āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ 'hadi not' āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤
56:13
Which is a combination of ‘had’ and ‘not’ together.
880
3373520
3280
āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ 'had' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'not'-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤
56:17
‘I had not been working’ The rest of the sentence is the same.
881
3377840
4720
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž' āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡āĨ¤ 'been + verb -ing' '
56:22
‘been + verb -ing’ ‘I had not been working for a day before
882
3382560
5840
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤' āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ
56:28
I quit.’
883
3388400
1680
āĻ•āĻžāĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡
56:30
The next sentence says, ‘You had not been cutting onions for long
884
3390080
4880
āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĒā§‡āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž
56:34
before you cried.’
885
3394960
1120
āĨ¤'
56:36
Again, the ‘not’ goes between ‘had’ and ‘been’.
886
3396720
3520
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, 'āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡'-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ 'āĻ¨āĻž' āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
56:41
‘She hadn't been studying for long when she fell asleep.’
887
3401680
3680
'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ˜ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
56:46
Here, we have the contraction.
888
3406080
1680
āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡.
56:48
And finally, ‘It hadn't been snowing for long when it
889
3408880
3440
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¤ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋ
56:52
stopped.’
890
3412320
400
āĨ¤'
56:53
Again, we have the contraction for ‘had not’ here.
891
3413360
3040
āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ 'had not'-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤
56:57
You'll notice that in the first two sentences, I used ‘before’.
892
3417200
3520
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ 'āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
57:01
And in the last two, I used ‘when’.
893
3421360
2080
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ 'āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨' āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
57:04
Either one can be used to show when the first action stopped.
894
3424400
4160
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
57:09
Let's move on.
895
3429280
800
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
57:10
Now let's go into how to form basic questions in the past perfect continuous tense.
896
3430800
6000
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§ŒāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
57:17
Here is the first example.
897
3437440
1600
āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ.
57:19
‘He had been driving all day before he arrived.’
898
3439840
3600
'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
57:24
Now, to turn this into a question, all we have to do is change the order of the first
899
3444000
5680
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ
57:29
two words.
900
3449680
720
āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ°
57:30
Instead of ‘He had’, now I can say, ‘Had he’, in order to form a question.
901
3450960
5600
āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĨ¤ 'He had'-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ 'Had he' āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
57:37
‘Had he been driving all day before he arrived?’
902
3457360
3760
'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
57:42
The next sentence says, ‘The dog had been barking because it was
903
3462000
4800
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ•ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ° āĻ˜ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ˜ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ
57:46
scared.’
904
3466800
480
āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
57:48
In this case, the subject is ‘The dog’.
905
3468000
2560
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ 'āĻ•ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°'āĨ¤
57:51
And then we follow with ‘had’.
906
3471360
2480
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'had' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
57:53
To turn this into a question, again, we switch the order.
907
3473840
3840
āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
57:58
‘Had the dog been barking because it was scared?’
908
3478400
3760
'āĻ•ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ˜ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ˜ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
58:02
You'll notice that in the question, the rest of the words stay in the same place.
909
3482800
5440
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡, āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ—āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤
58:09
Now, in the first question, we're asking how long an action happened,
910
3489120
5200
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻœāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ˜āĻŸā§‡āĻ›ā§‡,
58:14
or how long it was ongoing in the past.
911
3494320
2720
āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
58:17
And in this question, we ask about cause and effect.
912
3497600
4320
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
58:21
Let's move on.
913
3501920
800
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
58:23
Now, I'll introduce how to form WH questions in the past perfect continuous tense.
914
3503440
6240
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ WH āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
58:30
Take a look at these examples.
915
3510240
2160
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŸāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨.
58:32
You'll notice that they all start with a WH word.
916
3512400
3840
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ WH āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
58:36
Why, where, what, and who.
917
3516240
3280
āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ•ā§€, āĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤
58:40
You might also have noticed that after we have ‘had’.
918
3520320
3600
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ“ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° 'āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡' āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤
58:44
‘Why had’ ‘Where had’
919
3524560
2320
'āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' 'āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'
58:46
‘What had’ and ‘Who had’
920
3526880
2000
'āĻ•ā§€ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ•āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'
58:49
In the first question, after that comes the subject.
921
3529760
3920
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§‡, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤
58:54
‘Why had you’ And then ‘been + verb -ing’
922
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'Why had you' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° 'been + verb -ing'
58:59
And that's the same pattern we follow for all of these sentences.
923
3539680
4240
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
59:03
So ‘Why had you been studying so much?’
924
3543920
2960
āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ 'āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨?'
59:07
I can answer by saying, ‘I had been studying so much because I have
925
3547440
4800
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, ' āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ
59:12
a test.’
926
3552240
560
āĨ¤'
59:14
‘Where had you been traveling before you came here?’
927
3554240
4080
'āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§‡āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨?'
59:18
I can say, ‘I had been traveling through Asia.’
928
3558320
3520
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
59:23
‘What had they been playing before they played soccer?’
929
3563440
3760
'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§€ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛?'
59:27
I can answer, ‘They had been playing baseball.’
930
3567920
3120
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
59:31
And finally, ‘Who had she been talking to before she
931
3571760
4720
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛
59:36
left home?’
932
3576480
720
?'
59:37
I can answer, ‘She had been talking to her boyfriend.’
933
3577840
3520
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, 'āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻĢā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
59:42
Let's move on.
934
3582160
800
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
59:43
Let's start a checkup for the past perfect continuous tense.
935
3583760
3600
āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
59:48
Take a look at the first sentence.
936
3588080
2160
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
59:50
It says, ‘They __ for a long time before they went home.’
937
3590240
4960
āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤'
59:56
Try to fill in the blank with the verb ‘work’ in this tense.
938
3596080
3760
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° 'āĻ•āĻžāĻœ' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§‚āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
60:01
Remember, no matter what the subject, we follow the subject with ‘had been’.
939
3601760
5200
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'had been' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻŸ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
60:08
So we say, ‘They had been’.
940
3608000
2880
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ, 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛'āĨ¤
60:12
What happens to the verb?
941
3612000
1920
āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ?
60:13
Remember, we add ‘-ing’.
942
3613920
2240
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž '-ing' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
60:18
So the sentence is, ‘They had been working for a long time before they went home.’
943
3618560
6400
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛, 'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
60:26
Now, take a look at the second sentence.
944
3626000
2560
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
60:29
I want you to use the negative.
945
3629120
2000
āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¨.
60:31
‘I __ TV for a year before I started again.’
946
3631920
4800
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ __ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĨ¤'
60:37
Remember, the negative form for this tense starts with the subject
947
3637840
4640
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ
60:42
and then ‘had not been’.
948
3642480
2000
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ 'had not' āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
60:47
Or I can use the contraction ‘hadn't’.
949
3647200
2400
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ 'āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋ'āĨ¤
60:50
‘I hadn't been’ And then again, verb ‘-ing’.
950
3650240
5600
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž '-ing'āĨ¤
60:57
‘I hadn't been watching TV for a year before I started again.’
951
3657200
5120
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤'
61:03
Now, try to find the mistake in this next sentence.
952
3663280
3520
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
61:09
‘Gina and I hadn't been do any work before we started.’
953
3669440
5120
'āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻ†āĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤'
61:15
What's the error?
954
3675520
880
āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ?
61:17
You'll notice that the verb does not have an ‘-ing’.
955
3677440
6400
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ '-ing' āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤
61:24
To make the sentence correct, we must say, ‘Gina and I hadn't been doing
956
3684880
5680
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡, 'āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ
61:30
any work before we started.’
957
3690560
2080
āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž āĨ¤'
61:33
Now, find the mistake here.
958
3693600
1760
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
61:36
‘He had be watching YouTube because he had some free time.’
959
3696480
4960
'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻŸāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŦ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸā§ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
61:43
‘He had’, that's correct, but we need to change ‘be’ to been’.
960
3703440
6240
'āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛', āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻ•, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° 'āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡'-āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
61:50
And ‘watching’ is correct.
961
3710560
1600
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž' āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤
61:52
So, ‘He had been watching YouTube because he had some free time.’
962
3712160
5280
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡, 'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻŸāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŦ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
61:58
Let's move on.
963
3718160
720
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
61:59
Now, let's move on to another checkup of the past perfect continuous tense.
964
3719760
4960
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšā§‡āĻ•āĻ†āĻĒā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĨ¤
62:05
Take a look at the first example.
965
3725280
1840
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
62:07
It says, ‘The company __ employees because they worked hard.’
966
3727760
4640
āĻāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, 'āĻ•ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° __ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
62:13
Use the verb ‘promote’ in the past perfect continuous tense.
967
3733200
4240
āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ 'āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽā§‹āĻŸ' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
62:18
Remember, no matter what the subject, we follow with ‘had been’.
968
3738640
4480
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ‡ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž 'had been' āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
62:23
So we say, ‘The company had been’ and then verb ‘-ing’, so ‘promoting’.
969
3743840
10000
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ, 'The company had been' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° verb '-ing', āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ 'promoting'āĨ¤
62:35
‘The company had been promoting employees because they worked hard.’
970
3755120
4560
'āĻ•ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻĻā§‹āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
62:40
The next example says, ‘I __ your emails for a while because they went to the spam
971
3760480
6320
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, 'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛ __ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽ
62:46
folder.’
972
3766800
1200
āĻĢā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
62:48
Here, try to use the negative form with the verb ‘get’.
973
3768000
3600
āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡, 'get' āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
62:53
Remember, in the negative form, we say ‘had not been getting’
974
3773360
4880
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ• āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ 'āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž'
62:59
Or the contraction ‘hadn't been getting’.
975
3779120
3920
āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ¨ 'āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻž'āĨ¤
63:05
‘I hadn't been getting your emails for a while because they went to the spam folder.’
976
3785680
5840
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ‡āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽ āĻĢā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤'
63:12
Now look for the mistake in the next sentence.
977
3792400
3440
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
63:18
‘I had been work a lot because I needed the money.’
978
3798000
4000
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŸāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
63:22
What's the mistake?
979
3802640
1040
āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻŋ?
63:24
Remember, we need to add ‘-ing’ to the verb.
980
3804400
5440
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ '-ing' āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤
63:30
‘I had been working a lot because I needed the money.’
981
3810560
3760
'āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŸāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤'
63:35
The last sentence says, ‘He has been smoking because he was stressed.’
982
3815200
5520
āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡, 'āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ§ā§‚āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻžāĻĒā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤'
63:41
Can you find the mistake?
983
3821600
2480
āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨?
63:44
Remember, we're practicing the past perfect continuous.
984
3824080
3520
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻŦā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
63:48
In this case, we need ‘had’ after the subject, not ‘has’.
985
3828160
5360
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ 'has' āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°, 'has' āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
63:54
Great job, everyone.
986
3834400
1280
āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ, āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡.
63:55
Let's move on.
987
3835680
1200
āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āĻ‡.
63:56
Thank you so much for watching this  grammar course on the past tense. 
988
3836880
4160
āĻ…āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛
64:01
Now, if you haven’t had a chance to check  out my grammar course on the present tense  
989
3841040
4240
āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨
64:05
or the future tense, make sure you do that now. Thank you again for watching and I will see you  
990
3845280
4960
, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻŽāĻŋ
64:10
next time. Bye.
991
3850240
1600
āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻšāĻŦā§‡ . āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāĻ‡ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡

āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ YouTube āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻļā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ  āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĄāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛-āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ā§ˇ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡, āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨.

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