BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Psychology' English mega-class! Thirty minutes of new vocabulary!

252,040 views ใƒป 2022-12-11

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:05
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learningย  English. I'm Neil. And I'm Sam. Many people haveย ย 
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ. ื•ืื ื™ ืกื. ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ
00:11
favourites - a favourite colour, a favouriteย  flavour, a favourite word. What's yours,ย ย 
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ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื - ืฆื‘ืข ืื”ื•ื‘, ื˜ืขื ืื”ื•ื‘, ืžื™ืœื” ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช. ืžื” ืฉืœืš,
00:16
Neil? Hmm, my favourite colour is green, myย  favourite flavour is sweet-and-sour, and, well,ย ย 
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ื ื™ืœ? ื”ืžืž, ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืง, ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืžื•ืฅ-ืžืชื•ืง, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,
00:22
I don't know if it's my favourite, but there is aย  word I really like saying out loud - 'nincompoop'.ย ย 
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื–ื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืœ - 'nincompoop'.
00:29
It means a silly person. For me, it's the tasteย  of coffee, and the smell of lavender, or freshlyย ย 
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืื“ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉ. ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื–ื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ืงืคื”, ื•ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื ื“ืจ, ืื•
00:36
baked bread. Our favourite tastes, smells andย  colours are controlled by our five senses - sight,ย ย 
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ืœื—ื ื˜ืจื™ ืืคื•ื™. ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• - ืจืื™ื™ื”,
00:44
sound, smell, taste, and touch. For most of usย  they don't mix. We see colours and taste flavours,ย ย 
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ืฆืœื™ืœ, ืจื™ื—, ื˜ืขื ื•ืžื’ืข. ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ื ืœื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ื,
00:51
but we can't taste sounds. But that's notย  how everyone's brain works. Imagine beingย ย 
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืš ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื. ืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžืš ืฉืืชื”
00:56
able to 'taste' every word that you hear. In thisย  programme, we'll meet two sisters from Glasgow inย ย 
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ 'ืœื˜ืขื•ื' ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืžืข. ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชย  ื”ื–ื• , ื ืคื’ื•ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ืœื–ื’ื•
01:03
Scotland who can do just that. And as usual, we'llย  learn some new vocabulary as well. Julie McDowallย ย 
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ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”. ื•ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื ืœืžื“ ื’ื ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ. ืœื’'ื•ืœื™ ืžืงื“ื•ื•ืœย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  pรฅ ื’โ€™ื•ืœื™ ืžืงื“ื•ืืœ
01:09
and her younger sister, Jen McCready, haveย  synaesthesia, a neurological condition where twoย ย 
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ื•ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”, ื’โ€™ืŸ ืžืงืงืจื™ื“ื™, ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™
01:15
or more senses mix together. When synesthetes, asย  they're called, hear a word, their sense of tasteย ย 
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ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“. ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื, ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื™ืœื”, ื’ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื”ื
01:22
also becomes activated. Words produce specificย  tastes on their tongues. For example, when Jenย ย 
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ืžื•ืคืขืœ. ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ืŸ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืฉื’'ืŸ
01:28
hears the name of her daughter, Sophia, she tastesย  pink marshmallows! And the name 'Leo' tastes likeย ย 
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ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืืช ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื”, ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขืžืช ืžืจืฉืžืœื• ื•ืจื•ื“! ื•ื”ืฉื 'ืœื™ืื•' ื˜ืขื™ื ื›ืžื•
01:34
noodles. We'll hear more from the unusual sistersย  later, but first I have a question for you, Neil.ย ย 
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ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ ื ืฉืžืข ืžื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืืœื™ืš, ื ื™ืœ.
01:42
We've just heard what happens when Jen McCreadyย  hears the names 'Sophia', and 'Leo', but whatย ย 
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ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืขื ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื’'ืŸ ืžืง'ืงืจื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช 'ืกื•ืคื™ื”' ื•'ืœื™ืื•', ืื‘ืœ ืžื”
01:48
does she taste when she hears the name 'Neil'?ย  Is It: a) eggs and bacon? b) spaghetti hoops? orย ย 
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ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขืžืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืืช ื”ืฉื 'ื ื™ืœ'? ื”ืื ื–ื”: ื) ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ? ื‘) ื—ื™ืฉื•ืงื™ ืกืคื’ื˜ื™? ืื•
01:57
c) a jam sandwich? Well, I don't know what thisย  says about me, Sam, but I'm going to guess thatย ย 
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ื’) ื›ืจื™ืš ืจื™ื‘ื”? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™, ืกื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ื—ืฉ
02:03
it's c) a jam sandwich. OK. Don't worry, Neil -ย  I'll reveal the answer later in the programme.ย ย 
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ืฉื–ื” ื’) ื›ืจื™ืš ืจื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืืœ ืชื“ืื’, ื ื™ืœ - ืื ื™ ืื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
02:09
Synaesthesia isn't only about people, like Julieย  and Jen, who taste words - it can be a mixing ofย ย 
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ืกื™ื ืืกืชื–ื™ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’'ื•ืœื™ ื•ื’'ืŸ, ืฉื˜ื•ืขืžื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื - ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ
02:16
any of our senses. A synesthete may hear coloursย  or see sounds. In fact, there could be as manyย ย 
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ืกื™ื ืกืชื˜ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
02:23
as 150 different types of synaesthesia. For theย  Scottish sisters having synaesthesia is a gift,ย ย 
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ืขื“ 150 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื”. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื”,
02:30
something Jen explained when she talked withย  BBC World Service programme, The Food Chain:ย ย 
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื’'ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service, The Food Chain:
02:37
This is enjoyable, it's never anything that causesย  - the only thing I would say is it's quite hardย ย 
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ื–ื” ืžื”ื ื”, ื–ื” ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื’ื•ืจื - ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืฉื”
02:42
if you're trying to eat healthily because ifย  you hear a word that maybe tastes like tuna,ย ย 
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ืื ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืื ืืช ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ื›ืžื• ื˜ื•ื ื”,
02:47
I'll be like, 'Oh, I need to get a tune baguetteย  now' ... You know, it's almost like beingย ย 
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ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•, 'ืื•ื™, ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื’ื˜ ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•'... ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
02:50
pregnant and having a craving ... words can be soย  vivid that you want to eat that - that's the onlyย ย 
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ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืฉืง . .. ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื–ื” - ื–ื”
02:55
negative I would say about it. For Jen, the onlyย  drawback to synaesthesia is that it can be hardย ย 
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ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’'ืŸ, ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื”
03:01
to eat healthily because hearing certain wordsย  produces a craving - a strong feeling of wantingย ย 
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ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืชืฉื•ืงื” - ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ
03:08
a particular food. That could be because, forย  Jen, the sound of the word is so vivid - clear,ย ย 
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ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื’'ืŸ, ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื™ - ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
03:14
detailed, and powerful in her mind. There's stillย  much doctors don't know about why some peopleย ย 
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ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื”. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื
03:20
experience sense mixing while most ofย  us experience each sense in isolation,ย ย 
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืคืจื“,
03:26
but it's clear that for Julie and Jen,ย  synaesthesia makes the world a more interesting,ย ย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’'ื•ืœื™ ื•ื’'ืŸ, ืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืงื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
03:31
colourful place. Someone who can explain whyย  so little is known about synaesthesia is Guyย ย 
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ื•ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™. ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื
03:37
Leschziner, consultant neurologist at King'sย  College London, and author of the book,ย ย 
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ืœืฉืฆื™ื ืจ, ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ืงื™ื ื’ืก ืงื•ืœื’' ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ
03:42
'The Man Who Tasted Words'. Here he is speakingย  to BBC World Service's, The Food Chain:ย ย 
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'ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื'. ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”-BBC World Service, The Food Chain:
03:49
One of the problems with synaesthesia is for manyย  years it's been dismissed, and it's been viewed asย ย 
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ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ืกื™ื ืืกืชื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ื“ื—ืชื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื” ื›ืื ืฉื™ื
03:55
people with an overactive imagination, somethingย  not real but actually what research in recentย ย 
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ืขื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™ ืืœื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืย ย  ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
04:00
years has taught us is that actually it does haveย  an underlying neurological and genetic basis.ย ย 
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ืœื™ืžื“. ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™.
04:07
Guy says that in the past, synaesthesia wasย  often dismissed - considered unimportant orย ย 
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ื’ื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช - ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•
04:13
uninteresting. Synesthetes were labelled peopleย  with overactive imaginations - a tendency toย ย 
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ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช. ืกื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื ืชื•ื™ื’ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื–ื - ื ื˜ื™ื™ื”
04:20
imagine things that are not true. But researchย  is showing that the causes of synaesthesiaย ย 
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ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื”
04:25
could run in the family. Julie and Jen's brothersย  don't have synaesthesia, but Jen's daughter does.ย ย 
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืœืื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืœื™ ื•ื’'ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’'ืŸ ื™ืฉ.
04:32
And with an estimated 4% of the worldย  population having some form of sense mixing,ย ย 
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ื•ืขื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›-4% ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืฉื™ื,
04:37
a world of new and exciting possibilities isย  opening up to millions. Exciting possibilitiesย ย 
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ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืชื— ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช
04:43
like tasting someone's name... Remember in myย  question I asked what synesthete, Jen McCready,ย ย 
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ื›ืžื• ืœื˜ืขื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•... ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉืืœืชื™ย  ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื™ื ืกืชื˜ื™, ื’โ€™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื“ื™,
04:49
tastes when she hears the name 'Neil'. OK. Well,ย  I guessed that 'Neil' tastes like a jam sandwich.ย ย 
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ื˜ื•ืขืžืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืืช ื”ืฉื 'ื ื™ืœ'. ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ"ื ื™ืœ" ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืš ืจื™ื‘ื”.
04:57
Was I right? Well, Neil, no - youย  don't taste like a jam sandwich.ย ย 
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ืฆื“ืงืชื™? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืœ, ืœื - ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืš ืจื™ื‘ื”.
05:01
In fact, when Jen hears the name 'Neil',ย  she tastes spaghetti hoops! Oh well,ย ย 
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉื’'ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืืช ื”ืฉื 'ื ื™ืœ', ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขืžืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ืงื™ ืกืคื’ื˜ื™! ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘,
05:07
it could be worse - the name 'Robert' makes Jenย  taste rotten eggs! Sorry to any Roberts listening.ย ย 
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข - ื”ืฉื 'ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜' ื’ื•ืจื ืœื’'ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืจืงื•ื‘ื•ืช! ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืœื›ืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก ืฉืžืื–ื™ืŸ.
05:14
OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned inย  this programme about synaesthesia - a neurologicalย ย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื” -
05:20
condition where two or more senses mix together.ย  A nincompoop is an informal way of saying a sillyย ย 
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ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•. Nincompoop ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœื•ืžืจ
05:27
person. A craving for something is the strongย  desire to have it. A vivid sensation is clear,ย ย 
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ืื“ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉ. ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขื– ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื•. ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื”,
05:34
strong and detailed in your mind. When somethingย  is dismissed, it's considered unimportant orย ย 
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ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—ื›ื. ื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ, ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•
05:40
uninteresting. And finally, an overactiveย  imagination is the tendency to imagine thingsย ย 
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ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
05:46
that are not true. Once again, our six minutesย  are up! If you've enjoyed this look into the weirdย ย 
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื’ืžืจื•! ืื ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš
05:52
and wonderful world of synaesthesia, we hopeย  you'll join us again next time for more chat,ย ย 
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื”, ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืœืฆ'ืื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
05:58
interesting issues and useful vocabulary hereย  at 6 Minute English. Bye for now! Goodbye!ย ย 
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื! ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
06:09
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learningย  English. I'm Rob. And I'm Sam. Here at 6 Minuteย ย 
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘. ื•ืื ื™ ืกื. ื›ืืŸ ื‘-6 ื“ืงื•ืช
06:16
English, we love to chat about new technology. Oneย  of our favourite topics is VR or virtual reality,ย ย 
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื VR ืื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื”,
06:24
and the ways it's shaping life in the future. VRย  allows you to put on a headset and escape into aย ย 
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ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. VR ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืจื•ื—
06:30
completely different world. In this programme,ย  we'll be hearing about some of the ways VR isย ย 
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ VR
06:35
tackling serious problems like domestic violence,ย  and helping people overcome phobias - the strongย ย 
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ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช -
06:42
and irrational fear of something. And, of course,ย  we'll be learning some useful related vocabularyย ย 
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ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ืขื– ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืžืžืฉื”ื•. ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ืœืžื“ ื›ืžื” ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™
06:47
along the way. People who use VR often describeย  the experience as intense. Putting on the headsetย ย 
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš. ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘-VR ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื›ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช
06:54
makes you feel you're really there, in whateverย  new world you've chosen. And it's this intensityย ย 
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื—ืจืช. ื•ื–ื• ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื–ื•
07:01
that inventors, scientists and therapists areย  using to help people overcome their problems.ย ย 
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ืฉืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
07:07
We'll hear more soon, but first I have a questionย  for you, Sam. One of the phobias VR can helpย ย 
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ื ืฉืžืข ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืืœื™ืš, ืกื. ืื—ืช ื”ืคื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ VR ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ
07:13
with is the fear of heights - but what is theย  proper name for this psychological disorder?ย ย 
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ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื“ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื - ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจืขื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•?
07:19
Is the fear of heights called: a) alektorophobia?ย  b) arachnophobia? or c) acrophobia? I'll say a)ย ย 
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ื”ืื ืคื—ื“ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจื: ื) ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”? ื‘) ืืจื›ื ื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”? ืื• ื’) ืืงืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”? ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ื)
07:28
alektorophobia. OK, Sam. We'll find out the answerย  at the end of the programme. Now, if like me,ย ย 
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ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”. ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกื. ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื’ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
07:34
you're not very good with heights, you'll beย  happy to know that a company called Oxford VRย ย 
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ืืชื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื, ืชืฉืžื—ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื Oxford VR
07:41
has designed a system to help with precisely thatย  problem. In the safety of your own home, you putย ย 
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ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•. ื‘ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืš, ืืชื”
07:47
on a headset and are guided through a series ofย  tasks moving you higher and higher off the ground.ย ย 
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ืฉืย ย  ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื“ืจืš ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืชืš ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงืจืงืข.
07:54
You start by taking an elevator to the top floorย  of tall building and move on harder challenges,ย ย 
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ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื™ืช ืœืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:01
like climbing a rope. Daniel Freeman is aย  professor of clinical psychology at Oxfordย ย 
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ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืœ. ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืคืจื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“
08:06
University. Listen as he explains how the VRย  experience works to BBC World Service programme,ย ย 
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. ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”-VRย ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service,
08:13
People Fixing the World. Even thoughย  you're consciously aware it's a simulation,ย ย 
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People Fixing the World. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ื“ืข ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื• ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”,
08:18
it doesn't stop all your habitual reactions toย  heights happening, and that's really important,ย ย 
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
08:24
and that's why it's got such a potential toย  be therapeutic. The art of successful therapy,ย ย 
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื•ืฆืœื—,
08:28
and what you can do really, really well in VR, isย  enable someone to drop those defences, and in VRย ย 
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘-VR, ื”ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื•ื‘-VR
08:33
a person is more able to drop them becauseย  they know there's no real height there.ย ย 
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ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืžื™ืชื™.
08:38
Although the VR experience seems real,ย  the person using it knows it's only aย ย 
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”-VR ื ืจืื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื• ืจืง
08:43
simulation - a pretend copy of the real thing.ย  This gives them confidence to go higher,ย ย 
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ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” - ืขื•ืชืง ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:49
knowing they can't really get hurt. But althoughย  it's simulated, the experience is real enough toย ย 
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข. ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉ ื–ื” ืžื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™
08:55
trick your mind into acting in its habitualย  way - the way it usually, typically works.ย ย 
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ืœื”ืขืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” - ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
09:02
Although your brain knows you have both feet onย  the ground, VR is so realistic that to completeย ย 
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœืš ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืฉืชื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, VR ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื
09:07
the tasks you have to drop your defences, a phraseย  meaning to relax and trust people by lowering theย ย 
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ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื•ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื“ืช
09:13
psychological barriers you have built to protectย  yourself. Oxford VR's 'Fear of Heights' experienceย ย 
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ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช 'ืคื—ื“ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื' ืฉืœ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ VR
09:21
uses VR to put people into another world, butย  the next project we'll hear about takes thingsย ย 
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘-VR ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื ืฉืžืข ืขืœื™ื• ืœื•ืงื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
09:27
even further - putting people into someone else'sย  body. In Barcelona, a VR simulation is being usedย ย 
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ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง - ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ . ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ VR
09:35
in prisons to make men convicted of domesticย  violence aware of what it feels like to be inย ย 
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืขื• ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
09:40
the position of their victims. The project, calledย  'virtual embodiment', is led by neuroscientist,ย ย 
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ืฉื ืงืจื 'ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช', ืžื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—,
09:47
Mavi Sanchez-Vives, of Barcelona's Institute forย  Biomedical Research. In a virtual world we can beย ย 
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Mavi Sanchez-Vives, ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
09:56
someone different and have a first-person embodiedย  perspective from the point-of-view, for example,ย ย 
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื’ื•ืœืžืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ
10:04
of a different person, different gender, differentย  age. One can go through different situations andย ย 
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ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ืžื’ื“ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื•ื ื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
10:11
have the experience from this totally novelย  perspective. Many of the prisoners lack empathyย ย 
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ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื–ื• . ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืžืคืชื™ื”
10:18
for their victims. 'Virtual embodiment' works byย  giving these men the experience of abuse in theย ย 
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ืœืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื. 'ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช' ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
10:24
first-person - from the perspective of someone whoย  actually experiences an event in person. In VR,ย ย 
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ืจืืฉื•ืŸ - ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืžืฉ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™. ื‘-VR,
10:31
the men have the insults and abuse they gave toย  others turned back on them. It's a novel - a newย ย 
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืขืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืจื•ืžืŸ -
10:37
and original - experience for them, and not aย  pleasant one either. But the VR therapy seemsย ย 
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ื•ื’ื ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื”. ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘-VR
10:43
to be working, and Dr Sanchez-Vives reportsย  more and more of the prisoners successfullyย ย 
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ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื•ื“"ืจ ืกืื ืฆ'ื–-ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืก ืžื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื
10:48
reintegrating into their communities after theirย  release from prison. The experience VR creates ofย ย 
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื• ืžื”ื›ืœื. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉ-VR ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ
10:54
seeing things from someone else's point-of-viewย  can be therapeutic, even for serious problems.ย ย 
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ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช.
11:01
And speaking of problems, what was the answerย  to your question, Rob? I asked Sam whetherย ย 
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ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ืฉืœืš, ืจื•ื‘? ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืกื ืื
11:06
the correct name for the fear of heights wasย  alektorophobia, arachnophobia, or acrophobia? Iย ย 
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ื”ืฉื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคื—ื“ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”, ืืจื›ื ื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” ืื• ืืงืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”?
11:14
guessed it was alektorophobia. Which was the wrongย  answer. Alektorophobia is the fear of chickens!ย ย 
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ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”. ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”. ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช!
11:21
The correct answer was c) acrophobia - aย  fear of heights, and a good example of aย ย 
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’) ืืงืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” - ืคื—ื“ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
11:26
phobia. Let's recap the rest of the vocabularyย  we've learned, starting with simulation - aย ย 
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ืœืคื•ื‘ื™ื”. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืฉืืจ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” -
11:33
pretend copy of something that looks realย  but is not. Habitual describes the usual,ย ย 
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ืขื•ืชืง ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื‘ืœ ืœื. ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžืชืืจ ืืช
11:38
typical way something works. The phrase 'drop yourย  defences' means to relax and trust something byย ย 
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 'ื”ื•ืจื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื•ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
11:45
lowering your psychological barriers. In theย  first-person means talking about somethingย ย 
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ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš. ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
11:51
from the perspective of the person who actuallyย  experienced an event themselves. And finally, theย ย 
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ื•ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
11:56
adjective novel means completely new and original,ย  unlike anything that has happened before. Well,ย ย 
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ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืจื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,
12:03
once again, our six minutes are really -ย  and virtually - over! Goodbye for now! Bye!ย ย 
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืช โ€“ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” โ€“ ื ื’ืžืจื•! ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื! ื‘ื™ื™!
12:13
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learningย  English. I'm Neil. And I'm Georgina. This is theย ย 
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ. ื•ืื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™
12:20
programme where we hope to add some colourย  to your life by talking about an interestingย ย 
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืงืฆืช ืฆื‘ืข ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ
12:24
subject and teaching you some useful vocabulary.ย  And colour is what we're talking about today.ย ย 
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ื ื•ืฉื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชืš ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™. ื•ืขืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:30
What's your favourite colour, Neil? Oh, I likeย  green - a fresh, bold colour, that reminds me ofย ย 
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ืžื” ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ืš, ื ื™ืœ? ื”ื•, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืง - ืฆื‘ืข ืจืขื ืŸ ื•ื ื•ืขื–, ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช
12:36
nature - it can have a calming effect. And you?ย  It's got to be blue - it reminds me of the sea,ย ย 
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข - ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืืคืงื˜ ืžืจื’ื™ืข. ื•ืืช? ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ - ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื,
12:43
the sky - and holidays, of course! Colour - noย  matter which one we prefer - affects how we feel.ย ย 
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ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื - ื•ื—ื’ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ! ืฆื‘ืข - ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื - ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื•.
12:50
And we'll be talking about that soon. But notย  before I challenge you to answer my quiz question,ย ย 
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืืชื’ืจ ืื•ืชืš ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™,
12:55
Georgina - and it's a science question. Doย  you know what the splitting of white lightย ย 
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ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื” - ื•ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช. ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ื ืงืจื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ
13:01
into its different colours is called? Is it...ย  a) dispersion, b) reflection, or c) refraction?ย ย 
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ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื? ื”ืื ื–ื”... ื) ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ, ื‘) ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืื• ื’) ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”?
13:11
Hmmm. Well, I'm not a scientist, so I'll haveย  a guess as c) refraction. OK, I'll reveal theย ย 
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ื”ืžืžืž. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ืขืŸ, ืื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื’) ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”. ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื™ ืื’ืœื” ืืช
13:18
right answer later on. But now, let's talkย  more about colour. Colour can represent manyย ย 
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฆื‘ืข. ืฆื‘ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ืจื‘ื”
13:25
different things, depending on where you comeย  from. You can be 'green with envy' - wishingย ย 
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืชืœื•ื™ ืžืื™ืคื” ืืชื” ื‘ืย . ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 'ื™ืจื•ืง ืžืงื ืื”' - ืžืื—ืœืช
13:31
you had what someone else had. And someone canย  feel blue - so feel depressed. We choose coloursย ย 
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ืœืš ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ. ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื—ื•ืœ - ืื– ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื
13:36
to express ourselves in what we wear or how weย  decorate our home. The BBC Radio 4 programme,ย ย 
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืื• ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงืฉื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ BBC Radio 4,
13:42
You and Yours, has been talking about colour andย  whether it affects everyone's mood. Karen Hallerย ย 
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You and Yours, ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื. ืงืืจืŸ ื”ืœืจ
13:49
is a colour psychologist and a colour designer andย  consultant - she explained how colour affects us.ย ย 
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ื”ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆืช - ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื ื•.
13:57
It's the way that we take in the wavelengths ofย  light because colour is wavelengths of light,ย ย 
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ,
14:03
and it's how that comes in through our eye,ย  and then it goes into the part of our brainย ย 
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•
14:07
called the hypothalamus, which governs ourย  sleeping patterns, our hormones, our behaviours,ย ย 
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก, ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• , ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
14:13
our appetite - it governs - everything and soย  different colours and different frequencies orย ย 
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ื”ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• - ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ - ื”ื›ืœ ื•ื›ืš ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื“ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื•
14:18
different wavelengths of light, we have differentย  responses and different reactions to them.ย ย 
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ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื.
14:24
So, colour is wavelengths of light - a wavelengthย  is the distance between two waves of sound orย ย 
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ืื–, ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ - ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ ืื•
14:31
light that are next to each other. As theseย  wavelengths change, so does the colour we see.ย ย 
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ืื•ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื–ื” ืœื™ื“ ื–ื”. ื›ืฉืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.
14:38
Thanks for the science lesson! Karen alsoย  explained that there's a part of our brain thatย ย 
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื! ืงืืจืŸ ื’ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•
14:42
controls - she used the word govern - how we feelย  and how we behave. And this can change dependingย ย 
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ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ - ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ - ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆื‘ืข ืฉืื ื•
14:49
on what colour we see. Interesting stuff - ofย  course, colour can affect us differently. Seeingย ย 
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ืจื•ืื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื - ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฆื‘ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื ื• ืื—ืจืช. ืœืจืื•ืช
14:56
red can make one person angry but someone elseย  may just feel energised. Homeware and furnishingย ย 
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ืื“ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืขื•ืก, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ืžืจืฅ. ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜
15:02
manufacturers offer a whole spectrum - or rangeย  - of colours to choose to suit everyone s taste,ย ย 
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ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื - ืื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ - ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœื˜ืขื,
15:08
and mood. But during the recent coronavirusย  pandemic, there was a rise in demand for intense,ย ย 
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ื•ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” , ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื
15:13
bright shades and patterns. This was referred toย  as 'happy design' - design that was meant to helpย ย 
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ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืขื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ื›ื•ื ื” 'ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืžื—' - ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ
15:20
lift our mood. Yes, and Karen Haller spoke a bitย  more about this on the You and Yours programme.ย ย 
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ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•. ื›ืŸ, ื•ืงืืจืŸ ื”ืืœืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช You and Yours.
15:28
In the time when everyone was out and we wereย  all working, and we lived very busy lives,ย ย 
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื‘ื“ื ื•, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืžื•ืกื™ื,
15:34
quite often what people wanted - they wantedย  a quiet sanctuary to come back to, so they hadย ย 
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื• - ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืžืงืœื˜ ืฉืงื˜ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื•, ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื
15:39
very pale colours or very low chromatic coloursย  in their house - low saturation - because thatย ย 
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ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืื• ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื - ืจื•ื•ื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” - ื›ื™ ื–ื”
15:45
helped them unwind and helped them relax and toย  feel very soothed. But what I have found sinceย ย 
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ืขื–ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื•ืขื–ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืžืื–
15:52
the first lockdown is a lot of people, becauseย  they re not getting that outside stimulation,ย ย 
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ื”ื ืขื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
15:57
they're actually putting a lot of brighter coloursย  in their home because they're trying to bring inย ย 
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืกย ย  ืืช
16:02
that feeling that they would have got when theyย  were out - that excitement and that buzz. It seemsย ย 
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ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ - ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืื– ื”ื–ื”. ื ืจืื”
16:08
that in our normal busy working lives, our homesย  were peaceful places and somewhere to relax - theyย ย 
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ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• - ื”ื
16:14
were a sanctuary. To create this relaxing space,ย  we use pale colours - ones that lack intensity,ย ย 
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืœื˜. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžืจื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื - ื›ืืœื” ืฉื—ืกืจื™ื ืขื•ืฆืžื”,
16:21
like sky blue. But during the recent lockdowns,ย  when we weren't outside much, we tried to getย ย 
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ื›ืžื• ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืžื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช
16:26
that stimulation - that excitement or experienceย  - by decorating our homes with brighter colour.ย ย 
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ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” - ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื• ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• - ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:33
Such as yellow! Hmmm, perhaps a little tooย  bright for me! It is all about personal tasteย ย 
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื”ื•ื‘! ื”ืžืž, ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™! ื”ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื ืื™ืฉื™
16:39
and the connections we make with the colours weย  see but it makes sense that brighter colours canย ย 
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ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
16:44
certainly lift our mood. Now, earlier I askedย  you, Georgina, do you know what the splittingย ย 
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืš, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”, ื”ืื ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ื ืงืจื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ
16:50
of white light into its different colours isย  called? Is it... a) dispersion, b) reflection,ย ย 
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ? ื”ืื ื–ื”... ื) ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ, ื‘) ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช,
16:57
or c) refraction? And I said it was refraction.ย  Sorry Georgina, that's wrong. It is actuallyย ย 
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ืื• ื’) ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”? ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”. ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื
17:04
called dispersion. Back to school for you - butย  not before we recap some of today's vocabulary.ย ย 
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ื ืงืจื ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ. ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš - ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืกื›ื ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
17:10
OK. Firstly we can describe someone who wishesย  they had what someone else has, as being greenย ย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื™ืจื•ืง
17:16
with envy. We also talked about a wavelengthย  - the distance between two waves of sound orย ย 
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ืžืงื ืื”. ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ - ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ ืื•
17:22
light that are next to each other. To governย  means to control or influence. A sanctuary canย ย 
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ืื•ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื–ื” ืœื™ื“ ื–ื”. ืœืžืฉื•ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข. ืžืงืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ
17:28
be a peaceful or relaxing place - in some casesย  it can be a safe place for someone in danger.ย ย 
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื™ื• ืื• ืžืจื’ื™ืข - ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
17:34
Stimulation describes the feeling of beingย  excited, interested or enthused by something. Andย ย 
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ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื”ื•. ื•
17:40
pale describes a colour that lacks intensity, it'sย  not very bright - and for me, they're much betterย ย 
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ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืžืชืืจ ืฆื‘ืข ื—ืกืจ ืขื•ืฆืžื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ - ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
17:46
than a bold bright yellow! Well, Georgina, thanksย  for showing your true colours! That's all for now,ย ย 
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ืžืืฉืจ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ื”ืง ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ! ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”, ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืจืืช ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš! ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืœืขืช ืขืชื”,
17:53
but we'll be picking another topic to discuss outย  of the blue, next time. Don't forget you can hearย ย 
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ืจ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ย ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื”. ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื— ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข
17:59
other 6 Minute English programmes and much moreย  on our website at bbclearningenglish.com - andย ย 
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช bbclearningenglish.com - ื•
18:06
we're always posting stuff on our socialย  media platforms. Bye for now. Goodbye.ย ย 
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืชย ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• . ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื.
18:17
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBCย  Learning English. Iโ€™m Neil. And Iโ€™m Sam.ย ย 
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ. ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
18:22
We often hear phrases such as, โ€˜dream bigโ€™ย  or, โ€˜reach for the starsโ€™ which reflect anย ย 
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• 'ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ' ืื• 'ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื' ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื
18:28
optimistic view of life. Are you an optimist, Sam?ย  I hope so! I try to see the positive side of life,ย ย 
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ืจืื™ื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืื ืืชื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™, ืกื? ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”! ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
18:35
even when something bad happens. It sounds likeย  youโ€™re a glass-half-full person โ€“ someone whoย ย 
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ื’ื ื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืจืข ืงื•ืจื”. ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืœื ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื•ืก - ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืชืžื™ื“
18:40
always thinks that good things will happen.ย  How about you, Neil? Are you optimistic? Look,ย ย 
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืงืจื•. ืžื” ืื™ืชืš, ื ื™ืœ? ื”ืื ืืชื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™? ืชืจืื”,
18:46
things go wrong all the time - thatโ€™s a fact ofย  life. Call me a pessimist if you like but Iโ€™mย ย 
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ - ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ื. ืชืงืจืื• ืœื™ ืคืกื™ืžื™ืช ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™
18:51
just being realistic. Hmm, it sounds likeย  Neil is more of a glass-half-empty person,ย ย 
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ืจืง ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™. ื”ืžืž, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื•ืก ืจื™ืงื”,
18:56
but the truth is that the age-old debate betweenย  optimism and pessimism is more complex than weย ย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืชื™ืง ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
19:02
think. Yes, whether youโ€™re a sunny optimist or aย  gloomy pessimist may be determined more by yourย ย 
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื›ืŸ, ืื ืืชื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืฉืžืฉ ืื• ืคืกื™ืžื™ ืงื•ื“ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
19:08
birthplace and your age than your attitude, asย  weโ€™ll be finding out in this programme. Great.ย ย 
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ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชืš ื•ื’ื™ืœืš ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœืš, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื’ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•. ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
19:13
Iโ€™ve got a good feeling about this, Neil! Butย  first, as usual, I have a question for you, Sam.ย ย 
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”, ื ื™ืœ! ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืืœื™ืš, ืกื.
19:18
Psychologists define optimism as an attitudeย  which overestimates the chances of good thingsย ย 
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
19:24
happening to you, while underestimatingย  the chances of bad things occurring.ย ย 
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ื™ืงืจื• ืœืš, ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื ื™ืชืจื—ืฉื•.
19:29
So, what proportion of the British population,ย  do you think, describe themselves as optimistic?ย ย 
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ืื– ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืœื“ืขืชืš, ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื?
19:35
Is it: a) 20 percent? b) 50 percent? or, c) 80ย  percent? Iโ€™ll choose the largest โ€“ 80 percentโ€ฆ OK,ย ย 
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ื”ืื ื–ื”: ื) 20 ืื—ื•ื–? ื‘) 50 ืื—ื•ื–? ืื•, ื’) 80 ืื—ื•ื–? ืื ื™ ืื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ - 80 ืื—ื•ื–... ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
19:42
Sam. Weโ€™ll find out if your optimistic answer isย  the correct one later in the programme. Someoneย ย 
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ืกืื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ื’ืœื” ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
19:48
who probably wouldnโ€™t agree with you, though, isย  BBC World Service listener, Hannah. Hannah grewย ย 
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืชืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ BBC World Service, ื”ืื ื”. ื”ืื ื”
19:53
up in Germany before moving to the United States.ย  She thinks Americans tend to be more optimisticย ย 
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ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
20:00
than people back home in Germany, as she toldย  BBC World Service programme, CrowdScience:ย ย 
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service, CrowdScience:
20:05
Well, I think the stereotypical perceptionsย  of Germans is that weโ€™re quite pessimisticย ย 
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20:10
and that kind of tends to come across as beingย  a bit of a Debbie Downer, when in actuality,ย ย 
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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ืงืฆืช ื“ื‘ื™ ื“ืื•ื ืจ, ื›ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”,
20:16
Germans just tend to be avid planners for allย  eventual negative eventualities as wellโ€ฆ soย ย 
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ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ... ืื–
20:22
thatโ€™s kind of us being pessimistic but actuallyย  being cautious, as opposed to for example,ย ย 
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืกื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฉืœ,
20:28
what Iโ€™ve notice in America that a lot of peopleย  tend to be hyper-optimistic. Iโ€™ve always admiredย ย 
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ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคืจ-ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืขืจืฆืชื™ ืืช
20:34
how Americans tend to be able to sugarcoatย  everything. As a stereotypical pessimist,ย ย 
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ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ื”ื›ืœ. ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืคืกื™ืžื™ืช ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ืช,
20:39
Hannah sometimes feels like a Debbie Downer. Thisย  expression is American slang for someone who makesย ย 
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ื”ืื ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ื™ ื“ืื•ื ืจ. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืกืœื ื’ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื’ื•ืจื
20:45
others feel bad by focussing on the depressingย  aspects of things. Americans, on the other hand,ย ย 
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ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
20:51
are typically seen as optimists who tend toย  sugarcoat things โ€“ make things seem betterย ย 
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ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
20:57
than they really are. According to Hannah, manyย  Americans are hyper-optimistic. She uses theย ย 
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ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื ื”, ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ืคืจ-ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช
21:02
prefix hyper to say that there is too much of aย  certain quality. Hyper-sensitive people are tooย ย 
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ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช hyper ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื”ื
21:09
sensitive; a hyper-optimist is too optimistic.ย  Besides your country of birth, age is anotherย ย 
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ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™; ื”ื™ืคืจ-ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ืžื“ื™. ืžืœื‘ื“ ืืจืฅ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœืš, ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื
21:16
consideration in the optimism debate. When weโ€™reย  young we have our whole life ahead of us, and itโ€™sย ย 
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ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื•ืงืœย ย ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
21:21
easier to optimistically believe that everythingโ€™sย  going to be alright. The belief that everythingโ€™sย ย 
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ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ
21:26
going to be fine is called โ€˜the optimism biasโ€™.ย  It isnโ€™t fixed but changes as we age - somethingย ย 
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื ืงืจืืช 'ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช'. ื–ื” ืœื ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื - ืžืฉื”ื•
21:33
neuroscientist, Professor Tali Sharot, explainedย  to BBC World Service programme, CrowdScience:ย ย 
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื—, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืจื•ืช, ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื”ย  ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service, CrowdScience:
21:39
So itโ€™s quite high in kids and teenagers โ€“ theyย  think, โ€˜Oh, everythingโ€™s going to be fineโ€™,ย ย 
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ืื– ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ โ€“ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, 'ืื”, ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ',
21:44
you know, and then it goes down, down, down andย  it hits rock bottom in your midlife at which pointย ย 
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื•ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“, ื™ื•ืจื“, ื™ื•ืจื“ ื•ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื•ืื–
21:49
the optimism bias is relatively small, and thenย  it starts climbing up again and itโ€™s quite highย ย 
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ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ืื– ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื˜ืคืก ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
21:55
in the elderly population, and that goesย  absolutely against our view of the grumpy oldย ย 
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ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ื•ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ
22:01
man, or woman. After starting out high inย  children, the optimism bias hits rock bottom โ€“ theย ย 
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ื”ื–ืงืŸย ืื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืงืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช -
22:06
lowest possible level โ€“ in middle age, oftenย  because of work pressures, family responsibilitiesย ย 
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ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช - ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช
22:13
or caring for elderly parents. But optimismย  seems to increase again as we get older. This isย ย 
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ืื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื. ื–ื”
22:19
surprising as it goes against the image we have ofย  the grumpy old man โ€“ a phrase to describe someoneย ย 
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ืžืคืชื™ืข ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื–ื•ืขืฃ - ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
22:25
who complains a lot, is moody and gets easilyย  annoyed. Optimistic women, meanwhile, can lookย ย 
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ืฉืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—ื• ื•ืžืชืขืฆื‘ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช . ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
22:32
forward to longer, healthier lives. Good news forย  you then, Sam! But Iโ€™m sticking with my pessimism.ย ย 
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ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจืš, ืกื! ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื ืฉืืจ ืขื ื”ืคืกื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
22:38
If I anticipate things going wrong I donโ€™t getย  disappointed when they do! Thatโ€™s actually aย ย 
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ืื ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉืชื‘ืฉื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชืื›ื–ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื! ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”
22:44
fairly positive way of looking at things, Neil,ย  but Iโ€™m not sure if most people would agree withย ย 
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ื™ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืื™ืชืš
22:49
you โ€“ or maybe they wouldโ€ฆ It depends on theย  answer to your questionโ€ฆ Right. I asked Sam whatย ย 
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- ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื•... ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœืชืš... ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืกื ืื™ื–ื”
22:55
proportion of British people describe themselvesย  as optimistic. And optimistically, I said it wasย ย 
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื”
23:01
c) 80 percent. Which wasโ€ฆ the correct answer!ย  Of course it was. Whether you expect good or badย ย 
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ื’) 80 ืื—ื•ื–. ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”... ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”! ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ืžืฆืคื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืจืขื™ื
23:08
things to happen to you, youโ€™re probably right.ย  So why not focus on the sunny side of life, Neil?ย ย 
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ื™ืงืจื• ืœืš, ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง. ืื– ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ืชืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื ื™ืœ?
23:14
That way, youโ€™ve got nothing to lose! OK, letโ€™sย  recap the vocabulary from this programme, Sam.ย ย 
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ื›ื›ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืžื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“! ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ื ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืกื.
23:20
Youโ€™re certainly a glass-half-full person โ€“ย  someone with an optimistic attitude to life.ย ย 
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ืืชื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืœื ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื•ืก - ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
23:25
And youโ€™re something of a Debbie Downerย  - American slang for someone who bringsย ย 
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ื•ืืชื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ื™ ื“ืื•ื ืจ - ืกืœื ื’ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืคื™ืœ ืืช
23:30
everyone down by talking about the negativeย  side of things. If you sugarcoat something,ย ย 
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ื›ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืื ืืชื” ืžืฆืคื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•,
23:35
you make it appear more positive than it reallyย  is. The prefix hyper is used before an adjectiveย ย 
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ืืชื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช . ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืžืช hyper ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื•ืืจ
23:42
to show having too much of that quality,ย  for example hypercritical means beingย ย 
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื™ืคืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
23:48
too critical. If something hits rock bottom itย  reaches its lowest possible level. And finally,ย ย 
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ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžื“ื™. ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
23:54
the phrase grumpy old man can be used toย  describe someone who always complains,ย ย 
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื–ืงืŸ ื ืจื’ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ,ย ย ืœื
24:00
is intolerant and gets annoyed easilyโ€ฆ a bitย like Neil! Thank you very much. Unfortunately our six minutes are up,ย ย but
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ ื•ืžืชืขืฆื‘ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช... ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืœ! ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš. ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื’ืžืจื•,ย ย ืื‘ืœ
24:08
join us again soon for more trending topicsย and useful vocabulary here at 6 Minute English.ย Goodbye for now. Bye!
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื™!
24:21
Hello. This is 6 Minuteย  English from BBC Learning English. I'm Sam.ย ย 
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ืกืื.
24:26
And I'm Neil. In this programme, we're discussingย  something we've heard a lot about during theย ย 
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ. ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš
24:30
pandemic - kindness. When was the last time youย  did something kind for someone else, Sam? Hmmm,ย ย 
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ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” - ื—ืกื“. ืžืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ืกืื? ื”ืžืž,
24:36
I gave my mum flowers last week. Ah, thatย  was kind. And how did it feel? It felt goodย ย 
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ื ืชืชื™ ืœืืžื ืฉืœื™ ืคืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ. ืื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืžื“. ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ? ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘
24:42
knowing I'd made her happy. Right! It's somethingย  that psychologists are starting to proveย ย 
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ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืฉื™ืžื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชื”. ื™ืžื™ืŸ! ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—
24:46
scientifically but that most of us knew all along:ย  we feel just as good being kind to someone elseย ย 
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ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ: ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
24:52
as when someone is kind to us. It reminds meย  of something called a random act of kindness.ย ย 
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื—ืžื“ ืืœื™ื ื•. ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืขืฉื” ื—ืกื“ ืืงืจืื™.
24:59
Have you heard of that, Neil? Yes, things likeย  helping a stranger cross the road - small,ย ย 
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ืฉืžืขืช ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื ื™ืœ? ื›ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื“ื ื–ืจ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ -
25:04
everyday things people do to help others forย  no other reason than to make them happy. Yes,ย ย 
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ย ย  ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœืœื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœืฉืžื— ืื•ืชื. ื›ืŸ,
25:09
and one of the main benefits of being kindย  is that we feel the kindness in ourselves.ย ย 
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืกื“ ืฉื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
25:15
It's called 'the gift that keeps on giving'ย  - and it reminds me of my quiz question.ย ย 
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื 'ื”ืžืชื ื” ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืชืช' - ื•ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
25:20
In 2021, a global survey conducted for the BBC'sย  'Kindness Test' asked people to name their topย ย 
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021, ืกืงืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ 'ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื—ืกื“' ืฉืœ ื”-BBC ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช
25:28
five random acts of kindness. So which kind actย  came top? Was it: a) giving someone a smile? b)ย ย 
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ื—ืžืฉืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื—ืกื“ ื”ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืื– ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืืฉ? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”: ื) ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ื•ืš? ื‘)
25:38
giving someone a hug? or c) giving someone yourย  time to just listen? They all sound wonderful butย ย 
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ืœืชืช ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง? ืื• ื’) ืœืชืช ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘? ื›ื•ืœื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื ืคืœื, ืื‘ืœ
25:46
what I'd really like is a nice big hug! OK, Neil,ย  we'll find out later if that's the right answer.ย ย 
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื–ื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื ืขื™ื! ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ื™ืœ, ื ื’ืœื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื–ื• ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
25:52
Now, that good feeling Sam got from giving herย  mum flowers is something psychologists have becomeย ย 
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืกืื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืœืชืช ืœืืžื ืฉืœื” ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•
25:58
very interested in. During the past decadeย  over a thousand academic papers were writtenย ย 
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ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืืœืฃ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื,
26:03
including the term 'kindness'. The author ofย  one such paper is Dr Dan Campbell-Meiklejohn,ย ย 
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— 'ื—ืกื“'. ืžื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจ ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื“"ืจ ื“ืŸ ืงืžืคื‘ืœ-ืžื™ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืŸ,
26:09
senior psychologist at the University of Sussex,ย  and researcher for the BBC's Kindness Test. Hereย ย 
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกืืกืงืก, ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื—ืกื“ ืฉืœ ื”-BBC.
26:16
is Dr Campbell-Meiklejohn discussing his findingsย  with BBC World Service programme, Health Check.ย ย 
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ื”ื ื” ื“"ืจ Campbell-Meiklejohn ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฆืื™ื• ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service, Health Check.
26:22
What we know from the science is, and what canย  seem counter-intuitive because giving can costย ย 
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื, ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื›ื™ ื ืชื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืœื•ืช
26:28
something of ourselves, is that we can experienceย  a sense of reward when we are kind to others... soย ย 
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขืฆืžื ื•, ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื... ืื–,
26:34
like, when we eat a yummy food or have a pleasantย  surprise, the parts of our brain that help usย ย 
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ื›ืžื•, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ืื• ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืชืขื” ื ืขื™ืžื”, ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื•
26:39
remember these nice experiences and motivated usย  to do them again and again - they become activeย ย 
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ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ื ื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ - ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื
26:44
when we're kind. And we call this feelingย  a warm glow. Usually giving something away,ย ย 
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื“ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืชืช ืžืฉื”ื•,
26:50
money for example, means we no longerย  possess it. But kindness is different:ย ย 
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ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžืฉืœ, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื•. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืกื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื”:
26:56
both the giver of kindness and the receiverย  experience what Dr Campbell-Meiklejohn callsย ย 
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ื’ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื—ืกื“ ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื“โ€ืจ ืงืžืคื‘ืœ-ืžื™ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื ื”
27:02
a warm glow - an inner feeling of happiness.ย  Nevertheless, for some people giving somethingย ย 
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ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—ื - ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืชืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื•ื”
27:08
away equals losing it, so for them beingย  kind seems counter-intuitive - opposite toย ย 
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ืœืื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•, ืื– ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ื‘ ื ืจืื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” - ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื”
27:15
the way you expect things should happen. Butย  on a chemical level the brain doesn't agree!ย ย 
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ืืชื” ืžืฆืคื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืงืจื•. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ื!
27:20
For our brain, being kind feels as good as anyย  other pleasurable activity, for example eatingย ย 
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ื‘ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืขื ื’ืช ืื—ืจืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ
27:26
something yummy - something delicious whichย  tastes good. OK, Sam, I can see that being kindย ย 
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ืขื™ื - ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ืขื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื™ื. ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกืื, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ื‘
27:32
is great in my personal life. But what about theย  ruthless world of business or politics - surelyย ย 
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื›ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” - ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง
27:38
there's no place for kindness there? It's trueย  that in many countries politics involves fierceย ย 
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืกื“? ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื”
27:44
debate and criticism of anyone who disagreesย  with you. But there are those who believe itย ย 
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ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขื– ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชืš. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื”
27:49
doesn't have to be like that. Jennifer Nagelย  for one. She's co-director of a movement calledย ย 
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ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื›ื”. ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ื ื’ืœ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”. ื”ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœืช ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื
27:56
Compassion in Politics and author of the book, We,ย  written with the actor Gillian Anderson. Listen asย ย 
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Compassion in Politics ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจ, We, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขื ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื’'ื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ. ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ื›ืฉื’'ื ื™ืคืจ
28:02
Jennifer explains her vision to BBC World Serviceย  programme, Health Check. Compassionate leadershipย ย 
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ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service , Health Check. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืœืืช ื—ืžืœื”
28:10
leads to inclusive, cooperative outcomes whichย  lead to fairer societies, lower crime rates,ย ย 
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืชย ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืคืฉื™ืขื” ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
28:17
higher levels of health and wellbeing. And yetย  we have this idea that compassion somehow doesn'tย ย 
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ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื”. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื—ืžืœื” ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•ย ย  ืœื
28:22
belong, that it can be dismissed in the sameย  way as women have been dismissed as somethingย ย 
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ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”ย  ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื ืคื˜ืจื• ื›ืžืฉื”ื•
28:26
fluffy and a nice idea but not really practical.ย  But in fact, the science behind compassionย ย 
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ืจืš ื•ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื—ืžื“ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืขืฉื™. ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื“ืข ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืžืœื”
28:32
is that it actually takes courage to act withย  compassion. Jennifer wants politics to be basedย ย 
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืื•ืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืžืœื”. ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืชืชื‘ืกืก
28:38
on compassion - a strong feeling of empathy withย  the suffering of others and a wish to help them.ย ย 
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ืขืœ ื—ืžืœื” - ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ืกื‘ืœื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื.
28:44
She says kindness is sometimesย  dismissed as fluffy - soft and woolly,ย ย 
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœืช ื›ืฆืžืจื™ืช - ืจื›ื” ื•ืฆืžืจื™ืช,
28:49
something not considered serious or important.ย  But in fact, being compassionate is not easyย ย 
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ
28:56
and takes courage. Jennifer's is a strong voiceย  for a kinder, more compassionate society. But Iย ย 
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืื•ืžืฅ. ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืœ ื—ื–ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื—ืžืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™
29:03
bet even she could use a random act of kindnessย  now and again... maybe a hug? Ah that's right,ย ย 
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ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื—ืกื“ ืืงืจืื™ ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื... ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง? ืื” ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
29:08
Neil, a hug was one of the top five random actsย  of kindness I asked about in my quiz question,ย ย 
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ื ื™ืœ, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžืฉืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื—ืกื“ ื”ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™,
29:14
along with smiling and listening. But which cameย  out on top? I said it was b) giving someone a hug.ย ย 
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื™ื•ืš ื•ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื™ืฆื ื‘ืจืืฉ? ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘) ืœืชืช ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง.
29:21
So, was I right? Giving a hug was... the wrongย  answer, I'm afraid. The number one random act ofย ย 
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ืื–, ืฆื“ืงืชื™? ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื”ื™ื”... ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ. ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืืงืจืื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ
29:28
kindness was a) giving a smile. But don't worry,ย  Neil - I have a big hug waiting for you here! Ah,ย ย 
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื) ื”ืขื ืงืช ื—ื™ื•ืš. ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื“ืื’, ื ื™ืœ - ืžื—ื›ื” ืœืš ื›ืืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ! ืื”,
29:35
thanks, Sam, that's so kind! OK, let's recap theย  vocabulary from this discussion about random actsย ย 
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ืชื•ื“ื”, ืกื, ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื—ืžื“! ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™
29:41
of kindness - small things people do to be kind toย  others. Something counter-intuitive doesn't happenย ย 
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ื—ืกื“ ืืงืจืื™ื™ื - ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื. ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื”
29:48
in the way you expect it to. Yummy means deliciousย  or tasting very good. A warm glow describes theย ย 
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื” ืžืฆืคื” ืžืžื ื•. ื˜ืขื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื˜ืขื™ื ืื• ื˜ืขื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช
29:55
pleasant inner feeling of happiness at doingย  something kind. Compassion is a feeling ofย ย 
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื ืขื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื‘ื™ื‘. ื—ืžืœื” ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ
30:00
sympathy for the suffering of others and a wish toย  help them. And finally, something fluffy is softย ย 
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ืื”ื“ื” ืœืกื‘ืœื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืš ื”ื•ื ืจืš
30:06
and woolly, not considered serious or important.ย  Our six minutes are up, but if you've enjoyed thisย ย 
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ื•ืฆืžืจื™, ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื’ืžืจื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื”ื ื™ืช
30:13
programme, why not go out and perform your ownย  random act of kindness. Goodbye for now! Bye!
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ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชย ย  ื”ื–ื•, ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ืชืฆืื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืชื‘ืฆืขื™ ืžืขืฉื” ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ ืžืฉืœืš. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื! ื‘ื™ื™!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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