BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Business & Work 2' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocabulary!

245,838 views

2022-09-18 ใƒป BBC Learning English


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BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Business & Work 2' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocabulary!

245,838 views ใƒป 2022-09-18

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:05
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.ย 
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
00:09
Iโ€™m Neil. And Iโ€™m Sam - still working from home,ย 
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ. ื•ืื ื™ ืกื - ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช,
00:12
as you can hear. But for many,ย 
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข. ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื,
00:14
the return to the office has begun.
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ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืœื”.
00:17
And to make things safe,ย 
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื,
00:19
new thermal cameras are being installed in some workplaces.ย 
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ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
00:23
They measure body temperature to screen for coronavirus.
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ื”ื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”.
00:27
After weeks of working at home the return to the office is slowlyย 
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื˜ ืื˜
00:31
getting underway in a number of countries.
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
00:35
But workplaces are having to change in this coronavirus era.ย 
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื”.
00:39
Lots of companies are rushing to install technology toย 
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื”ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™
00:42
make offices and workplaces safer. Sensors that monitor our movements,ย 
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืžื ื˜ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
00:48
smartphone apps that alert us if we get too close to workmatesย 
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ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชืจื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
00:52
and even devices that take our temperature could allย 
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื•ืœื
00:55
become the new normal โ€“ that's a phrase we hearย 
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” - ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื
00:58
a lot these days, meaning a previously unfamiliarย 
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
01:02
situation that has become usual and expected.
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ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช. ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ืฆืคื•ื™.
01:05
In this programme, weโ€™ll take a look at how thisย 
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ื ืกืงื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“
01:08
technology works and ask if it really is the answerย 
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืคื•ืขืœืช ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืื ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
01:12
weโ€™re looking for.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื.
01:13
But first, todayโ€™s quiz question. The thermal cameras I mentionedย 
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ย ืžืกื›ื™ืžื•ืช ืืช
01:17
screen for coronavirus by recording skin temperatureย 
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ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืจ
01:20
in the area of the body which most closely resemblesย 
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื“ื•ืžื”
01:24
the internal body temperature - but which area is that? Is it:
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ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช - ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ? ื”ืื ื–ื”:
01:29
a) the eye b) the ear, orย 
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ื) ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื‘) ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ, ืื•
01:32
c) the nose?
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ื’) ื”ืืฃ?
01:33
Iโ€™ll say a) the eye.
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ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ื) ื”ืขื™ืŸ.
01:35
OK, Sam. Weโ€™ll find out later if you were right.ย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกื. ื ื’ืœื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฆื“ืงืช.
01:38
Now, as employees slowly return to work, tech companies are busy finding ways forย 
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื˜ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืกื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื
01:43
them to do so safely. One such company, โ€˜Microshareโ€™,ย 
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”. ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช ื›ื–ื•, 'Microshare',
01:48
is managed by Charles Paumelle. He spoke to BBC World Service programmeย 
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ืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืคืื•ืžืœ. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service
01:52
Tech Tent to explain a possible solution.
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Tech Tent ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™.
01:56
The technology that we are offering is using Bluetooth wristbands orย 
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช' ืื•
02:01
tags that people are wearing within the workplace which detectย 
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ืชื’ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ื
02:04
proximity events. When the proximity event has been recorded, it's beenย 
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ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืงืจื‘ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืขื“, ื”ื•ื
02:08
saved by the company in case they need to, further down the line,ย 
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ื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื•, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื•ืจื”,
02:12
retrace the steps of a certain person who has been declared asย 
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจื–
02:16
infected and inform anyone else they may have been in contact with.
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ื›ื ื’ื•ืข ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข โ€‹โ€‹ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ.
02:21
One important way to control coronavirus involves contact tracing.ย 
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžื’ืข.
02:26
This means that someone who tests positive for the disease informs everyone elseย 
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื‘ื“ืง ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืœืžื—ืœื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ
02:30
theyโ€™ve been in contact with. Microshareโ€™s system forย 
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ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื•. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ Microshare ืขื‘ื•ืจ
02:34
this uses Bluetooth - technology that allows computers,ย 
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘-Bluetooth - ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
02:38
mobile phones and other devices to communicate with each other withoutย 
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ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ืžื‘ืœื™
02:42
being connected by wires.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื.
02:44
Employees wear Bluetooth wristbands which register when workersย 
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื•ื ื“ื™ื ืฆืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช' ืฉืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
02:49
come into close proximity โ€“ how near a person is to another person.
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ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื - ื›ืžื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื“ื ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ.
02:54
Anyone who has been close to a workmate will then know they have to take actionย 
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื– ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”
02:59
if that person is found to haveย 
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ืื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื™ืžืฆื
03:00
coronavirus later down the line โ€“ in the future.
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ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš - ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
03:03
Wearing wristbands, monitoring data on smartphonesย 
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ืœืขื ื•ื“ ืฆืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื“, ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื
03:07
and being recorded by cameras โ€“ it all feels like quite a bigย 
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ื•ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•
03:12
invasion of privacy, doesnโ€™t it?
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ืคืœื™ืฉื”ย ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืœื?
03:14
It certainly does, and although some argueย 
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืŸ, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื
03:17
that such measures are necessary in these unprecedented times,ย 
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ืฉืฆืขื“ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืชืงื“ื™ื ืืœื”,
03:21
others are worried about the possible consequences.ย 
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช .
03:24
Hereโ€™s human rights lawyer, Ravi Naik, with a warning:
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ืจื‘ื™ ื ืื™ืง, ืขื ืื–ื”ืจื”:
03:28
From a human rights perspective, you have to try to ask,ย 
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ,
03:30
are you trying to use tech for techโ€™s sake is this actually going to facilitateย 
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืงืœ ืขืœ
03:35
an understanding of who is safe to go back to work or not?ย 
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื• ืœื?
03:38
And if not, whatโ€™s the necessityย 
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ื•ืื ืœื, ืžื” ื”ื”ื›ืจื—
03:40
of this because itโ€™s such a significant interference with basic human rights.ย 
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ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
03:44
There has to be a high level of evidential justification to deployย 
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืก
03:48
this type of technology and I just don't think it's there.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื•ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
03:51
Ravi questions whether these devices will actually help identify who canย 
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ืจืื•ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ
03:56
return to work, or whether the technologyย 
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื•
03:58
is being used for its own sake โ€“ an expression meaning doing somethingย 
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืฉืžื” โ€“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
04:02
because it is interesting and enjoyable, not because you need to.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื”ื ื”, ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš.
04:07
Raviโ€™s work as a lawyer involves finding proof thatย 
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืš
04:10
something is right or wrong. If peopleโ€™s human rights are beingย 
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:14
interfered with, he thinks there has to be evidential justification โ€“ย 
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, ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช -
04:20
explanation of the reasons why something is the right thing to do,ย 
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ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
04:24
based on evidence. Like the evidence from screening body temperatureโ€ฆ
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืจืื™ื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ...
04:29
โ€ฆwhich bring us back to todayโ€™s quizย 
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...ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
04:31
question. Remember I asked you which part of the body is scannedย 
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. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืš ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืกืจืง
04:35
by thermal cameras to measure body temperature.
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ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:38
And I said a) the eye.
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ื) ื”ืขื™ืŸ.
04:40
And you were absolutely right! Thereโ€™s a small area of the eyeย 
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ื•ืฆื“ืงืช ืœื’ืžืจื™! ื™ืฉื ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ
04:45
close to the tear ducts which is the most accurate part of theย 
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:49
skin for measuring body temperature.
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ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:51
Well, there you go.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื ื” ืœืš.
04:53
Weโ€™ve been discussing how thermal camerasย 
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ื“ื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช
04:55
and other workplace devices being used to prevent coronavirus are becomingย 
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ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื
05:00
the new normal โ€“ a previously unfamiliar situation that is becoming normalised.
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ืœื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ - ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
05:06
Some of these devices are wristbands with Bluetooth โ€“ technology allowingย 
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืฆืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื“ ืขื Bluetooth - ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช
05:10
computers and smartphones to communicate remotely without wires. They canย 
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ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืœืœื ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
05:15
identify work colleagues who have been in close proximity โ€“ in other words,ย 
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื - ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
05:19
near to each other.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
05:21
That will be helpful if one of them tests positiveย 
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ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืžืฆื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™
05:23
for coronavirus further down the line โ€“ at some point in the future.
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ืœืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืงื• - ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
05:28
The coronavirus pandemic has caused massive changesย 
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ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
05:32
in workplaces around the worldย 
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
05:34
but some critics are concerned that contact tracing technologyย 
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ืืš ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžื›ืš ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžื’ืข
05:37
is being used for its own sake - because it is interesting andย 
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ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืฉืžื” - ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
05:41
enjoyable to do, rather than being absolutely necessary.
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ื•ืžื”ื ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
05:44
And since much of the new tech invades personal privacyย 
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
05:48
it should only be introduced with evidential justification โ€“ย 
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ืจืง ืขื ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช -
05:53
explanation of why it is the right thing to do, based on evidence.
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ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช.
05:58
Unfortunately, thatโ€™s all weโ€™ve got time for,ย 
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•,
06:00
but remember to join us again. Bye for now!
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื›ืจื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
06:02
Bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
06:09
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.ย 
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
06:12
Iโ€™m Georgina.
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ืื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
06:13
And Iโ€™m Rob.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘.
06:14
Rob, whatโ€™s the best job youโ€™ve ever had?
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ืจื•ื‘, ืžื”ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืš ืื™ ืคืขื?
06:17
Err well, this one, of course! Itโ€™s very creative,ย 
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ื˜ื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ! ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™,
06:21
with lots of variety.
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ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ.
06:23
OK, any other reasons?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช?
06:25
Well, yes โ€“ itโ€™s a permanent job - a staff job - with regularย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ - ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” - ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช - ืขื
06:29
income and a pension.
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ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืคื ืกื™ื”.
06:30
Yes, these things can be important, but have youย 
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื
06:34
ever been freelance โ€“ by that I mean, workingย 
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืคืขื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขื‘ื“ืชื
06:36
for yourself and sellingย 
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื ื•ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืืช
06:38
your skills and services to different businesses?
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ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื?
06:41
Well, I worked as a paperboy once โ€“ delivering newspapers.ย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืคืขื ื›ื ืขืจ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื - ืžืกื™ืจืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื.
06:45
But not really โ€“ itโ€™s a risky way to earn an income.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช - ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื”ื›ื ืกื”.
06:49
It can be Rob. But many people choose to, or have to work asย 
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื, ืื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
06:52
a freelancer to survive.ย 
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ื›ืคืจื™ืœื ืกืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
06:54
And thatโ€™s what weโ€™re talking about in this programme.ย 
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
06:57
But letโ€™s start with a question for you, Rob.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš, ืจื•ื‘.
06:59
OK.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ
07:00
This is about job titles back in the 19th Century,ย 
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ืขืœ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19,
07:04
what kind of job was a drummer?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืคืฃ?
07:06
Were theyโ€ฆ a)ย ย someone who played the drums,
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ื”ืื ื”ื... ื)ย ย ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืคื™ื,
07:09
b) a travelling salesmanย 
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ื‘) ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ื“ื“
07:12
or c) a music publicist โ€“ who drums up โ€“ย 
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ืื• ื’) ื™ื—ืฆืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” โ€“ ืฉืžืชื•ืคืฃ โ€“
07:16
meaning encourages, support for a band?
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืขื•ื“ื“, ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืœื”ืงื”?
07:18
Well, itโ€™s got to beย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
07:19
someone who plays the drums - t hatโ€™s my kind of job!
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืคื™ื - ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™!
07:22
OK, Rob, weโ€™ll find out if thatโ€™s right at theย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืจื•ื‘, ื ื’ืœื” ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ
07:25
end of the programme. But letโ€™s talk more aboutย 
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ
07:27
work now. Long gone are the days of a jobย 
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื—ืœืคื• ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
07:30
for life, where you spent your adult life workingย 
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ืœื™ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืš ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
07:33
your way up the career ladder at the same company.
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ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืกื•ืœื ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื”.
07:36
Yes, thatโ€™s right. We work in many different waysย 
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ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
07:39
now because the needs of businesses change frequently andย 
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
07:42
it needs to be agile โ€“ changing the size and typeย 
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ื•ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื– โ€“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืกื•ื’
07:45
of work force in order to meet demand.
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ.
07:47
So, people need to adapt and some choose to workย 
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื•ื—ืœืงื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
07:50
for themselves, offering their skills to differentย 
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ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื”ื ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
07:53
businesses as and when they are needed. But it canย 
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ
07:56
also be a lifestyle choice, as weโ€™re about to find out.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
08:00
Yes, some people have chosen to become self-employed โ€“ย 
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ื›ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืขืฆืžืื™ื -
08:03
working for themselves - but also, because of theย 
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื - ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ
08:06
recent coronavirus pandemic, some people have been forcedย 
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ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก
08:09
into this situation. Letโ€™s hear from Carla Barker, who set upย 
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ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”. ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžืงืจืœื” ื‘ืืจืงืจ, ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื”
08:13
her own business after giving up her regular job.ย 
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ืขืกืง ืžืฉืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
08:17
She told BBC Radio 4โ€™s programme You and Yours how she feltโ€ฆ
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ BBC Radio 4 ืฉืœ You and Yours ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื”...
08:22
You know the idea of giving up a solid, permanent, full-time,ย 
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง, ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”,
08:25
paid, comfortable, role is a bit petrifyingโ€ฆ It is super-scaryย 
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ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื ื•ื—, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืงืฆืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“... ื–ื” ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืคื—ื™ื“
08:31
because โ€ฆ you then have that fear of โ€˜oh my goodness can weย 
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ื›ื™... ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื–ื” ืคื—ื“ ืž'ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ
08:35
do thisโ€™? You also have things creeping in that say you knowย 
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”'? ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื’ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข
08:39
like self-sabotage โ€“ are you good enough to do this?ย 
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ืœื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช - ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
08:41
Are people going to want to take me on as a business?
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ื”ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืจืฆื• ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืขืกืง?
08:46
So, Carla decided to go it alone โ€“ an informal way of saying workย 
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ืื–, ืงืจืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื“ - ื“ืจืš ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
08:50
for herself. She described giving up a full-time job as petrifyingย 
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืืจื” ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื” ื›ืžืคื—ื™ื“
08:55
โ€“ so frightening you canโ€™t speak or move. She may have beenย 
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- ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื• ืœื–ื•ื–. ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื
08:59
exaggerating slightly but she also said it was โ€˜super-scaryโ€™!
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ื”ื’ื–ื™ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื–ื” 'ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืคื—ื™ื“'!
09:03
I guess working for yourself must be scary as youโ€™reย 
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื”
09:06
solely responsible for your own success. Itโ€™s no surpriseย 
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ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœืš. ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข
09:10
Carla had feelings of self-sabotage โ€“ having doubtsย 
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ืœืงืจืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืœื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช - ืกืคืงื•ืช
09:14
and fears that stopped her achieving something.
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ื•ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืฆืจื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื•.
09:16
Luckily, she persisted and things went well. And many other peopleย 
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
09:20
who have become self-employed or freelance have overcome theย 
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืขืฆืžืื™ื ืื• ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ
09:24
fear and discovered the benefits.
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ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
09:26
Like Fiona Thomas, whoโ€™s the author of a book called โ€˜Ditch the 9 to 5ย 
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ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื•ื ื” ืชื•ืžืก, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื 'ืชืขืœื” ืืช ื”-9 ืขื“ 5
09:31
and be your Own Bossโ€™. She also spoke to the BBCโ€™s You andย 
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœืš'. ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช You and Yours ืฉืœ ื”-BBC
09:35
Yours programme and explained why she gave up the 9 to 5 โ€“ the regular,ย 
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ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืขืœ ื”-9 ืขื“ 5 โ€“
09:39
full-time staff job โ€“ and how it helped herโ€ฆ
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื” โ€“ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขื–ืจ ืœื”...
09:43
A kind of combination of wantingย 
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ
09:45
some creative fulfilment from a job, compared to the job that I wasย 
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ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™
09:50
in before, which was very much customer based and working face-to-faceย 
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ื‘ื” ืงื•ื“ื, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืœืงื•ื— ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื
09:53
in hospitality. But I also wanted the flexibility to accommodate my mentalย 
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ื‘ืื™ืจื•ื—. ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืชืชืื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื™
09:59
health because I suffer from depression and anxiety and I found working in aย 
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืœื•ื—
10:03
rigid schedule and being in front of a lot of people all the time reallyย 
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ื–ืžื ื™ื ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืฉ
10:08
exacerbated a lot of my symptoms. And I also wanted the financial freedomย 
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ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™. ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื’ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™
10:13
to be able to, over time, increase my income without just having to waitย 
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ, ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืจืง
10:18
on being promoted or getting a pay rise in traditional employment.
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ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช.
10:22
So, working for herself gave Fiona a good feeling that she achieved somethingย 
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื” ื ืชื ื” ืœืคื™ื•ื ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืžืฉื”ื•
10:26
she wanted to do โ€“ it gave her creative fulfilment. It also meant sheย 
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช - ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื” ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช. ื–ื” ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื
10:31
could work more flexibly and that helped her with her mental healthย 
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื–ื” ืขื–ืจ ืœื” ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช
10:35
because she didnโ€™t have to follow a fixed rota of tasks.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืจื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช.
10:39
And it gave her financial freedom โ€“ meaning the money she earned wasย 
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื” ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื”
10:43
not controlled by someone else,ย 
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ืœื ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
10:45
and she didnโ€™t have to wait for someone else to give her aย 
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”
10:48
pay rise. Of course, that can be risky too.
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ื”ืขืœืื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจ. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
10:51
Letโ€™s get back to my quiz question now, Rob. Earlier I asked youย 
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ื‘ื•ื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจื•ื‘. ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืš
10:55
if you knew what job a drummer used to do back in the 19th Century?
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ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื”ื’ ืžืชื•ืคืฃ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19?
10:59
And obviously, a drummer plays the drums!
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืžืชื•ืคืฃ ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืคื™ื!
11:02
Well, you are sort of right but aย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง, ืื‘ืœ
11:04
drummer also used to be an informal way of describingย 
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ืžืชื•ืคืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื ื“ืจืš ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืชืืจ
11:07
a travelling salesperson โ€“ because their job was toย 
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ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ื“ื“ - ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื”
11:11
drum up business for a company โ€“ meaning they triedย 
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืกืงื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื ื ื™ืกื•
11:14
to increase sales.
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ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช.
11:15
Ahh very interesting, although I know which drummer Iย 
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ืื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืคืฃ ืื ื™
11:18
would rather be โ€“ a freelance drummer in a rock band!
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ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช - ืžืชื•ืคืฃ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ืœื”ืงืช ืจื•ืง!
11:21
And freelance is one of the words weโ€™ve mentioned today.ย 
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ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
11:25
To freelance means to work for yourself, selling yourย 
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ืคืจื™ืœื ืกืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžืš, ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช
11:27
skills or services to different businesses.
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ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœืš ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
11:30
Becoming self-employed can be petrifying โ€“ frightening, so you canโ€™t speakย 
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ - ืžืคื—ื™ื“, ื›ืš ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ
11:35
or move. And starting out on your own can lead to self-sabotage โ€“ย 
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ืื• ืœื–ื•ื–. ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืœื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช -
11:39
having doubts and fears that stop you achieving something.
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ืกืคืงื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื•.
11:43
But it can also give you fulfilment โ€“ a good feeling of achievingย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœืš ื”ื’ืฉืžื” - ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
11:46
something for yourself.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžืš.
11:48
And having financial freedom meansย 
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ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•
11:50
being able to control how you earn and use your money.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
11:54
Thatโ€™s it for this programme. We have plenty more 6 Minute Englishย 
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืชย ื‘ืžืฉืš 6 ื“ืงื•ืช
11:57
programmes to enjoy on our website at bbclearningenglish.com.ย 
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ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช bbclearningenglish.com.
12:02
And check us out on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.ย 
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ื•ืชื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื•ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื.
12:06
Bye for now. Goodbye.
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื.
12:13
Hello. This is 6 Minute English. I'm Sam.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื” 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืื ื™ ืกืื.
12:16
And I'm Rob.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘.
12:17
Before you got your first job, Rob, did you do any work experience?
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœืš, ืจื•ื‘, ื”ืื ืขืฉื™ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”?
12:22
I think I may have done a day or two at some companies,ย 
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ื ืื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช,
12:26
just shadowing, watching how they did things โ€“ but nothingย 
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ืจืง ื”ืฆืœืชื™, ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื - ืื‘ืœ ืœื
12:29
much more than that.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
12:31
Some companies offer students or recent graduates what they callย 
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื ื™ื
12:35
internships. These are extended periods of work experience whereย 
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ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช. ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ
12:40
someone can be working full-time without an actual contract andย 
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื” ืœืœื ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื
12:45
in many cases without even being paid.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื.
12:47
Ah โ€“ yes. This is a bit of a problem, isnโ€™t it? Some companies are beingย 
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ืื” ื›ืŸ. ื–ื• ืงืฆืช ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืœื? ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
12:51
accused of using students and graduates as cheap or free labour.
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ืžื•ืืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื›ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื•ืœ ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
12:56
Yes, although the counter argument is that internships are valuable experienceย 
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ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืขืจืš
13:00
for people who need it before they can get a โ€˜realโ€™ job. Well, weโ€™ll lookย 
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” 'ืืžื™ืชื™ืช'. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืกืชื›ืœ
13:06
at this topic a little more after this weekโ€™s quiz question. On the topic ofย 
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ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื‘ื ื•ืฉื
13:10
business and companies, which is the oldest stock exchange in the world?
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ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืžื”ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
13:16
Is it: A: Bombayย 
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ื”ืื ื–ื”: ืช: ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™
13:19
B: New York C: Amsterdam
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ื‘: ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื’: ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื
13:23
What do you think, Rob?
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ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืจื•ื‘?
13:24
Tricky, because I was expecting London on that list. Iโ€™m going to take a guessย 
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ืžืกื•ื‘ืš, ื›ื™ ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•. ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ื—ืฉ
13:29
then at Amsterdam.
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ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื.
13:31
OK. Well, I will reveal the answer later in the programme. James Turner is theย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื˜ืจื ืจ ื”ื•ื
13:36
chief executive of an education charity. Recently he took part in a discussion on theย 
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ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
13:41
BBC radio programme You and Yours, on the topic of internships. What doesย 
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ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”-BBC You and Yours, ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช. ืžื”
13:46
he think is a big issue with unpaid internships?
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ืœื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื?
13:50
In many careers weโ€™re now seeing that itโ€™s almost as an expectationย 
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ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืขืช ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื”
13:53
that a young person does an internship before they stand a chance of gettingย 
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ืฉืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ
13:57
that first full-time job in that profession, and the issue with thatย 
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ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื–ื” , ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื–ื”
14:00
from a sort of social mobility pointย 
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ืžืžืขื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
14:02
of view is that a substantial proportion of those internships are unpaid and thatย 
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ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ืœืœื ืฉื›ืจ, ื•ื–ื”
14:06
effectively rules out those who canโ€™t afford to work for free.
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ืฉื•ืœืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
14:10
So what is the problem with unpaid internships, Rob?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื , ืจื•ื‘?
14:13
Well, if you canโ€™t afford to work for free, it makes it very difficult toย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ื–ื” ืžืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ
14:18
do an internship โ€“ particularly in expensive cities like London.ย 
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ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช - ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
14:23
This excludes, or rules out a lotย 
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื• ืคื•ืกืœ ื”ืจื‘ื”
14:25
of people from the benefits of an internship.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช.
14:28
This is bad for social mobility, which is the ability of people to moveย 
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ื–ื” ืจืข ืœื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ
14:33
to higher, better paid levels in society. So the poorer you are the moreย 
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ืœืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืื– ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” ืขื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืš
14:39
difficult it can be to get a good job, even if you have the ability.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื’ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช.
14:44
Could you afford to work for free here in London, Sam?
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืกืื?
14:47
No, I can barely afford to live in London as it is, so the ideaย 
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ืœื, ืื ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื, ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
14:51
of doing an unpaid internship would not appeal to me at all.ย 
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœื ื™ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
14:55
Turner goes on to talk about other issues that are alsoย 
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ื˜ืจื ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื’ื
14:59
problematic in internship programmes.
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ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช.
15:02
Too often internships are open to those with established connectionsย 
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื
15:06
in the professions and again that rules out those young people whoย 
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ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
15:09
donโ€™t have the well-connected familiesย 
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
15:12
or friends who can open those doors for them.
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ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
15:14
So what are these other issues? Rob In many cases he says thatย 
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ืื– ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื”? ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
15:18
internship opportunities are only available to those withย 
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ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืจืง ืœืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื
15:22
established connections to the company or industry. This means they have someย 
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ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื
15:27
pre-existing link with theย 
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ืงืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื
15:28
company, for example, through family or friendsโ€™ families.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
15:32
Yes, itโ€™s a lot easier if your family is well-connected,ย 
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœืš ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
15:36
if it has a lot of contacts and links to a particular companyย 
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ ืงืฉืจ ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช
15:39
or important people in that company.
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ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
15:42
These links make it easier to open doors to the opportunity.ย 
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ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
15:46
To open doors is an expression that means to get access to.
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ืœืคืชื•ื— ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•.
15:51
So it seems that to be able to do an unpaid internshipsย 
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื
15:54
you need to have a fair bit of money and to get an internshipย 
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืžืขื˜ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช
15:57
in the first place you may need to have a previous linkย 
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ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ืš ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืงื•ื“ื
16:00
to the company through a family connection, for example.
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ืœืžืฉืœ.
16:04
So the system would seem to be difficult for poorer families and make it moreย 
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:08
difficult for students without those resources or connectionsย 
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ืขืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืœื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืื• ืงืฉืจื™ื ืืœื”
16:12
to get on the job ladder. Hereโ€™s James Turner again.
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ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืกื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื˜ืจื ืจ.
16:16
Too often internships are openย 
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช
16:18
to those with established connections in the professions and again that rulesย 
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ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื”
16:22
out those young people who donโ€™t have the well-connected familiesย 
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ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
16:26
or friends who can open those doors for them.
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ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
16:29
Right, time now to answer this weekโ€™s question. which is the oldestย 
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ืžื”ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:33
stock exchange in the world? Is it:ย 
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื? ื”ืื ื–ื”:
16:35
A: Bombay B: New Yorkย 
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ืช: ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ ื‘โ€™: ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
16:39
C: Amsterdam Rob, what did you say?
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ื’: ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ืจื•ื‘, ืžื” ืืžืจืช?
16:42
I went for Amsterdam.
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ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื.
16:44
Well done, thatโ€™s correct.ย 
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ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
16:46
Congratulations to everyone who go that right andย 
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ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืœืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•
16:49
xtra bonus points if you know the date. Rob?
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ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš. ืœึดืฉืึฐื“ื•ึนื“?
16:53
Havenโ€™t a clue! 1750?
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ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืžื•ืฉื’! 1750?
16:55
Actually itโ€™s a lot earlier, 1602.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื, 1602.
16:58
Wow, thatโ€™s much earlier than I thought.
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ื•ื•ืื•, ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™.
17:00
Right, letโ€™s have a look again at todayโ€™s vocabulary. Weโ€™ve been talking aboutย 
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ
17:05
internships which are periods of work at companies as a way for studentsย 
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ื”ืชืžื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
17:09
or new graduates to get experience in a particular field.
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ืื• ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื.
17:13
If they are unpaid it can make social mobility very difficult.ย 
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื›ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
17:17
This is the movement from a lower social level to a higher one andย 
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืจืžื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•
17:21
itโ€™s difficult as poorer candidates canโ€™t afford to work for free.
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
17:25
Yes, the cost rules them out, it excludes them from the opportunity.
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืื•ืชื, ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
17:31
What helps is if you have established connections with a company.ย 
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ื–ื” ืื ื™ืฆืจืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื”.
17:35
This refers to previous or pre-existing links with a company.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื”.
17:39
And also if your family is well-connected, if it hasย 
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ื•ื’ื ืื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœืš ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”
17:43
good connections,ย 
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ืงืฉืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
17:44
for example if your father plays golf with the CEO,ย 
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืื ืื‘ื ืฉืœืš ืžืฉื—ืง ื’ื•ืœืฃ ืขื ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ,
17:48
it can open doors, or in other words,ย 
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื“ืœืชื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
17:50
it can make it easier to get into the company.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.
17:53
So Sam, are you well-connected?
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ืื– ืกื, ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘?
17:55
No, only to my smartphone!
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ืœื, ืจืง ืœืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™!
17:58
Same here โ€“ but we still madeย 
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ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ - ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช
17:59
it to BBC Learning English and you can find more from us online,ย 
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœ-BBC Learning English ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
18:04
on social media and on our app. But for now, thatโ€™s allย 
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืช ืขืชื”, ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ
18:07
from 6 Minute English. See you again soon. Bye bye!
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ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช. ืืจืื” ืื•ืชืš ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘. ื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™!
18:10
Bye everyone!
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ื‘ื™ื™ ืœื›ื•ืœื!
18:16
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.ย 
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
18:20
Iโ€™m Neil. And Iโ€™m Georgina.
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ. ื•ืื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
18:22
After working together at BBC Learning English for manyย 
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ืœืื—ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘- BBC ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš
18:25
years, Georgina, you andย 
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ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”, ืœืš ื•ืœื™
18:26
I have a good working relationship, donโ€™t we?
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื , ืœื?
18:29
Sure, I think we make a great team!
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ื‘ื˜ื—, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช!
18:31
But have you ever had a boss who you just couldnโ€™t work with?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื•?
18:35
Oh, you mean a bad boss โ€“ someone you just canโ€™t get on with,ย 
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ื”ื•, ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืก ื’ืจื•ืข - ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืื™ืชื•,
18:38
no matter how hard you try.ย 
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืืชื” ืžื ืกื”.
18:40
Yes, Iโ€™ve had one or two over the years โ€“ not you of course, Neil!
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื - ืœื ืืชื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ืœ!
18:44
I'm glad to hear it, Georgina! Often this happens becauseย 
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื–ื”, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”! ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ
18:48
workers feel they arenโ€™t listened to by managers.ย 
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื.
18:51
Or it might be because mostย 
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจื•ื‘
18:52
companies are hierarchies - systems of organising peopleย 
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื•ืช - ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
18:56
according to their level of importance.
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ืœืคื™ ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
18:59
Managers on top, workers down below.
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ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”.
19:02
But in this programme we hear from companies whoโ€™ve got ridย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื•
19:05
of managers and say it has helped them do a better job,ย 
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ืžืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขื–ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
19:08
made them happier and saved money.
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ื’ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื—ืกืš ื›ืกืฃ.
19:10
Weโ€™ll meet a self-managing company which isnโ€™t hierarchical and hasย 
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ื ืคื’ื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”
19:15
no boss. And of course weโ€™ll be learning some new vocabularyย 
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ื‘ื•ืก. ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืœืžื“ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ
19:18
along the way.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
19:19
But first, todayโ€™s quiz question. One of the biggest problemsย 
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
19:23
in hierarchies is the excess cost of management andย 
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ื‘ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื“ืคืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
19:26
bureaucracy. But how much is that estimated to cost the US economyย 
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. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘
19:31
every year? Is it:
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”? ื”ืื ื–ื”:
19:33
a) 3 million dollars,ย 
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ื) 3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
19:35
b) 3 billion dollar, or c) 3 trillion dollars?
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ื‘) 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืื• ื’) 3 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ?
19:40
Iโ€™ll say c) 3 trillion dollars โ€“ thatโ€™s one followed byย ย 
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ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ื’) 3 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ - ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•
19:44
twelve zeros - a lot of money!
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ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืืคืกื™ื - ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ!
19:47
OK, Georgina, weโ€™ll find out later if youโ€™re right. Now, one ofย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”, ื ื’ืœื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง. ื›ืขืช, ืื—ืช
19:51
the first companies to experiment successfully with self-managementย 
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื ืกื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™
19:55
was Californian tomato grower Morning Star.ย 
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ Morning Star.
19:59
Hereโ€™s one of their employees, Doug Kirkpatrick, talking to Dinaย 
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ื”ื ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื“ืื’ ืงื™ืจืงืคื˜ืจื™ืง, ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื“ื™ื ื”
20:02
Newman for the BBC World Service programme, People Fixing the World:
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ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”-BBC , People Fixing the World:
20:08
The first principle was that human beings should not use force or coercionย 
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ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืื• ื›ืคื™ื™ื”
20:15
against other human beings. And the second principle was that people shouldย 
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ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
20:20
keep the commitments they make to each other and so we adoptedย 
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ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืžืฆื ื•
20:24
them as pretty much the entire governance of the enterprise.
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ืื•ืชื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื.
20:31
Because Morning Star has no bosses, decisions are made by all employeesย 
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ Morning Star ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
20:35
equally without coercion โ€“ the use of force to persuadeย 
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืœื ื›ืคื™ื™ื” - ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข
20:39
someone to do something they do not want to do.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
20:42
As self-managers, employees canโ€™t tell other employees what to do.ย 
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ื›ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
20:46
Everything is based on requesting someone to act and them responding.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื ื”.
20:51
This motivates and empowers workers but also means they must keepย 
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ื–ื” ืžื ื™ืข ื•ืžืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“
20:55
their commitments - promises or firm decisions to do somethingย 
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื - ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื ื—ืจืฆื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
20:58
when requested.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืชื‘ืงืฉื•.
21:00
This way of working is great for some โ€“ they feelย 
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื - ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
21:03
listened to and have a voice in how the company is run.
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ืฉืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืงื•ืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชื ื”ืœืช.
21:06
But Dina questions whether this is true for everybodyย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืืœืช ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™
21:09
working at Morning Star:
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘-Morning Star:
21:12
Would it be true to say that a self-managed company likeย 
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืžื•
21:15
yours empowers people who are already very good and itย 
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ืฉืœืš ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื
21:19
leaves behind those who are not so good?
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ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื?
21:21
Iโ€™m not sure I accept the phrase โ€˜left behindโ€™. There are someย 
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 'ื ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ'. ื™ืฉ
21:26
people who take full advantage of this environment; othersย 
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”; ืื—ืจื™ื
21:30
take less advantage but they do benefit becauseย 
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ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื›ื™
21:34
their voice is respected, when they do propose somethingย 
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ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืœื, ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•
21:38
it must be listened to, they are not subject toย 
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื•, ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
21:41
force and coercion and if they donโ€™t act accordingย 
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ืœื›ื•ื— ื•ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืื ื”ื ืœื ืคื•ืขืœื™ืย  ื‘ื”ืชืื
21:44
to their commitments they can be held accountable by anyone.
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ึผึนืœ ืึถื—ึธื“.
21:49
Having no bosses sounds great,ย 
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื ืฉืžืข ื ื”ื“ืจ,
21:51
but the extra responsibility can create more work and stress.ย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื—ืฅ.
21:55
Different workers respond to this in different waysย 
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
21:58
and some employees may be left behind - remain at a lower levelย 
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ - ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
22:02
than others because they are not as quick to develop.
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ืžืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
22:05
However other workers enjoy managing themselves and takeย 
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช
22:09
full advantage of the system - make good use of the opportunityย 
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ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช - ื ืฆืœื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
22:12
to improve and achieve their goals.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
22:15
No matter whether employees are good self-managers or not,ย 
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืœื,
22:19
ultimately they are held accountable for their workย 
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื
22:22
performance โ€“ asked to accept responsibility for theย 
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- ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ
22:25
consequences of their actions.
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ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื.
22:27
So, although having no boss sounds good, if thingsย 
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืก ื ืฉืžืข ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
22:30
go wrong, thereโ€™s no-one to blame but yourself!
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ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื™ ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขืฆืžืš!
22:33
So maybe we do need those managers after all โ€“ whichย 
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” - ืžื”
22:37
reminds me of our quiz question.
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ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
22:39
You asked me to estimate how much the US economy losesย 
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉืช ืžืžื ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืคืกื™ื“ื”
22:43
in excess bureaucracy and managerial costs every year.
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ืžืขื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
22:47
And you said?
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ื•ืืชื” ืืžืจืช?
22:48
c) 3 trillion dollars.
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ื’) 3 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
22:51
Which was absolutely right! Well done!
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ! ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“!
22:53
And the cost keeps rising because, of course, the more managersย 
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ื•ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ื›ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื
22:56
there are, the more managers you need to manage the managers!
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, ื›ืš ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื!
23:00
Today weโ€™ve been looking at the world of self-management -ย 
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ -
23:03
companies run without bosses, which, unlike most businesses,ย 
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืœืœื ื‘ื•ืกื™ื, ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื,
23:07
are not based on a hierarchy โ€“ system of organising peopleย 
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ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” - ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
23:11
according to their level of importance.
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ืœืคื™ ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
23:13
Instead companies like San Franciscoโ€™s Morning Star allow employees toย 
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• Morning Star ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
23:17
make their own commitments โ€“ promises to act, rather thanย 
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืฆืžื - ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื
23:21
using coercion โ€“ or forcefulย ย 
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ื” - ืื•
23:23
persuasion โ€“ to get results.
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ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ - ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
23:25
Many employees react positively to this working environmentย 
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื•
23:29
and take full advantage of it - make good use of theย 
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ื•ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืขื“ ืชื•ื - ื ืฆืœื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช
23:32
opportunity to progress or achieve their goals.
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ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื.
23:36
However, there is a risk that others who are more comfortableย 
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ื— ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
23:38
being managed may get left behind - remain at a lower level thanย 
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ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ - ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื
23:42
others because they are not as quick to improve and adapt.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื•ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ.
23:46
But whatever their job role or feelings about self-management,ย 
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™,
23:50
all workers are held accountable โ€“ asked to accept responsibilityย 
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ื - ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
23:54
for their performance at work.
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ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
23:56
Meaning they take can the credit for when things go wellโ€ฆ
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื›ืฉื•ืจื”...
23:59
โ€ฆbut have nobody to hide behind when things go badly!
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...ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืขื ืžื™ ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืจืข!
24:03
Thatโ€™s all from us today, but remember to join us againย 
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘
24:05
soon for more topical discussion and related vocabulary here atย 
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ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘-
24:09
6 Minute English, from BBC Learning English.
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6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
24:12
Bye for now.
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
24:14
Bye.
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ื‘ื™ื™.
24:20
Hello. This is 6 Minute English with me, Neil.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื” 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื™ืชื™, ื ื™ืœ.
24:23
And me, Sam.
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ื•ืื ื™, ืกืื.
24:24
Today, weโ€™re talking rubbish.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื‘ืœ.
24:26
Ooh, thatโ€™s a bit harsh โ€“ I thought it wasย 
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ืื•ืฃ, ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื” - ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื”
24:28
going to be interesting.
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
24:29
I mean our topic is about rubbish, not that we are rubbish.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื–ื‘ืœ, ืœื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื‘ืœ.
24:33
I see. Do go on.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื”. ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”.
24:35
Thank you. So the amount of wasteย 
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ืชื•ื“ื”. ืื– ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืื ื•
24:37
we produce around the world is huge and itโ€™s a growing problem.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช.
24:41
But, there are some things that we can do, like recycling.ย 
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ืื‘ืœ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ.
24:45
Where I live, I can recycle a lot, and Iโ€™m always very carefulย 
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ื’ืจ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“
24:48
to separate - to split my rubbish into paper,ย 
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ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ - ืœืคืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืืฉืคื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื™ื™ืจ,
24:51
metal, food, plastic and so on.
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ืžืชื›ืช, ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
24:53
But is that enough, even if we all do it? Weโ€™ll look aย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง, ื’ื ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื ืกืชื›ืœ
24:57
little more at this topic shortly, but first,ย 
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ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื,
24:59
as always, a question. Which country recyclesย 
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ื›ืžื• ืชืžื™ื“, ืฉืืœื”. ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืžื—ื–ืจืช
25:02
the highest percentage of its waste? Is it:
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ืืช ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”? ื”ืื ื–ื”: ืช
25:06
A: Sweden B: Germanyย 
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: ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘: ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
25:09
C: New Zealand
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ื’: ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“
25:10
What do you think, Sam?
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ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืกืื?
25:11
Iโ€™m not sure, but I think it could beย 
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
25:13
Germany so Iโ€™m going to go with that - Germany.
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ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืขื ื–ื” - ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
25:16
OK. Weโ€™ll see if youโ€™re right a little bit later on.ย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื ืจืื” ืื โ€‹โ€‹ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ืงืฆืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
25:19
The BBC radio programme, Business Daily, recentlyย 
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”-BBC, Business Daily,
25:22
tackled this topic. They spoke to Alexandre Lemille,ย 
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ืขืกืงื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”. ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืœืžื™ืœ,
25:26
an expert in this area. Does he think recyclingย 
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ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”. ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื—ื–ื•ืจ
25:29
is the answer? Letโ€™s hear what he said.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”? ื‘ื•ื ื ืฉืžืข ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ.
25:32
Recycling is not the answer to waste from an efficient point ofย 
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ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื™ืขื™ืœื”
25:37
view because we are not able to get all the wasteย 
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช
25:42
separated properly and therefore treatedย 
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ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช
25:45
in the background. The main objective of our modelย 
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ื‘ืจืงืข. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื ื•
25:49
is to hide waste so we donโ€™t see as urban citizens,ย 
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื,
25:53
or rural citizens, we donโ€™t see the waste,ย 
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ืื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช,
25:56
it is out of sight and therefore out of mind.
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ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื•ื—.
26:00
Whatโ€™s his view of recycling?
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ืขืœ ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ?
26:02
I was a bit surprised, because he said recyclingย 
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ืงืฆืช ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืžื—ื–ื•ืจ
26:05
wasnโ€™t the answer. One reason is that itโ€™sย 
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื
26:08
not always possible to separate waste you canย 
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ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ
26:10
recycle from waste you canโ€™t recycle, and thatย 
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ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืžืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื—ื–ืจ, ื•ื–ื”
26:13
makes treating it very difficult. Treating means handlingย 
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ืžืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
26:18
it and using different processes, so it can be used again.
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ื‘ื• ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื‘.
26:22
And the result is a lot of waste, includingย 
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืกื•ืœืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ
26:25
waste that could be recycled but which isย 
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ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื
26:27
just hidden. And as long as we donโ€™t see it,ย 
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืกืชืจืช. ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
26:29
we donโ€™t think about it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
26:31
And he uses a good phraseย 
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘
26:33
to describe this โ€“ out of sight, out of mind.ย 
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื–ื” - ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื•ื—.
26:36
And thatโ€™s true, at least for me.ย 
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
26:39
My rubbish and recycling is collected and I donโ€™t reallyย 
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ื”ืืฉืคื” ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื ืืกืคื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฉ
26:42
think about what happens to it after that. Is asย 
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš. ื”ืื
26:45
much of it recycled as I think, or is it just buried,ย 
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ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืงื‘ืจ,
26:48
burned or even sent to other countries?ย 
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ื ืฉืจืฃ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืฉืœื— ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช?
26:51
Itโ€™s not in front of my house, so I donโ€™t reallyย 
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช
26:53
think about it โ€“ out of sight, out of mind.
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” - ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื•ื—.
26:56
Letโ€™s listen again
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ื‘ื•ื ื ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื•ื‘
26:58
Recycling is not the answer to waste from an efficientย 
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ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช
27:02
point of view because we are not able to get all the wasteย 
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ืžื‘ื˜ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช
27:08
separated properly and therefore treated in theย 
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ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช
27:11
background. The main objective of our model is to hide wasteย 
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ื‘ืจืงืข. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืคืกื•ืœืช
27:16
so we donโ€™t see as urban citizens,ย 
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื,
27:19
or rural citizens, we donโ€™t see the waste, it is out ofย 
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ืื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื, ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช, ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—
27:23
sight and therefore out of mind. One possible solutionย 
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ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื•ื—. ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืื—ื“
27:27
to this problem is to develop what is called a circular economy.
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืคืชื— ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช.
27:31
Hereโ€™s the presenter of Business Daily, Manuela Saragosa,ย ย 
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืคืจื–ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ Business Daily, ืžื ื•ืืœื” ืกืจื’ื•ืกื”,
27:34
explaining what that means.
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ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ.
27:36
The idea then at the core of a circular economic and businessย 
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืขืกืงื™ย ืžืขื’ืœื™
27:40
model is that a product, like say a washing machineย 
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืจ, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื”
27:43
or even a broom, can always be returned to the manufacturerย 
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื˜ืื˜ื, ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื™ืฆืจืŸ
27:47
to be reused or repaired before then sold on again. The pointย 
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืžื›ืจ ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”
27:51
is the manufacturer retains responsibility for theย 
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ
27:54
lifecycle of the product it produces rather thanย 
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ
27:57
the consumer assuming that responsibility when he or she buys it.
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ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
28:01
So it seems like a simple idea โ€“ though maybe very difficult to do.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ - ืื ื›ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข.
28:05
Yes, the idea is that the company that makes a product,ย 
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžื•ืฆืจ,
28:08
the manufacturer, is responsible for the product, not theย 
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ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ, ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืžื•ืฆืจ, ืœื
28:13
person who bought it, the consumer.
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ื”ืื“ื ืฉืงื ื” โ€‹โ€‹ืื•ืชื•, ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ.
28:16
So, if the product breaks or reaches the end of itsย 
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ืฃ
28:19
useful life, its lifecycle, then the manufacturer has toย 
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ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืื– ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš
28:22
take it back and fix, refurbish or have it recycled.
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ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืœืชืงืŸ, ืœืฉืคืฅ ืื• ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
28:26
I guess this would make manufacturers try to makeย 
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื
28:29
their products last longer!
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ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ!
28:30
It certainly would. Letโ€™s listen again.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื”ื™ื”. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื•ื‘.
28:34
The idea then at the core of a circular economic and businessย 
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืขืกืงื™ ืžืขื’ืœื™
28:37
model is that a product, like say a washing machine or even aย 
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืจ, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ืื• ืืคื™ืœื•
28:41
broom, can always be returned to the manufacturer to be reusedย 
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ืžื˜ืื˜ื, ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื™ืฆืจืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจ
28:45
or repaired before then sold on again. The point is theย 
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ืื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืžื›ืจ ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื
28:48
manufacturer retainsย 
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ืฉื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ
28:50
responsibility for the lifecycle of the productย 
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ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ
28:53
it produces rather than the consumer assumingย 
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช
28:56
that responsibility when he or she buys it.
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ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
28:59
Thatโ€™s just about allย 
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืœ ืžื”
29:00
we have time for in this programme. Before we recycle the vocabulary โ€ฆ
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืžื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื...
29:03
Oh very good, Neil!
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ื”ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ื ื™ืœ!
29:04
Before we - thank you, Sam - before we recycle the vocabulary,ย 
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• - ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ืกื - ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืžื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื,
29:09
we need to get the answer to todayโ€™s question.ย 
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
29:11
Which country recycles the highest percentage of itsย 
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ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืžื—ื–ืจืช ืืช ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”
29:14
waste? Is it:ย 
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? ื”ืื ื–ื”:ย  ืช
29:15
A: Sweden B: Germanyย 
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: ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘: ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
29:18
C: New Zealand Sam, what did you say?
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ื’: ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ืกื, ืžื” ืืžืจืช?
29:20
I think itโ€™s Germany.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
29:21
Well I would like to offer you congratulations becauseย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืš ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื™
29:26
Germany is the correct answer. Now letโ€™s go over the vocabulary.
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ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื.
29:30
Of course. To separate means to divide or splitย 
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื—ืœืง ืื• ืœืคืฆืœ
29:33
different things, for example,ย 
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ,
29:35
separate your plastic from your paper for recycling.
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ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืžื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ.
29:38
Treating is the word for dealing with, for example,ย 
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ , ืœืžืฉืœ,
29:41
recycled waste.
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ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจืช.
29:42
The phrase out of sight, out of mind, means ignoringย 
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื•ื—, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช
29:46
something or a situation you canโ€™t see.
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ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืื• ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช.
29:49
A manufacturer is the person or company that makes somethingย 
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ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•
29:53
and the consumer is the person who buys that thing.
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ื•ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืฉืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
29:56
And the length of timeย 
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ื•ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ
29:57
you can expect a product to work for is known as its lifecycle.
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืฆืจ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
30:01
Well the lifecycle of this programmeย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
30:03
is 6 minutes, and as we are there, or thereabouts,ย 
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ื”ื•ื 6 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื, ืื• ื‘ืขืจืš,
30:06
itโ€™s time for us to head off. Thanks for your company andย 
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ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš. ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœืš
30:09
hope you can join us again soon. Until then, there isย 
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ื•ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘. ืขื“ ืื–, ื™ืฉ
30:11
plenty more to enjoy from BBC Learning English online,ย 
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ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืž- BBC Learning English ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
30:14
on social media and on our app. Bye for now.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
30:17
Bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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