BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Women' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocabulary!

143,227 views ใƒป 2022-09-04

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:06
Hello.
0
6049
500
00:06
This is 6 Minute English
1
6549
1301
ืฉืœื•ื.
ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
00:07
from BBC Learning English.
2
7850
1789
ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
00:09
Iโ€™m Sam.
3
9639
1000
ืื ื™ ืกืื.
00:10
And Iโ€™m Georgina.
4
10639
1000
ื•ืื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
00:11
In this programme weโ€™ll take a look
5
11639
1781
ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื ืกืงื•ืจ
00:13
at the sensitive issue of sexual
6
13420
2020
ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืœ
00:15
violence.
7
15440
1160
ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
00:16
At the start of the decade
8
16600
1280
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ืืฃ
00:17
no one knew that the two-word phrase
9
17880
2139
ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
00:20
โ€˜MeTooโ€™ would go viral
10
20019
2265
"MeToo" ื‘ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™
00:22
โ€“ or spread quickly and widely on the internet
11
22284
2866
- ืื• ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
00:25
through social media.
12
25150
1180
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
00:26
But when explosive allegations against
13
26330
2199
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื ื’ื“
00:28
Hollywood movie producer Harry
14
28529
1451
ืžืคื™ืง ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื™
00:29
Weinstein made headlines in 2017,
15
29980
3307
ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœื• ืœื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘-2017,
00:33
the MeToo hashtag became the focus for a global movement
16
33287
3438
ื”ื”ืืฉื˜ืื’ MeToo ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
00:36
of women determined to expose the truth about abusive sexual behaviour
17
36725
4442
ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื—ื•ืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ืช
00:41
Weinstein was found guilty and given
18
41167
2140
ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ืืฉื ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœ
00:43
a 23-year prison sentence.
19
43307
2420
-23 ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจ.
00:45
But the deeper reasons behind the problem,
20
45727
2626
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
00:48
in America and worldwide, have not disappeared.
21
48353
3497
ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืœื ื ืขืœืžื•.
00:51
I have a question now about
22
51850
1916
ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™
00:53
the origin of the MeToo expression.
23
53766
2633
ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ MeToo.
00:56
Although the MeToo message went viral
24
56399
2983
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ MeToo ื”ืคื›ื” ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช
00:59
due to public support
25
59382
1087
ืขืงื‘ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
01:00
from famous Hollywood actresses,
26
60469
2132
ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช,
01:02
the phrase itself was thought up years earlier by civil rights activist, Tarana Burke.
27
62601
6869
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ืžืฆื ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—, ื˜ืจื ื” ื‘ื•ืจืง. ื‘ืื™ื–ื•
01:09
What year did she first use it?
28
69470
2190
ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”?
01:11
Was it: a) 1996,
29
71660
2342
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”: ื) 1996,
01:14
b) 2006 or c) 2016?
30
74002
4908
ื‘) 2006 ืื• ื’) 2016?
01:18
Iโ€™ll guess b) 2006.
31
78910
2470
ืื ื™ ืžื ื—ืฉ ื‘) 2006.
01:21
OK, Georgina.
32
81380
1439
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
01:22
Weโ€™ll come back to that later.
33
82819
2181
ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:25
Now more about Tarana Burke.
34
85000
1860
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื˜ืจื ื” ื‘ื•ืจืง.
01:26
Yes, Tarana worked with marginalised women in neglected American communities,
35
86860
5250
ื›ืŸ, ื˜ืจื ื” ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื ื—ื•ืช,
01:32
shocking numbers of whom were victims of sexual violence and abuse.
36
92110
3890
ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžื–ืขื–ืขื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
01:36
Here she is talking with the BBC World Serviceโ€™s programme HARDtalk
37
96000
3899
ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช HARDtalk ืฉืœ BBC World Service
01:39
about how the MeToo movement continues to
38
99899
3010
ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืชื ื•ืขืช MeToo ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื”
01:42
speak up for voiceless women and girls.
39
102909
3404
ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื“ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืขืจื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืงื•ืœ.
01:46
The beauty, I think and the magic of MeToo is
40
106679
2972
ื”ื™ื•ืคื™, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ื”ืงืกื ืฉืœ MeToo ื”ื•ื
01:49
that itโ€™s a unifier in that way, and itโ€™s where survivors
41
109651
3449
ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื—ื“ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื•, ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื
01:53
find community and so โ€ฆdefinitely the mainstream media
42
113100
3859
ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ... ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื
01:56
kept the focus on the actresses and Hollywood and thatโ€ฆ
43
116959
3951
ืฉืžืจื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื•ื–ื”...
02:00
but at its core the women who came forward were
44
120910
2340
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื•
02:03
really no different than those girls who I served in
45
123250
2090
ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืฉื™ืจืชืชื™
02:05
the communities ten years before.
46
125340
3013
ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
02:08
Tarana doesnโ€™t call the girls and women who
47
128353
2163
ื˜ืจื ื” ืœื ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื
02:10
were abused โ€˜victimsโ€™.
48
130516
2617
ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช 'ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช'.
02:13
Instead she prefers the term survivors - people who are able to carry on
49
133133
5410
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื - ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
02:18
with their life successfully, despite very unpleasant
50
138543
3547
ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช
02:22
experiences which still affect them.
51
142090
2727
ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื.
02:24
The MeToo movement went viral when several famous movie actresses
52
144817
3900
ืชื ื•ืขืช MeToo ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช ื›ืฉื›ืžื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช
02:28
came forward โ€“ offered to give information, about sexual harassment.
53
148717
4542
ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• - ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœืชืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
02:33
While these Hollywood actresses were famous celebrities, most survivors of sexual
54
153259
5082
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ื•ืช
02:38
violence are ordinary women, living ordinary lives.
55
158341
3329
ืžืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
02:41
Thatโ€™s why Tarana calls the MeToo movement 'a unifier'
56
161670
4000
ืœื›ืŸ ื˜ืจื ื” ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช MeToo 'ืžืื—ื“ืช'
02:45
- something that unites and brings people together,
57
165670
3750
- ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืื—ื“ ื•ืžืคื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:49
in this case women of different race and social background.
58
169420
3970
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื–ืข ื•ืจืงืข ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื•ื ื”.
02:53
But while the media focused on particular people
59
173390
3140
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
02:56
- Weinstein and several actresses in the movie industry
60
176530
3170
- ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข
02:59
- Tarana is clear that the problem is bigger than just individual cases.
61
179700
4740
- ืœื˜ืจื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชื ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
03:04
Here she is explaining about the wider reasons behind the MeToo movement.
62
184440
5987
ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช MeToo.
03:10
We can talk about Harvey Weinstein ad nauseam but we also have to talk about
63
190940
5215
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืจื•ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
03:16
what are the structures that were in place that allowed a Harvey Weinstein
64
196155
2975
ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ืืจื•ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
03:19
to thrive.
65
199130
1000
ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
03:20
If youโ€™re going to talk about Harvey Weinsteinโ€™s being
66
200130
1950
ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืืจื•ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
03:22
successful, then we have to also talk about capitalism, right?
67
202080
3087
ืžืฆืœื™ื—, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:25
Because itโ€™s the love of money and the desire for people to have money and
68
205167
4633
ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืกืฃ
03:29
what he represented.
69
209800
1540
ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆื’.
03:31
The bottom line is people value those things more than they value
70
211340
3580
ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื
03:34
the humanity of the women that he was destroying their lives.
71
214920
3000
ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจืก ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ.
03:37
Itโ€™s about power and itโ€™s about privilege.
72
217920
3010
ื–ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื‘ื™ืœื’ื™ื”.
03:40
At the end of the day, these are the two things we have to talk about dismantling.
73
220930
5216
ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื, ืืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง.
03:46
According to Tarana, the behaviour of abusers
74
226146
2672
ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื˜ืจื ื”, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืชืขืœืœื™ื
03:48
like Weinstein was not challenged or questioned because
75
228818
3352
ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ืื• ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืกืคืง
03:52
of their privilege - power and advantage held by
76
232170
3420
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคืจื™ื‘ื™ืœื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื โ€“ ื›ื•ื— ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ
03:55
a small group of people, usually because of their high social position
77
235590
4433
ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืขืžื“ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”
04:00
or because they are rich.
78
240023
2477
ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
04:02
So rather than focusing on individual cases, itโ€™s
79
242500
3530
ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ืืœื•
04:06
male-dominated social structures like privilege that need dismantling
80
246030
3950
ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืจื™ื‘ื™ืœื’ื™ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืง
04:09
โ€“ breaking up or being stopped from working by gradually reducing its power
81
249980
4589
- ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ืื• ื”ืคืกืงืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื”
04:14
over a period of time.
82
254569
2450
ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคื”.
04:17
Tarana knows the problem wonโ€™t disappear overnight.
83
257019
3849
ื˜ืจื ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื ืชื™ืขืœื ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”.
04:20
But she believes the MeToo movement has opened up a space to talk about
84
260868
3961
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืชื ื•ืขืช MeToo ืคืชื—ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
04:24
sexual violence in a new way and set out a pathway forward.
85
264829
4620
ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืงื‘ืขื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
04:29
Letโ€™s go back to the quiz question.
86
269449
2391
ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ.
04:31
I asked you what year the two-word expression โ€˜Me Tooโ€™
87
271840
3870
ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื 'ื’ื ืื ื™'
04:35
was used.
88
275710
1179
. ื”ืื
04:36
Was it a) 1996, b) 2006 or c) 2016
89
276889
5066
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื) 1996, ื‘) 2006 ืื• ื’) 2016
04:41
and you saidโ€ฆ?
90
281955
1868
ื•ืืžืจืช...?
04:43
Yes. I said it was b) 2006.
91
283823
3833
ื›ืŸ. ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘) 2006. ื›ืœ
04:47
Well done, Georgina!
92
287656
1494
ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”!
04:49
You are absolutely right!
93
289150
2090
ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ!
04:51
Today, weโ€™ve been talking about the hashtag MeToo movement which
94
291240
3041
ื”ื™ื•ื, ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืืฉื˜ืื’ MeToo
04:54
went viral in 2017 โ€“ meaning it spread quickly on the internet.
95
294281
5497
ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช ื‘-2017 - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
04:59
The name โ€˜MeTooโ€™ was created by Tarana Burke,
96
299778
2792
ื”ืฉื 'MeToo' ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื ื” ื‘ื•ืจืง,
05:02
an activist who works with sexual abuse survivors
97
302570
3271
ืคืขื™ืœื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ื ืคื’ืขื™ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช
05:05
- people who experience abuse but are able to carry on with their lives successfully.
98
305841
4619
- ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืืš ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
05:10
In 2017 many of these survivors came forward โ€“ offered to give information
99
310460
5853
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017 ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• - ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœืชืช ืžื™ื“ืข
05:16
โ€“ about sexual harassment in Hollywood.
100
316313
3197
- ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“.
05:19
And these actresses were supported by millions of women and men
101
319510
3188
ื•ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
05:22
across the world, making the MeToo movement an important cultural unifier
102
322698
4839
ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช MeToo ืœืžืื—ื“ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
05:27
โ€“ something that unites and brings people together.
103
327537
2853
- ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืื—ื“ ื•ืžืคื’ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:30
Now the movement wants to shift the focus away
104
330390
2960
ื›ืขืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“
05:33
from individual cases and onto social structures of privilege
105
333350
4199
ืžืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื‘ื™ืœื’ื™ื”
05:37
- power and advantage held by a small group of people, usually because of their
106
337549
5151
- ื›ื•ื— ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ
05:42
wealth or high social class.
107
342700
2500
ืขื•ืฉืจื ืื• ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
05:45
And according to Tarana, it is these social structures
108
345200
2670
ื•ืœืคื™ ื˜ืจื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
05:47
and attitudes which need to be dismantled
109
347870
2558
05:50
- stopped from working by gradually reducing their power over time.
110
350428
4107
- ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
05:54
And thatโ€™s all we have time for today.
111
354535
2545
ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:57
Join us again soon, here at 6 Minute English for more topical discussion
112
357080
3787
ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ื›ืืŸ ื‘-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™
06:00
and vocabulary.
113
360867
1090
ื•ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
06:01
Bye for now.
114
361957
1239
ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
06:03
Bye.
115
363196
857
ื‘ื™ื™.
06:09
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English.
116
369840
1840
ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช.
06:11
I'm Neil.
117
371680
1000
ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
06:12
And I'm Sam.
118
372680
1000
ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
06:13
And if I say to you, Sam, motorbike, what do you think of?
119
373680
3459
ื•ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš, ืกื, ืื•ืคื ื•ืข, ืขืœ ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘?
06:17
Oh, I think of the film Easy Rider with Jack Nicholson
120
377139
3791
ื”ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ Easy Rider ืขื ื’'ืง ื ื™ืงื•ืœืกื•ืŸ
06:20
and Peter Fonda cruising the wide open spaces on powerful machines.
121
380930
4870
ื•ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืคื•ื ื“ื” ืžืฉื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
06:25
How about you, Neil?
122
385800
1000
ืžื” ืื™ืชืš, ื ื™ืœ?
06:26
Oh, well, I think of the young man on a moped who delivers my pizzas.
123
386800
3660
ืื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ืฉืžืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
06:30
Not quite the same image, is it, really?
124
390460
1907
ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:32
No, but in both cases we were associating motorbikes with male figures.
125
392367
5200
ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฉืจื ื• ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช.
06:37
Today, we are looking at women and bikes, but before that, a quiz.
126
397567
4443
ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ.
06:42
In which decade was the first mass-produced
127
402010
2399
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ืจ ื™ืฆื ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™
06:44
motorcycle released?
128
404409
1444
?
06:45
Was it: a) the 1880s,
129
405853
1977
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”: ื) ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80,
06:47
b) the 1890s or c) the 1900s?
130
407830
3937
ื‘) ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืื• ื’) ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1900?
06:51
What do you think, Sam?
131
411767
1072
ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืกืื?
06:52
Tricky question!
132
412839
1431
ืฉืืœื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช!
06:54
The 1880s may be too early - so I think I'll play it
133
414270
4435
ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ - ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืฉื—ืง
06:58
safe and go for the middle option, the 1890s.
134
418705
3605
ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช, ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90.
07:02
Well, we'll see if you're right later in the programme.
135
422310
3163
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืื โ€‹โ€‹ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
07:05
Esperanza Miyake is the author of a new study of the 'gendered motorcycle'
136
425473
5545
ืืกืคืจื ืกื” ืžื™ืืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ 'ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ืžื’ื“ืจื™'
07:11
in film, advertising and TV. She was interviewed on BBC radio's Thinking Allowed
137
431018
5235
ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจืื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช Thinking Allowed ืฉืœ ื”-BBC
07:16
programme about the topic. First she was asked about the experience of travelling at
138
436253
4869
ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ
07:21
over 110 kph on a motorbike.
139
441122
3758
ืžืขืœ 110 ืงืž"ืฉ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืข.
07:24
What world does she say you are part of?
140
444880
3330
ืžืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืืชื” ื—ืœืง?
07:28
I think it dissolves gender, race, all these things stop mattering.
141
448210
4780
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืžื™ืก ืžื’ื“ืจ, ื’ื–ืข, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข.
07:32
It's all about experience so car drivers, there's a lot about enjoying the internal
142
452990
5980
ื”ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื™ ืจื›ื‘, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™
07:38
space of the car. On the bike, obviously, there's no interiority,
143
458970
3820
ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช. ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
07:42
you're completely part of the exterior world.
144
462790
2974
ืืชื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
07:46
โ€จ So, what world are you in when travelling at
145
466717
2863
ืื– ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข
07:49
speed on a motorbike?
146
469580
1660
ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืข?
07:51
The external world.
147
471240
1863
ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
07:53
Because you are not inside a car, your experience is completely different.
148
473103
4936
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
07:58
On a bike you have no interiority.
149
478039
2861
ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืคื ื™ื.
08:00
That's the experience of being inside - but I do have to say although that
150
480900
5049
ื–ื• ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื - ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื•
08:05
is a real word, it's not one I've ever heard or used before!
151
485949
4083
ืžื™ืœื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื–ื• ืœื ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ!
08:10
No. Me neither.
152
490032
1419
ืœื. ื’ื ืื ื™ ืœื.
08:11
What she also says is that travelling at speed dissolves gender and race.
153
491451
5375
ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื•ืžืจืช ื–ื” ืฉื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžื™ืกื” ืžื’ื“ืจ ื•ื’ื–ืข.
08:16
It makes them less important.
154
496826
1974
ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
08:18
When you dissolve something you make it less strong.
155
498800
2730
ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืžื™ืก ืžืฉื”ื• ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง.
08:21
In fact, she says that at speed these things stop mattering.
156
501530
3790
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข.
08:25
They stop having any importance.
157
505320
2840
ื”ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช.
08:28
If something doesn't matter, it's not important at all.
158
508160
3440
ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืžืฉื ื”, ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
08:31
Before that we said we usually connect motorbikes with men.
159
511600
4179
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ืขื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:35
Think bike, think bloke.
160
515779
1740
ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ.
08:37
But what about women and bikes?
161
517519
2070
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื?
08:39
Esperanza Miyake goes on to talk about the way women bikers are usually
162
519589
4091
ืืกืคืจื ืกื” ืžื™ืืงื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืจื•ื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
08:43
shown in the media.
163
523680
1670
ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
08:45
How many different types does she mention?
164
525350
3316
ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื”?
08:48
Generally, there's three types.
165
528666
1934
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื.
08:50
So, the first type would be your typical
166
530600
2372
ืื–, ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื”
08:52
empowered female who's on the motorbike.
167
532972
3251
ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆืžืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืข.
08:56
You do have that image but, having said that, I would also
168
536223
2457
ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ืื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื
08:58
add that those images appear typically very sexualised,
169
538680
3110
ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
09:01
very stylised.
170
541790
1029
ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ื ื ื•ืช.
09:02
So, yes, she's empowered, but she's in a skintight catsuit.
171
542819
4700
ืื–, ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคืช ื—ืชื•ืœ ืฆืžื•ื“ื”.
09:07
You also get another type which is the female rider but who's been masculinised.
172
547519
5471
ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื›ื‘ืช ืื‘ืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื–ื›ืจ.
09:12
She's kind of embodying a very
173
552990
2409
ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืœืžืช
09:15
masculine kind of style.
174
555399
2601
ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ืจื™.
09:18
And I think the third type is kind of silly, giggly
175
558000
4089
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉืช ื•ืฆื—ืงื ื™ืช
09:22
female on a scooter.
176
562089
2098
ืขืœ ืงื˜ื ื•ืข.
09:24
So, she talked about three types of representations, particularly in movies.
177
564810
4660
ืื– ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื.
09:29
Sam, tell us more.
178
569470
1549
ืกื, ืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“.
09:31
Yes, she first talked about the empowered woman.
179
571019
3660
ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆืžืช.
09:34
This is a character who has authority, who has the
180
574679
3111
ื–ื• ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช
09:37
power to drive the plot and action and is not
181
577790
2909
ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืื™ื ื”
09:40
dependent on a man to make decisions for her.
182
580699
2950
ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื”.
09:43
It seems like a positive image but she does say
183
583649
3041
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจืช
09:46
that these characters are often sexualised, that is,
184
586690
3180
ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ
09:49
presented in a way that might be sexually appealing
185
589870
2490
ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืš ืžื™ื ื™ืช
09:52
for a male audience.
186
592360
1590
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื”ืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:53
The next character type she mentions is a woman
187
593950
2400
ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉื”
09:56
who is very masculine.
188
596350
1770
ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช.
09:58
They embody male characteristics, which means they have and
189
598120
3692
ื”ื ืžื’ืœืžื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื
10:01
demonstrate many typically male personality features.
190
601812
3798
ื•ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื•ืช.
10:05
And the final type she talked about was showing women on bikes
191
605610
3006
ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื
10:08
as silly and giggly riding scooters.
192
608616
2546
ื›ืงื˜ื ื•ืขื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉื™ื ื•ืฆื—ืงื ื™ื™ื.
10:11
So, there don't seem to be many really completely positive images of
193
611162
3792
ืื– ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ
10:14
women and motorcycles, at least not in the popular media.
194
614954
3758
ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช. ื”ื’ื™ืข
10:18
Time to look again at todayโ€™s vocabulary, but first, letโ€™s have the answer to the
195
618712
4547
ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
10:23
quiz question.
196
623259
1450
ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ.
10:24
In which decade was the first mass-produced motorcycle released?
197
624709
4050
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ืจ ื™ืฆื ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™?
10:28
Was it: a) the 1880s,
198
628759
2120
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”: ื) ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80,
10:30
b) the1890s or c) the 1900s?
199
630879
3318
ื‘) ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืื• ื’) ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1900?
10:34
What did you think, Sam?
200
634197
1542
ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ืช, ืกืื?
10:35
I took a guess at the 1890s.
201
635739
2660
ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90.
10:38
Well done, it was a good guess.
202
638399
2220
ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:40
It was indeed the 1890s and a
203
640619
1864
ืืœื• ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื•ื ืงื•ื“ืช
10:42
bonus point if you knew that it was 1894.
204
642483
2887
ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก ืื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” 1894.
10:45
OK, let's have a quick reminder of today's words.
205
645370
3680
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
10:49
We started with the verb 'dissolves'.
206
649050
2300
ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืขื ื”ืคื•ืขืœ 'ืžืชืžื•ืกืก'.
10:51
If something dissolves it gets less strong, less immediate.
207
651350
3630
ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชืžื•ืกืก ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
10:54
Then we had another verb, 'to matter',
208
654980
2709
ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ืื—ืจ, 'ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘',
10:57
something that matters is important to someone.
209
657689
2881
ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
11:00
What's the next word?
210
660570
1931
ืžื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”?
11:02
It was a rather uncommon word to describe
211
662501
2912
ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืœื” ื“ื™ ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืชืืจ
11:05
the experience of being inside - interiority.
212
665413
3678
ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื - ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
11:09
Let's rush by that one and move on to the next word, 'empowered'.
213
669091
3829
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืžื”ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”, 'ืžื•ืขืฆืžืช'.
11:12
Someone who is 'empowered' is in control of their own life.
214
672920
3666
ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉ'ืžื•ืขืฆื' ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœื•.
11:16
When we talk about empowered women we are talking about women who are not
215
676586
3907
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ
11:20
dependent on men or anyone else for the direction of their lives.
216
680493
3863
ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ.
11:24
They make their own choices.
217
684356
2031
ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
11:26
Our next word was 'sexualised'. This is when something is given
218
686387
3751
ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” 'ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช'. ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ
11:30
a clearly sexual styling. In the programme, we heard that women
219
690138
4235
ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง. ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืขื ื• ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื•ืช
11:34
on motorcycles are often shown in a sexualised way, dressed in clothing, for example,
220
694373
5547
ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ
11:39
that makes them sexually attractive.
221
699920
2519
ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
11:42
And finally there was 'to embody'.
222
702439
2380
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” 'ืœื”ืชื’ืœื'.
11:44
This means to be a clear and obvious example of something.
223
704819
3550
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืžืฉื”ื•.
11:48
So, in movies female bikers often embody male characteristics, which means
224
708369
4890
ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ืœืžื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ
11:53
they might dress or behave in a way we would usually associate with men.
225
713259
4200
ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ืื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:57
Well, it's time for us to say goodbye.
226
717459
3271
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“.
12:00
See you next time and, until then, you can find us online
227
720730
2709
ื ืชืจืื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ื•ืขื“ ืื– ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
12:03
and on our app.
228
723439
1101
ื•ื‘ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
12:04
Just search for bbclearningenglish.
229
724540
2209
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืคืฉ ืืช bbclearningenglish.
12:06
Bye for now!
230
726749
611
ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
12:07
Bye!
231
727360
955
ื‘ื™ื™!
12:13
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English.
232
733829
1930
ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช.
12:15
I'm Neil.
233
735759
1000
ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
12:16
And hello. I'm Rob.
234
736759
815
ื•ืฉืœื•ื. ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘.
12:17
So, Rob, you are a man who enjoys travel.
235
737574
3226
ืื–, ืจื•ื‘, ืืชื” ืื“ื ืฉื ื”ื ื” ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ.
12:20
Whatโ€™s the furthest journey youโ€™ve ever made?
236
740800
3610
ืžื” ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ืื™ ืคืขื?
12:24
Well, I have been to the other side of the world.
237
744410
2459
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
12:26
I've been to Australia, New Zealand โ€“ so from
238
746869
2570
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ - ืื–
12:29
London that's a very long way.
239
749439
1890
ืžืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“.
12:31
And how was it?
240
751329
1466
ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื”?
12:32
It was pretty boring really and quite cramped
241
752795
2055
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžืฉืขืžื ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื“ื™ ืฆืคื•ืฃ
12:34
on the aeroplane โ€“ but I loved it when I got there.
242
754850
2710
ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก - ืื‘ืœ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืฉื.
12:37
So, how would you feel about a journey of 56 million
243
757560
3760
ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืกืข ืฉืœ 56 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
12:41
kilometres that took around nine months?
244
761320
3129
ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื?
12:44
Right.
245
764449
1000
ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
12:45
I'd have to travel Business Class, I think - lots
246
765449
1961
ืื ื™ ืืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ืขืกืงื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ -
12:47
of movies and a very comfortable seat!
247
767410
2269
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื ื•ื— ืžืื•ื“!
12:49
Well, thatโ€™s how long it would take to get to the planet
248
769679
2561
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื™ืงื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘
12:52
Mars and this programme is all about the women who
249
772240
3249
ืžืื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื
12:55
want to be the first to set foot on the Red Planet.
250
775489
3010
ืฉืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื.
12:58
First, though, todayโ€™s question, which is about the
251
778499
2611
ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš
13:01
size of Mars.
252
781110
1669
ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
13:02
Is it a) bigger than Earth,
253
782779
1920
ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื) ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
13:04
b) about the same size as Earth, or c) smaller than Earth?
254
784699
4430
ื‘) ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื• ื’) ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
13:09
Iโ€™m pretty sure I know this.
255
789129
2570
ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื–ื”.
13:11
Itโ€™s bigger than Earth, much bigger, I think.
256
791699
3140
ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
13:14
OK well, weโ€™ll find out if youโ€™re right at the end of the programme.
257
794839
3230
ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื’ืœื” ืื ืืชื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
13:18
Itโ€™s been 40 years since NASA first recruited women to be astronauts.
258
798069
4830
ืขื‘ืจื• 40 ืฉื ื” ืžืื– ื ืืก"ื ื’ื™ื™ืกื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืช.
13:22
Today, a third of the people who work at NASA are women.
259
802899
3650
ื›ื™ื•ื, ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ืืก"ื ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื.
13:26
Yes, and 2016 was the first year that there were an equal number of
260
806549
5276
ื›ืŸ, ื•-2016 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ
13:31
women and men joining as astronaut trainees.
261
811825
3145
ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ื›ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื.
13:34
Equality is slowly coming but only men have had the opportunity to walk on the Moon,
262
814970
5027
ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื˜, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—,
13:39
although that was over 45 years ago.
263
819997
3442
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-45 ืฉื ื”.
13:43
Karen Nyberg is one of NASAโ€™s current astronauts.
264
823439
3481
ืงืืจืŸ ื ื™ื™ื‘ืจื’ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื.
13:46
In a recent BBC News feature, she talked about her hopes.
265
826920
3479
ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”-BBC ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืชืงื•ื•ืชื™ื”.
13:50
When did she join the astronaut programme?
266
830399
2634
ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื?
13:53
When I was selected as an astronaut in the
267
833033
1921
ื›ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื›ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜
13:54
year 2000 I thought that that might be a realistic possibility, that
268
834954
3415
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืจื™ืืœื™ืช,
13:58
we would be the ones, the next to go to the Moon.
269
838369
4296
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ืืœื”, ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืฉื™ืœื›ื• ืœื™ืจื—.
14:02
So it's unfortunate that we weren't.
270
842665
2255
ืื– ื—ื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•.
14:04
When did she become an astronaut?
271
844920
1250
ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืช?
14:06
Well, she said that she was selected in 2000.
272
846170
3740
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000.
14:09
'Selected' means chosen.
273
849910
2109
'ื ื‘ื—ืจ' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ.
14:12
At that time, when she was selected, she thought going to the Moon
274
852019
3183
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ืจื—
14:15
would be a realistic possibility. So, she thought that it wasnโ€™t just a dream,
275
855202
4000
ืชื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืจื™ืืœื™ืช. ืื– ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื—ืœื•ื,
14:19
but something that could happen.
276
859202
1617
ืืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
14:20
There was a good chance it would happen.
277
860819
2240
ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
14:23
However, she was disappointed because that opportunity didnโ€™t arrive at that time.
278
863059
5580
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
14:28
She describes that as being unfortunate.
279
868639
2481
ื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช โ€‹โ€‹ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžืฆืขืจ.
14:31
In this sense 'unfortunate' means unlucky.
280
871120
3029
ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื” 'ืื•ืžืœืœ' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื—ืกืจ ืžื–ืœ.
14:34
If you use this adjective it means you are disappointed
281
874149
2730
ืื ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื” ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘
14:36
about something, but you do perhaps understand the reason for it.
282
876879
4480
ืžืžืฉื”ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš.
14:41
So far, a woman hasnโ€™t had the opportunity to step on the Moon.
283
881359
4000
ืขื“ ื›ื”, ืœืื™ืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—.
14:45
These days Mars is the big target for space travel.
284
885359
3241
ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžืกืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
14:48
There are many problems to overcome, but could it, should it
285
888600
3719
ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ
14:52
be a woman who is the first person to take that step?
286
892319
3260
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื–ื”?
14:55
Absolutely, why not?
287
895579
1651
ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ืœืžื” ืœื?
14:57
On a mission to Mars there would be need for many different kinds of specialists.
288
897230
4490
ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืžืื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื.
15:01
We tend to think of astronauts as spaceship pilots, but
289
901720
3274
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ ื—ืœืœ, ืื‘ืœ
15:04
really, I think, they are much more like scientists, carrying out different experiments.
290
904994
4916
ื‘ืืžืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
15:09
If we are going to set up a base on Mars, one thing that
291
909910
2679
ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”
15:12
would be very important is to try to find a way of growing food.
292
912589
4094
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
15:16
For that you need people with skills in those areas.
293
916683
3436
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
15:20
One person with those skills is Gioia Massa,
294
920119
3097
ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื’'ื•ื™ื” ืžืืกื”,
15:23
a Life Science project manager for NASA. Now, you would think that
295
923216
3951
ืžื ื”ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
15:27
being a top scientist she would be brilliant at all areas or aspects of the job,
296
927167
4437
ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
15:31
but she told BBC News that it wasnโ€™t always the case.
297
931604
3876
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”-BBC ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืš.
15:35
What two aspects does she mention she wasnโ€™t good at?
298
935480
3310
ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื?
15:38
There certainly were aspects where I was challenged, you know...
299
938790
3209
ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืื•ืชื’ืจืชื™, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข...
15:41
I wasn't as great in math as some of my colleagues, my handwriting is terrible, you know...
300
941999
6001
ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ื ื•ืจื, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข...
15:48
So, there are things that are not my strength.
301
948000
4029
ืื–, ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื™.
15:52
But then I fell in love with plants and plants were my strength,
302
952029
3151
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืชืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื™,
15:55
and I really learned and focused on that.
303
955180
2459
ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื”.
15:57
So Rob, what did she have problems with?
304
957639
2130
ืื– ืจื•ื‘, ืขื ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช?
15:59
Well, she said that she wasnโ€™t good at math.
305
959769
3031
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
16:02
'Math' is a North American English word for what
306
962800
2329
'ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”' ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืžื”
16:05
in British English, we call maths.
307
965129
2640
ืฉื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
16:07
Both words mean mathematics, so 'math' in American English,
308
967769
3524
ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืื– 'ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”' ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
16:11
'maths' in British English.
309
971293
1966
'ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”' ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
16:13
She also said that her handwriting is terrible!
310
973259
2651
ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื” ื ื•ืจื!
16:15
Mind you, if her handwriting was really terrible,
311
975910
2307
ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ืื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ืจื,
16:18
maybe nobody would be able to read her bad maths!
312
978217
3460
ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”!
16:21
Good point!
313
981677
1006
ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”!
16:22
So, handwriting and maths arenโ€™t or werenโ€™t her strengths.
314
982683
3836
ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื ืื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ืฉืœื”.
16:26
They are not what she is good at.
315
986519
1841
ื”ื ืœื ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื•.
16:28
What are her strengths?
316
988360
1199
ืžื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”?
16:29
Well, the thing she is good at, her real strengths are
317
989559
3250
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื•, ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ืŸ
16:32
working with plants, so thatโ€™s what she concentrated on.
318
992809
3681
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืื– ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื”.
16:36
Right. Well, letโ€™s see if one of your strengths is the
319
996490
2930
ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืื โ€‹โ€‹ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ื
16:39
knowledge of the planets.
320
999420
1879
ื”ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช.
16:41
Todayโ€™s quiz question was:
321
1001299
2802
ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื”:
16:44
Is Marsโ€ฆ
322
1004101
760
16:44
a) bigger than Earth,
323
1004861
1844
ื”ืื ืžืื“ื™ื...
ื) ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
16:46
b) about the same size as Earth, or
324
1006705
2077
ื‘) ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื•
16:48
c) smaller than Earth?
325
1008782
1809
ื’) ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
16:50
What did you say, Rob?
326
1010591
1358
ืžื” ืืžืจืช, ืจื•ื‘?
16:51
I said that it was bigger, much bigger.
327
1011949
2596
ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:54
And the answer, I'm afraid to say, is that Mars is smaller than Earth,
328
1014545
5343
ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืื“ื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
16:59
much smaller, in fact.
329
1019888
1421
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
17:01
Oh, well, I guess I wonโ€™t be selected to be an astronaut any time soon!
330
1021309
3528
ืื”, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืœื ืื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘!
17:04
Before we blast off out of here, letโ€™s review the vocabulary we covered today.
331
1024837
4603
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืฆื ืžื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
17:09
The first word was the one you just mentioned, 'selected', meaning chosen.
332
1029440
4445
ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื–ื” ืขืชื”, 'ื ื‘ื—ืจ', ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจื”.
17:13
Then we had the phrase, 'a realistic possibility'
333
1033885
2948
ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, 'ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืจื™ืืœื™ืช'
17:16
to describe something that has a good chance of happening,
334
1036833
3000
ืœืชืืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ืช,
17:19
unlike my astronaut application!
335
1039833
2292
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ืฉืœื™!
17:22
Well, if you did become an astronaut, that would be unfortunate,
336
1042125
3156
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืื›ืŸ ืชื”ืคื›ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืขืจ,
17:25
our next word, for me at least.
337
1045281
2717
ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
17:27
'Unfortunate', you mean disappointing for you?
338
1047998
2951
'ืื•ืžืœืœ', ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื›ื–ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš?
17:30
Well, if you were up in space I wouldnโ€™t have the pleasure of your company.
339
1050949
3559
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœืš.
17:34
Hashtag blushing.
340
1054508
1702
ื”ืกืžืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื˜ืื’.
17:36
Our next word was 'aspects' meaning parts of something
341
1056210
3958
ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” 'ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื' ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
17:40
and then the Americanisation, 'math'.
342
1060168
1813
ื•ืื– ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, 'ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”'.
17:41
Which we call maths, or mathematics in British English.
343
1061981
3565
ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืื• ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
17:45
And finally, we had 'strengths'. And maths certainly isnโ€™t one of my strengths
344
1065546
4511
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• 'ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช'. ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
17:50
โ€“ itโ€™s not something Iโ€™m good at.
345
1070057
1940
- ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื•.
17:51
But one of your strengths is saying nice things about people.
346
1071997
3427
ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
17:55
Hashtag double blush.
347
1075424
2083
ืกื•ืžืง ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื˜ืื’.
17:57
Well, time for us to go โ€“ not to Mars, but to lunch!
348
1077507
3816
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืœืš - ืœื ืœืžืื“ื™ื, ืืœื ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื!
18:01
Just time to say you can also find us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube,
349
1081323
4827
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘,
18:06
and, of course, on our website bbclearningenglish.com!
350
1086150
3481
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœื ื• bbclearningenglish.com!
18:09
Thank you for joining us and goodbye!
351
1089631
1718
ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืืœื™ื ื• ื•ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช!
18:11
Bye bye!
352
1091349
840
ื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™!
18:18
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
353
1098000
3537
ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
18:21
Iโ€™m Sam.
354
1101537
1423
ืื ื™ ืกืื.
18:22
And Iโ€™m Georgina.
355
1102960
1373
ื•ืื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
18:24
Something that affects almost every woman at some
356
1104333
2547
ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉื”
18:26
point in her life is the menopause.
357
1106880
3300
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ.
18:30
The menopause is a natural part of ageing that happens as
358
1110180
3180
ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื
18:33
a womanโ€˜s hormones decline and she stops having monthly periods
359
1113360
4210
ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
18:37
and being able to get pregnant naturally.
360
1117570
2570
ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
18:40
With the menopause comes physical signs.
361
1120140
2790
ืขื ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื.
18:42
These vary from person to person and often include hot
362
1122930
3150
ืืœื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื
18:46
flushes, mood swings and night sweats.
363
1126080
3700
ื’ืœื™ ื—ื•ื, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื–ืขื•ืช ืœื™ืœื”.
18:49
But besides these there may be other changes too and living
364
1129780
3210
ืื‘ืœ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
18:52
through it can be isolating, both personally and professionally.
365
1132990
4480
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช.
18:57
In many societies, the menopause is still taboo โ€“
366
1137470
3360
ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื‘ื• -
19:00
not talked about in public for social or religious reasons,
367
1140830
3599
ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ื“ืชื™ื•ืช,
19:04
or because people are uncomfortable discussing it.
368
1144429
3488
ืื• ื›ื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื ื•ื— ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”.
19:07
But recently high-profile women like former First Lady, Michelle Obama,
369
1147917
4962
ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืžื™ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”,
19:12
have started speaking up.
370
1152879
2404
ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
19:15
In this programme, weโ€™ll be hearing from two other
371
1155283
2137
ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ื ืฉืžืข ืžืฉืชื™
19:17
women trying to make the menopause more visible in societyโ€ฆ
372
1157420
4110
ื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ืœื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”...
19:21
โ€ฆand, of course, weโ€™ll be learning some
373
1161530
2188
...ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ืœืžื“
19:23
related vocabulary as well.
374
1163718
2152
ื’ื ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจ.
19:25
But first let me ask you my quiz question, Georgina.
375
1165870
3300
ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืจืฉื” ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชืš ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
19:29
As we mentioned, the menopause is part of the
376
1169170
2481
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื•, ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš
19:31
natural ageing process and usually occurs between
377
1171651
3859
ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ
19:35
the ages of 45 and 55.
378
1175510
2530
ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื 45 ืขื“ 55.
19:38
But what is the average age for a woman to reach the menopause in Britain?
379
1178040
5630
ืืš ืžื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”?
19:43
Is it a) 49,
380
1183670
2390
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื) 49,
19:46
b) 51,
381
1186060
1530
ื‘) 51,
19:47
or c) 53?
382
1187590
2280
ืื• ื’) 53?
19:49
Iโ€™ll jump in the middle and say 51 years old.
383
1189870
3580
ืื ื™ ืืงืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืŸ 51.
19:53
OK, Georgina, weโ€™ll find out the answer
384
1193450
2604
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”, ื ื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
19:56
later in the programme.
385
1196054
1753
ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
19:57
Since the menopause is a normal and natural part of life
386
1197807
3453
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
20:01
itโ€™s surprising how little itโ€™s talked about.
387
1201260
3097
ืžืคืชื™ืข ื›ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.
20:04
Dr Nighat Arif is a British Pakistani family doctor specialising
388
1204357
4363
ื“"ืจ ื ื™ื’ืืช ืขืจื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืคืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืคืงื™ืกื˜ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืžื—ื”
20:08
in womenโ€™s health.
389
1208720
2230
ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื.
20:10
According to her, the silence around the subject is because menopause is
390
1210950
3322
ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื
20:14
about getting old, something no one wants to be reminded of.
391
1214272
4955
ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ื•.
20:19
Here is Dr Arif explaining more to BBC World Service programme, The Conversation:
392
1219227
6433
ื”ื ื” ื“"ืจ ืขืจื™ืฃ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service, The Conversation:
20:25
Historically, particularly when it comes to women, the older you are youโ€™re surplus
393
1225660
4330
ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ืฉื™ื, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืืชื”
20:29
to excess now, thatโ€™s it, youโ€™ve done your dues, youโ€™ve had your children, your
394
1229990
3410
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืขื“ ืžื•ื’ื–ื, ื–ื”ื•, ืขืฉื™ืชื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื, ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœืš,
20:33
use isnโ€™t needed anymore in societyโ€ฆ but actually women are not like that
395
1233400
4680
ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœืš ืœื ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”... ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื›ืืœื”
20:38
at all, women are far more becoming productive in the
396
1238080
3440
ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
20:41
career and workspace and they are the caregivers,
397
1241520
3343
ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช,
20:44
sometimes they are actually the financial providers in their home setting as well.
398
1244863
6047
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืกืคืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื’ื“ืจื”.
20:50
In many cultures, the traditional role of women is to have children.
399
1250910
3690
ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื.
20:54
Dr Arif says that after doing this, women may be considered to have done -
400
1254600
4387
ื“"ืจ ืขืจื™ืฃ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื–ื”, ื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืขืฉื• -
20:58
or paid - their dues โ€“ an expression meaning to do everything you
401
1258987
3983
ืื• ืฉื™ืœืžื• - ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ - ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื”
21:02
are expected to do, or to have done your duty.
402
1262970
3630
ืฉืžืฆืคื™ื ืžืžืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืื• ืฉืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชืš.
21:06
After raising children, women are sometimes thought to
403
1266600
3060
ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ื›ืขื•ื“ืคื•ืช
21:09
be surplus to excess, something which is more than
404
1269660
3790
ืœืขื•ื“ืฃ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
21:13
needed, or in other words, surplus to requirements โ€“ a phrase meaning
405
1273450
5065
ืžื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ, ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช - ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื•
21:18
โ€˜no longer requiredโ€™. Of course, this isnโ€™t true for all women everywhere, but it
406
1278515
5775
"ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืขื•ื“". ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”
21:24
is surprising how unequal men and womenโ€™s experience
407
1284290
3281
ืžืคืชื™ืข ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื
21:27
of getting older can be.
408
1287571
2059
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
21:29
Barbara Hannah Grufferman, is an American writer who publishes a regular
409
1289630
4450
ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื” ื’ืจื•ืคืจืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืกื•ืคืจืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืžืคืจืกืžืช ื ื™ื•ื–ืœื˜ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข
21:34
newsletter, โ€˜The Menopause Cheat Sheetโ€™, which
410
1294080
3141
, 'The Menopause Cheat Sheet',
21:37
focuses on healthy ageing.
411
1297221
2589
ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
21:39
Here she is speaking with BBC World Service
412
1299810
2039
ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ BBC World Service
21:41
programme, The Conversation:
413
1301849
2821
, The Conversation:
21:44
One of the biggest complications, I think, is ageism.
414
1304670
2340
ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื™ื–ื.
21:47
So, if women are entering that age range, 45 and over,
415
1307010
5670
ืื– ืื ื ืฉื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ื”ื–ื”, 45 ื•ืžืขืœื”,
21:52
theyโ€™re already possibly feeling the effects of ageism,
416
1312680
4130
ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ,
21:56
you know, pointing in their direction.
417
1316810
2290
ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ืŸ.
21:59
And then when they add on this layer of having these physical
418
1319100
4450
ื•ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
22:03
symptoms that can impact how theyโ€™re functioning
419
1323550
3640
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื
22:07
at work and even at home - itโ€™s a double whammy.
420
1327190
5577
ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช - ื–ื• ื”ืœื ื›ืคื•ืœ.
22:12
For Barbara Hannah Grufferman, one of the biggest
421
1332767
2363
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื” ื’ืจื•ืคืจืžืŸ, ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™
22:15
barriers women face is ageism - the unfair treatment
422
1335130
3690
ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื™ื–ื - ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ
22:18
of older people because of their age.
423
1338820
3133
ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื™ืœื.
22:21
Just as racism and sexism discriminate against people because of their race
424
1341953
5029
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื•ืกืงืกื™ื–ื ืžืคืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื–ืข
22:26
or gender, ageism values older people less than the young.
425
1346982
5241
ืื• ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœื”ื, ื’ื™ืœืื™ื™ื–ื ืžืขืจื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
22:32
As we mentioned before, the menopause brings physical
426
1352223
3267
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื, ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื
22:35
signs such as hot flushes or night sweats.
427
1355490
3710
ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื™ ื—ื•ื ืื• ื”ื–ืขื•ืช ืœื™ืœื”.
22:39
These signs are known as symptoms - things wrong with your body or
428
1359200
3550
ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื - ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืื•
22:42
mind that are signs of some illness or bodily process.
429
1362750
4610
ื‘ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœืš ืฉื”ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื” ืื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
22:47
So, menopausal women suffer physical symptoms, as well as
430
1367360
4713
ืื–, ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื
22:52
possibly dealing with discrimination based on their age.
431
1372073
4147
ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืืคืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื™ืœืŸ.
22:56
Barbara Hannah Grufferman calls this a double whammy โ€“ an informal way to
432
1376220
4550
ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื” ื’ืจื•ืคืจืžืŸ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื–ื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” - ื“ืจืš ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช
23:00
describe a situation where two unpleasant things
433
1380770
3150
ืœืชืืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื
23:03
happen at the same time.
434
1383920
2580
ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
23:06
The menopause can be a difficult time in a womanโ€™s life.
435
1386500
3490
ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื”.
23:09
But with age comes wisdom and experience
436
1389990
2750
ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ
23:12
and in more and more societies around the world
437
1392740
2493
ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
23:15
the menopause is being talked about more openly.
438
1395233
4310
ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ื›ื‘ืจ
23:19
Speaking of which, what was the answer to your question, Sam?
439
1399543
3847
ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœืชืš, ืกื?
23:23
In my quiz question I asked about the average age
440
1403390
3030
ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืฉืืœืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
23:26
for British women to reach menopause.
441
1406420
3191
ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ.
23:29
I said it was c) 51.
442
1409611
2914
ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื’) 51.
23:32
Which wasโ€ฆ the correct answer!
443
1412525
2487
ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื”... ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”!
23:35
Although for some women menopause can start as early as in their 40s.
444
1415012
5556
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ.
23:40
OK, letโ€™s recap the vocabulary from this programme
445
1420568
2832
ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
23:43
starting with taboo โ€“ something which is forbidden
446
1423400
3500
ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื• - ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืกื•ืจ
23:46
for social or religious reasons.
447
1426900
2700
ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ื“ืชื™ื•ืช.
23:49
'To pay your dues' means 'to do your duty'.
448
1429600
3460
'ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ืš' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ืœืžืœื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชืš'.
23:53
'Surplus to requirements' means 'to be no longer needed'.
449
1433060
3870
'ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 'ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื•ื“'.
23:56
'Ageism' is the unfair treatment of older people because of their age.
450
1436930
4540
'ืื™ื™ื’'ื™ื–ื' ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื™ืœื.
24:01
'Symptom' is a sign of illness.
451
1441470
3120
'ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื' ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื”.
24:04
And finally, a 'double whammy' is a situation where
452
1444590
3085
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, 'ื›ืคื•ืœ ื›ืคื•ืœ' ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื•
24:07
two unpleasant things happen at once.
453
1447675
2712
ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช.
24:10
Thatโ€™s all from us, but we hope to see you again soon. Bye for now!
454
1450387
4169
ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืชืš ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
24:14
Goodbye!
455
1454556
1483
ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
24:21
Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
456
1461439
3391
ืฉืœื•ื, ื–ื” 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
24:24
Iโ€™m Neil.
457
1464830
1000
ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
24:25
And Iโ€™m Sam.
458
1465830
1060
ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
24:26
Sam, have you ever heard the expression โ€˜a problem shared
459
1466890
3460
ืกื, ื”ืื ืฉืžืขืช ืคืขื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 'ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
24:30
is a problem halvedโ€™?
460
1470350
1260
ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืฆื•ื™ื”'?
24:31
Yes, Neil, I have.
461
1471610
1570
ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™. ื”ืื
24:33
Doesnโ€™t it mean that people often feel better after talking
462
1473180
3533
ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื•
24:36
about their problems with someone?
463
1476713
2197
ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•?
24:38
Right - in this programme weโ€™ll be hearing the extraordinary story of how these ideas
464
1478910
4560
ื ื›ื•ืŸ - ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืื ื• ื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
24:43
were taken up by a team of community grandmothers in Zimbabwe.
465
1483470
4240
ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ืื”.
24:47
Zimbabwe has over 14 million people but fewer than 20 psychiatrists.
466
1487710
5910
ื‘ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ืื” ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-14 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-20 ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื.
24:53
After years of economic turmoil, unemployment and HIV, mental health is a huge
467
1493620
5470
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื”ื•ืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•-HIV, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื
24:59
challenge, and doctors estimate that one in four Zimbabweans
468
1499090
4371
ืืชื’ืจ ืขืฆื•ื, ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ืื”
25:03
suffers from depression or anxiety.
469
1503461
2409
ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืื• ื—ืจื“ื”.
25:05
When it proved impossible to find free space to use in hospitals, psychiatrist Dr Dixon
470
1505870
5260
ื›ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืคื ื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ ื“"ืจ ื“ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ
25:11
Chibanda, came up with the idea of turning
471
1511130
2536
ืฆ'ื™ื‘ื ื“ื”, ื”ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช
25:13
public park benches into spaces for therapy.
472
1513666
3244
ืกืคืกืœื™ ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœื—ืœืœื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
25:16
He recruited grandmothers, who have both free time and plenty of life experience,
473
1516910
5248
ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื™ืก ืกื‘ืชื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืคื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื,
25:22
to talk with individuals struggling with mental health issues
474
1522158
3036
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช
25:25
like depression, anxiety, and trauma.
475
1525194
3225
ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”.
25:28
The grandmothers are drawn from the local community
476
1528419
2231
ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ื ืฉืื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช
25:30
and trained over several weeks in a talking therapy
477
1530650
2860
ื•ืžืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
25:33
called CBT โ€“ but what does that abbreviation, CBT, stand for?
478
1533510
5950
ื‘ืฉื CBT - ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืžืกืžืœ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, CBT?
25:39
Thatโ€™s my quiz question.
479
1539460
1780
ื–ื• ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™. ื”ืื
25:41
Is it a) Chatting Based Therapy,
480
1541240
2570
ื–ื” ื) ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืฆ'ืื˜,
25:43
b) Conversation Brain Therapy
481
1543810
2730
ื‘) ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช
25:46
or c) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy?
482
1546540
3000
ืื• ื’) ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™?
25:49
Well, I think Iโ€™ll say c) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
483
1549540
3770
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื’ื™ื“ ื’) ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™.
25:53
OK, Sam, weโ€™ll find out later.
484
1553310
2550
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกืื, ื ื’ืœื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
25:55
Now, although the recent history of Zimbabwe has left millions struggling
485
1555860
3990
ื›ืขืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
25:59
with mental health issues, at the start of his
486
1559850
2770
ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช
26:02
project, Dr Dixon Chibanda was the only psychiatrist
487
1562620
3070
ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื•, ื“"ืจ ื“ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื™ื‘ื ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
26:05
working in public health in the whole country.
488
1565690
3120
ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
26:08
And as well as a lack of provision, many villagers were suspicious of
489
1568810
3995
ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืืกืคืงื”, ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ืคืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื“ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
26:12
talking therapy, preferring to rely on traditional faith healers instead.
490
1572805
5815
ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžืจืคืื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช.
26:18
Which is why when Kim Chakanetsa, of BBC World Serviceโ€™s
491
1578620
3815
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื ืฆ'ืงืื ื˜ืกื”, ืžื”ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ื”ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœ BBC World Service
26:22
The Documentary Podcast, spoke to Dr Dixon Chibanda,
492
1582435
3154
, ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื“"ืจ ื“ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื™ื‘ื ื“ื”,
26:25
she started by asking him whether people were supportive of his idea:
493
1585589
5468
ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•:
26:31
Initially there was a lot of scepticism, a lot of resistance, particularly from colleagues
494
1591057
5563
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืคืงื ื•ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฆื“ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื
26:36
who thought this was not evidence-based, and it wasnโ€™t going to work.
495
1596620
4610
ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
26:41
The whole idea of training grandmothers โ€“ I mean,
496
1601230
2470
ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืกื‘ืชื•ืช - ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช,
26:43
this has not been done anywhere else in the world
497
1603700
2350
ื–ื” ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
26:46
so naturally there was resistance.
498
1606050
2090
ืื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช.
26:48
Were you at all apprehensive?
499
1608140
2160
ื—ืฉืฉืชื ื‘ื›ืœืœ?
26:50
I was, to be quite honest.
500
1610300
2879
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช.
26:53
At first, Dr Dixon Chibandaโ€™s ideas were met with
501
1613179
3321
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื“ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื™ื‘ื ื“ื” ื ืชืงืœื•
26:56
scepticism โ€“ an attitude of doubting whether something is useful or true.
502
1616500
6320
ื‘ืกืคืงื ื•ืช - ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืง ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
27:02
โ€˜Grandma benchesโ€™ were a totally new idea, never seen
503
1622820
3370
'ืกืคืกืœื™ ืกื‘ืชื' ื”ื™ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืฉืœื ื ืจืื”
27:06
before anywhere in the world and so his colleagues naturally
504
1626190
3679
ื›ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื—ืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™
27:09
felt some resistance - refusal to accept a change or new idea.
505
1629869
4401
ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช - ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.
27:14
Which left Dr Dixon Chibanda feeling a little apprehensive โ€“
506
1634270
4645
ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื“"ืจ ื“ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื™ื‘ื ื“ื” ืงืฆืช ื—ื•ืฉืฉ -
27:18
worried that something bad was going to happen to his project.
507
1638915
4195
ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืจืข ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื•.
27:23
Fortunately, as it turned out, Dr Dixon Chibandaโ€™s apprehensions were wrong.
508
1643110
5503
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ, ื—ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื“ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื™ื‘ื ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.
27:28
Grandmothers are highly respected in Zimbabwean society
509
1648613
3391
ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ืื”
27:32
and as they started listening, people began opening up and telling their stories.
510
1652004
4825
ื•ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืคืชื— ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”ื.
27:36
The โ€˜grandma benchesโ€™ have empowered over 50,000 people
511
1656829
3745
"ืกืคืกืœื™ ื”ืกื‘ืชื" ื”ืขืฆื™ืžื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-50,000 ืื ืฉื™ื
27:40
to deal with their life problems and Dr Dixon Chibanda even has plans
512
1660574
4424
ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื“"ืจ ื“ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื™ื‘ื ื“ื” ื™ืฉ โ€‹โ€‹ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช
27:44
to move his idea online, giving the world access to a virtual Friendship Bench.
513
1664998
5822
ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœืจืฉืช, ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืกืคืกืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™.
27:50
Here he is again, explaining on the BBC World Serviceโ€™s
514
1670820
2880
ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘-The Documentary Podcast ืฉืœ BBC World Service
27:53
The Documentary Podcast why he believes his ideas have been so successful:
515
1673700
5480
ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš:
27:59
It works because itโ€™s simple, itโ€™s cheap and itโ€™s run by communities, particularly
516
1679180
5860
ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื–ื” ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
28:05
grandmothers who are, in essence, a resource in African communities
517
1685040
5619
ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉืื‘ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช
28:10
โ€“ you know, they are the custodians of local culture and
518
1690659
3291
โ€“ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช
28:13
wisdom โ€“ thatโ€™s why is works, and I guess, it does
519
1693950
4200
โ€“ ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื”
28:18
away with western concepts which remove the stigma
520
1698150
4177
ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื”
28:22
that is normally associated with mental illness.
521
1702327
3543
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ.
28:25
Clients are willing to share their problems with the grandmother-therapists
522
1705870
3698
ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ื”ืกื‘ืชื-ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื
28:29
because they are respected as cultural custodians โ€“ people with responsibility for
523
1709568
5422
ื›ื™ ื”ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช - ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
28:34
taking care of something or trying to protect ideas or principles,
524
1714990
4588
ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงืจื”
28:39
in this case local customs and wisdom.
525
1719578
3692
ื–ื” ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
28:43
This helps do away with โ€“ or remove โ€“ the stigma attached to mental health
526
1723270
4511
ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ - ืื• ืœื”ืกื™ืจ - ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ
28:47
strong feelings of shame or disapproval which most members of a community
527
1727781
4199
ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืื• ืื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”
28:51
have towards something, such as psychological illness.
528
1731980
3510
ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืฉื”ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
28:55
For Zimbabweans suffering domestic violence, unemployment
529
1735490
3689
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืื‘ื˜ืœื”
28:59
and dealing with HIV, having a grandmother to talk to really can change their
530
1739179
5068
ื•ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื HIV, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื‘ืชื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช
29:04
perceptions about how problems can be managed.
531
1744247
3163
ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
29:07
So it seems true that โ€˜a problem shared is a problem
532
1747410
2420
ืื– ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉ'ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื”
29:09
halvedโ€™, which reminds me of our quiz question, Sam.
533
1749830
3520
ื—ืฆื•ื™ื”', ืžื” ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ืกื.
29:13
Yes.
534
1753350
670
ื›ืŸ.
29:14
You asked me what the talking therapy abbreviated to CBT stands for.
535
1754020
5960
ืฉืืœืช ืื•ืชื™ ืžื” ืžืกืžืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืฆืจ ืœ-CBT.
29:19
And I said c) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
536
1759980
4300
ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ื’) ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™.
29:24
Which is absolutely right!
537
1764280
1660
ืžื” ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ!
29:25
CBT โ€“ a way of managing problems by changing ways
538
1765940
3807
CBT โ€“ ื“ืจืš ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™
29:29
of thinking and behaving.
539
1769747
1546
ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
29:31
So, this week weโ€™ve been hearing the inspiring story of Zimbabwean
540
1771293
3841
ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืžืขื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืœ
29:35
Dr Dixon Chibandaโ€™s โ€˜grandma benchโ€™ therapy -
541
1775134
4055
ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ 'ืกืคืกืœ ื”ืกื‘ืชื' ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื“ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื™ื‘ื ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ืื” -
29:39
an idea which was initially met with scepticism โ€“ a doubtful attitude, and resistance โ€“
542
1779189
5951
ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกืคืงื ื•ืช - ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืคื•ืงืคืงืช ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช -
29:45
refusal to change and accept new ideas.
543
1785140
3275
ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
29:48
Dr Dixon Chibandaโ€™s feelings of apprehension โ€“ worries that the project would fail,
544
1788415
4947
ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื“ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื™ื‘ื ื“ื” - ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื™ื™ื›ืฉืœ,
29:53
proved false when his team of grandmother therapists were treated as custodians โ€“
545
1793362
4607
ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื›ืฉืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ื›ืืœ ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื™ื -
29:57
or protectors - of wisdom and life experience who really could help people
546
1797969
4679
ืื• ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื - ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
30:02
suffering depression, poverty and trauma.
547
1802648
2925
ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”.
30:05
The success of the project helped do away with โ€“ or remove โ€“
548
1805573
4478
ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”ืขืœื™ื - ืื• ืœื”ืกื™ืจ -
30:10
strong feelings of shame or disapproval felt by many people regarding mental health,
549
1810051
5015
ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืื• ืื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ,
30:15
known as stigma.
550
1815066
2122
ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื”.
30:17
To hear more inspiring, topical stories, join us again soon here at
551
1817188
4120
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื‘
30:21
6 Minute English. Bye for now!
552
1821308
1968
-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
30:23
Goodbye!
553
1823276
1205
ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7