BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Human Emotions 2' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocabulary!

311,201 views ใƒป 2022-07-10

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:05
Hello. This is 6 Minute English
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
00:07
from BBC Learning English.
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ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
00:09
I'm Neil. ย 
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:10
And I'm Rob. It's great that you're
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘. ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ืฉืืชื”
00:12
here to keep me company -
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ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื— ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” -
00:13
to spend time with me so
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ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืื™ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™
00:14
I don't get lonely -
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ืฉืœื ืื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ -
00:15
because loneliness is the
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื
00:17
subject of this programme. It's good to be here, Neil.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•. ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ, ื ื™ืœ.
00:20
I think many of us have
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•
00:21
experienced loneliness at
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ื—ื•ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช
00:23
some point. Maybe you've
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืื•ืœื™
00:25
felt lonely because all your
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ
00:26
friends have gone out for
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš ื™ืฆืื• ืœืืจื•ื—ืช
00:27
dinner without you, or
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ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืš, ืื•
00:29
maybe you've felt lonely
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื”
00:30
just because you don't
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื” ืœื
00:31
fit in somewhere. Yes, that's when we sometimes
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ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื•
00:34
use the expression 'to feel
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 'ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ
00:36
lonely in a crowd'. Well,
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ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืงื”ืœ'. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,
00:38
we'll be exploring if this
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ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื–ื”
00:39
is a new idea or something
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ื ื™
00:41
humans have always
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ืื“ื ืชืžื™ื“
00:42
experienced, and along
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ื—ื•ื•,
00:43
the way we'll be teaching
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ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื ืœืžื“
00:44
you some new vocabulary. But now I'm here to keep you
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ืื•ืชืš ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ. ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื— ืœืš
00:48
company, how about a
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ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš ืขืœ
00:49
question for me?
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ืฉืืœื” ืืœื™ื™?
00:50
Of course! Well, one
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ! ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,
00:52
possibly lonely man is
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ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื
00:53
Mauro Morandi. He's lived
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ืžืื•ืจื• ืžื•ืจื ื“ื™. ื”ื•ื ื’ืจ
00:55
alone on Budelli Island in
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ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืœื™
00:57
Italy for many years, but
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ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ
00:59
how many years exactly?
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง?
01:01
Is it: a) 6 years,
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ื”ืื ื–ื”: ื) 6 ืฉื ื™ื,
01:03
b) 31 years, or
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ื‘) 31 ืฉื ื™ื, ืื•
01:05
c) 44 years? Umm ... 44 years would be
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ื’) 44 ืฉื ื™ื? ืืžืž... 44 ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื•
01:08
tough, as would 31, so
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ืงืฉื•ืช, ื›ืžื• 31, ืื–
01:10
I'll go for 6 years. OK, Rob, we'll find out
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ืื ื™ ืืœืš ืœ-6 ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืจื•ื‘, ื ื’ืœื”
01:13
later if that's right.
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:15
Now, I'm sure we all
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื•
01:16
want to be alone from
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ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“
01:17
time to time, to escape
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ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื, ืœื‘ืจื•ื—
01:18
the demands of our
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ืžื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ
01:19
colleagues or the
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ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืื•
01:20
pressures of real life,
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ืžื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื,
01:22
but would we really want
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืฆื”
01:23
to be totally alone? Well, I certainly wouldn't.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื‘ื“? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืœื.
01:26
And research has found that
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ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฆื
01:27
prolonged social isolation
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ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืžื•ืฉืš
01:29
is bad for us,
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ืžื–ื™ืง ืœื ื•,
01:30
particularly mentally. It's an interesting topic,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช. ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
01:34
and one that the BBC Radio
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ื•ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”-BBC Radio
01:35
4 programme Thinking Aloud
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4 Thinking Aloud
01:37
has been exploring.
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ื—ื•ืงืจืช.
01:38
Its guest, Fay Bound Alberti,
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ื”ืื•ืจื—ืช ืฉืœื•, ืคื™ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื“ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื™,
01:40
Reader in History at the
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ืงื•ืจืืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช
01:42
University of York,
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ื™ื•ืจืง,
01:43
explained how loneliness is
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื
01:44
a relatively new
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01:46
emotional state. A state is a condition at
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ืžืฆื‘ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘
01:49
a particular time. Let's
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื‘ื•ืื•
01:51
hear what she had to say
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ื ืฉืžืข ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ
01:52
about references to
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช
01:53
loneliness in literature. Well, novels are
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ืœื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจื•ืžื ื™ื
01:56
fascinating, because there's
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ืžืจืชืงื™ื, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ
01:57
a difference between novels
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื
01:58
in the 18th Century, when
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18, ื›ืฉื”ื
01:59
they first came into being,
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ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
02:00
and novels in the 19th
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19
02:01
Century - in the 18th
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-
02:02
Century something like
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•
02:03
Robinson Crusoe, there's
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ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื–ื•,
02:04
not a single reference
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืื—ืช
02:05
to loneliness. By the 19th
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ืœื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช. ืขื“
02:07
Century novels are
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ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื
02:08
full of lonely people
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ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
02:09
and that reflects those
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืงืฃ
02:10
kinds of social changes. Give me some examples.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
02:13
What may count
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ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘
02:14
as examples? Well, I suppose I'm
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ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืื ื™
02:16
thinking about if you
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02:16
compare something like
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ืืชื”
ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•
02:18
Wuthering Heights where
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Wuthering Heights ืฉื‘ื•
02:19
you have this desperate
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืืฉ ื”ื–ื”
02:20
desire on the part of
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ืžืฆื“
02:21
the heroine to find love
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ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื”ื‘ื”
02:23
which is bundled up
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ืฉืื’ื“ื”
02:24
to in this sense of the
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ
02:25
self not being complete
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ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื ืฉืœื
02:27
without another, or
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ื‘ืœื™ ืื—ืจ, ืื•
02:28
Tess of the d'Urbervilles.
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ื˜ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื“'ืื•ืจื‘ืจื•ื•ื™ืœืก.
02:29
And so Victorian
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ
02:30
fiction in particular
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ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
02:31
tends to be full of woman
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ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ื‘ื ืฉื™ื
02:32
who are in search of the
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ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืืช
02:33
significant other and
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ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
02:35
needing to find happiness
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ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืฉืจ
02:36
and an absence of loneliness
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ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช
02:38
in the domestic. It's interesting that Fay
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื™
02:41
mentions the story of
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ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ
02:42
Robinson Crusoe - about
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ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื–ื• - ืขืœ
02:43
a man living on a desert
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ืื“ื ืฉื—ื™ ืขืœ
02:44
island - does not mention
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ืื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ - ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื”
02:46
the word loneliness.
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.
02:48
But because of a shift
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
02:49
in how people behaved
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ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•
02:51
and thought in the
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02:51
19th century - called
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•
ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 - ืฉื ืงืจื
02:53
social change - loneliness
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ - ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช
02:55
became an emotion that
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืจื’ืฉ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘
02:56
was written about
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ืขืœื™ื•
02:57
in stories. Ah, but loneliness tended
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื˜ืชื”
03:00
to be something affecting
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ
03:02
women. They were
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ื ืฉื™ื. ื”ื
03:03
searching for happiness
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืื•ืฉืจ
03:04
by finding a 'significant
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื™ืืช '
03:05
other' - a partner, usually
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ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™' - ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
03:07
a man, who they wanted to
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ื’ื‘ืจ, ืฉืจืฆื•
03:09
marry. How things
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ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืื™ืชื•. ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
03:10
have changed! Yes, now Fay also went
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ื”ืฉืชื ื•! ื›ืŸ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืคื™ื™ ื’ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”
03:13
on to talk about how
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš
03:14
some female authors,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
03:16
like Virginia Woolf,
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ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื•ืœืฃ,
03:17
looked for solitude - that's
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช - ื–ื”
03:19
being alone - because
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ - ื›ื™
03:20
that helped them
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ื–ื” ืขื–ืจ ืœื”ืŸ
03:21
be creative. Even today, being alone
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“
03:24
gives us headspace and
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ืจืืฉ
03:25
time to think, as long
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ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืœ
03:27
as it doesn't last
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ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœื ื ืžืฉืš
03:28
forever. Anyway, as we
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ืœื ืฆื—. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื›ืคื™
03:29
mentioned, we've probably
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ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ื ืจืื”
03:31
all been lonely at some
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื
03:32
point, and Fay Bound Alberti
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, ื•ืคื™ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื“ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื™
03:34
told the Thinking Aloud
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ืืžืจื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช Thinking Aloud
03:35
programme that loneliness
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ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช
03:36
can take many forms. Absolutely, I think that
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
03:40
loneliness is something
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ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•
03:41
that affects all people
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
03:43
but at different times
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
03:44
in their lives. I would
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™
03:45
describe in terms of
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ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ
03:46
pinch points - there are
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ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื™ื˜ื” - ื™ืฉ
03:47
times when we change
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ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ื
03:48
[when we become] when we
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[ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื] ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื•
03:50
get married, we become
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ืžืชื—ืชื ื™ื, ืื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื
03:51
mothers, we get divorced,
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ืœืืžื”ื•ืช, ืื ื• ืžืชื’ืจืฉื™ื,
03:52
anything that changes
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืืช
03:53
our life might put us
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ื•
03:55
under temporary loneliness.
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ืœื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
03:57
When it's a problem is
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ื›ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื”
03:58
when it becomes chronic. It seems that there are
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ
04:01
certain times in our
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ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
04:02
lives when we might feel
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ
04:03
lonely - when we break
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ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื•
04:04
up with a partner or
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ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืžื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ืื•
04:05
have a baby and feel
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ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
04:06
isolated, for example.
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ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ.
04:08
These are moments that
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ืืœื• ืจื’ืขื™ื
04:09
Fay describes as pinch
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ืฉืคื™ื™ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื™ื˜ื”
04:11
points - times in your
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โ€“ ื–ืžื ื™ื
04:12
life where there are
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืš ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ
04:13
difficulties and things
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ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
04:14
slow down or change. We could say loneliness
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ืžืื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช
04:18
at these times is
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืืœื•
04:19
understandable, normal
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ืžื•ื‘ื ืช, ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช
04:21
and temporary. When it
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ื•ื–ืžื ื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื”
04:22
becomes a bigger issue,
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื ื•ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:24
it's what Fay describes
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืคื™ื™ ืžืชืืจ
04:25
as chronic - so,
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ื›ื›ืจื•ื ื™ - ืื–,
04:27
long lasting. And loneliness isn't
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื
04:29
always obvious to other
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
04:30
people, so it's good to
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, ืื– ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘
04:32
check in with friends
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ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
04:33
and family to see how
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš
04:34
they're feeling and to
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ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ
04:35
ask if they re OK.
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ืื ื”ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
04:37
Of course, it would be
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04:37
difficult to check in
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื”
ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง
04:38
on Mauro Morandi, who's
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ืืช ืžืื•ืจื• ืžื•ืจื ื“ื™, ืฉื—ื™
04:40
been living on Budelli
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04:42
Island in Italy for
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ื‘ืื™ Budelli ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ
04:43
many years, but how
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ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ
04:44
many years exactly? Ahh well I thought
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง? ืื”ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™
04:47
6 years. Was I right? I'm afraid not. It's
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6 ืฉื ื™ื. ืฆื“ืงืชื™? ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื.
04:50
actually been 31 years.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื‘ืจื• 31 ืฉื ื™ื.
04:53
He told National Geographic
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง
04:54
magazine "I'm sort of
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"ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš
04:56
in prison here ... but
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ื‘ื›ืœื ื›ืืŸ... ืื‘ืœ
04:57
it's a prison that I
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ื–ื” ื›ืœื ืฉื‘ื—ืจืชื™
04:58
chose for myself". So
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ืœืขืฆืžื™". ืื–
04:59
I'm guessing he's got
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื—ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื
05:00
used to his own company!
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ื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื•!
05:02
I certainly couldn't
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™
05:03
live alone for that
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš
05:04
long - I'd been too
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ - ื”ื™ื™ืชื™
05:05
lonely, I need
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05:05
company, Rob. Yeah, me too, Neil!
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ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžื“ื™, ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš
ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืจื•ื‘. ื›ืŸ, ื’ื ืื ื™, ื ื™ืœ!
05:08
And loneliness is what
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื”
05:10
we've been discussing in
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05:10
this programme. Here's a
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ืฉื“ื ื•
ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•. ื”ื ื”
05:12
recap of some of the
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ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง
05:13
vocabulary we've
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ืžืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
05:14
mentioned. Firstly,
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ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื•. ืจืืฉื™ืช,
05:15
to keep someone company
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ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
05:17
is to spend time with
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ื–ื” ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืขื
05:18
someone so they
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื
05:19
don't get lonely. Social change is a shift
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ืœื ื™ืชื‘ื•ื“ื“. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
05:22
in how people behave
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื
05:23
and think. A significant other is
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื
05:26
an informal way of
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ื“ืจืš ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช
05:27
describing a partner. Solitude describes
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ืœืชืืจ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’. ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืชืืจืช
05:31
being alone. When talking about life,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“. ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
05:34
pinch points are times
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ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช
05:36
where there are
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05:36
difficulties and things
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ
ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
05:38
slow down or change.
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ืžืื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.
05:40
And chronic describes a
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ื•ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืชืืจ
05:41
health condition that
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ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™
05:42
is long lasting. And that's all we have
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ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
05:45
time for in this
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ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
05:46
programme, but remember
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, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืจ
05:47
you can find more
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื
05:48
useful vocabulary,
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ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:50
trending topics and
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ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื’ืžืชื™ื™ื
05:51
help with your language
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ื•ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœืš
05:52
learning here at BBC
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘-BBC
05:54
Learning English. We
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Learning English.
05:55
also have an app that
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”
05:56
you can download for
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื
05:57
free from the app
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05:58
stores and of course
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ืžื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
06:00
we are all over social
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ
06:01
media. Bye for now! Bye bye!
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื! ื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™!
06:09
Hello. This is 6 Minute
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช
06:11
English from BBC
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC
06:12
Learning English.
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Learning English.
06:13
I'm Neil.
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
06:14
And I'm Georgina.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
06:15
Georgina and I have got
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ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื” ื•ืื ื™ ืœืžื“ื ื•
06:16
to know each other
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ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™
06:17
very well after working
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื•
06:18
together for so long.
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ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
06:20
I know what sandwiches
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ื–ื” ื›ืจื™ื›ื™ื
06:21
Neil has for lunch ...
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ืœ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื...
06:22
Egg and tomato right, Neil?
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ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื•ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืœ?
06:24
Right! And I know it
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ื™ืžื™ืŸ! ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื”
06:26
really annoys Georgina when
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืขืฆื‘ืŸ ืืช ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื” ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
06:28
people don't wash up
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ืœื ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช
06:29
their cups in
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ื”ืกืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
06:30
the staff kitchen.
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ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช.
06:31
So unhygienic!
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื™!
06:33
But just as important
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘
06:34
as getting to know
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื
06:35
someone, socially or at
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืื•
06:36
work, is getting on
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื–ื” ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ
06:37
with people. To get on
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ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื. ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ
06:39
with someone is a useful
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ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ
06:40
phrasal verb, meaning to
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ
06:42
like someone and enjoy
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ืœื—ื‘ื‘ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช
06:43
a friendly relationship
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ืžื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื
06:44
with them.
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ืื™ืชื•.
06:46
Which is really
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06:46
important if you work
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“
06:47
with them every day!
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ืื™ืชื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื!
06:49
And there's another word
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื”
06:50
to describe the good
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ืœืชืืจ ืืช
06:51
understanding and
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
06:52
communication between
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ื‘ื™ืŸ
06:53
two friends: rapport.
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ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื: ืงืจื‘ื”.
06:55
Yes, how to build rapport
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ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงืจื‘ื”
06:57
and get on with people
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ื•ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื
06:58
has been the subject
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื
06:59
of many self-help books
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ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ ืขื–ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ื
07:00
over the years, and
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื,
07:02
is the topic of
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07:02
this programme.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ
ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•.
07:04
Well, you and I
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื—
07:05
must have great rapport,
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื•ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ,
07:06
Georgina, because that
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ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”, ื›ื™ ื–ื”
07:07
leads perfectly onto
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช
07:08
my quiz question. In
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ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช
07:10
1936, American writer
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1936, ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
07:12
Dale Carnegie wrote a
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ื“ื™ื™ืœ ืงืจื ื’ื™ ื›ืชื‘
07:14
famous self-help book
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ืกืคืจ ืขื–ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกื
07:15
on building rapport.
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ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงืจื‘ื”.
07:16
It sold over 30 million
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
07:18
copies, making it one of
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ืขื•ืชืงื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืื—ื“
07:19
the best-selling books
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ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:21
of all time - but what is
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื - ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš
07:23
it called? Is it:
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื•? ื”ืื ื–ื”:
07:25
a) How to get rich quick?,
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ื) ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขืฉืจ ืžื”ืจ?, ื‘
07:27
b) How to stop worrying
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) ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื“ืื•ื’
07:29
and make friends?, or
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ื•ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื?, ืื•
07:30
c) How to win friends
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ื’) ืื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
07:31
and influence people?
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื?
07:34
I think I know this,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื–ื”,
07:35
Neil. I'm going to say,
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ื ื™ืœ. ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื•ืžืจ,
07:37
c) How to win friends
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ื’) ืื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
07:39
and influence people.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
07:41
OK, Georgina, we'll find
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”,
07:42
out if that's the right
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ื ื’ืœื” ืื ื–ื•
07:43
answer at the end
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07:43
of the programme.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ
ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
07:45
When it comes to getting
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข
07:46
on with people,
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ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:47
psychologist Emily Alison
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ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืืžื™ืœื™ ืืœื™ืกื•ืŸ
07:48
has a few ideas.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
07:50
She's built a career
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”
07:51
working with the police
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”
07:52
as they build rapport
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืงืจื‘ื”
07:54
with criminal suspects.
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ืขื ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื.
07:56
Emily is the author a
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ืืžื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช
07:57
new book, 'Rapport: the
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ืกืคืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, 'ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—:
07:58
four ways to read people'
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ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื'
08:00
and, as she told BBC
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, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกื™ืคืจื”
08:01
Radio 4 programme All
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ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC Radio 4 All
08:03
In The Mind it isn't easy
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In The Mind, ืœื ืงืœ
08:04
to get along with everyone.
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ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืขื ื›ื•ืœื.
08:08
I often describe
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืืช
08:09
rapport-building in a
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช
08:11
relationship as like
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ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื›ืžื•
08:12
walking a tightrope because
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ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืœ ื“ืง ื›ื™
08:14
you really do need
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ืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ืš
08:15
to maintain that
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ
08:17
balance of being objective,
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ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
08:19
treating people with
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ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื ืฉื™ื
08:20
compassion but that
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ื‘ื—ืžืœื” ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”
08:21
doesn't mean I'm
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™
08:23
sympathetic, I'm
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ืื•ื”ื“, ืื ื™
08:24
collusive - it's that
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ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” - ื–ื”
08:25
balance between
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ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ
08:26
judgement and avoidance.
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ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื•ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช.
08:30
Emily describes rapport
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ืืžื™ืœื™ ืžืชืืจืช โ€‹โ€‹ืืช
08:31
building as like
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื›ืžื•
08:32
walking a tightrope, an
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ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืœ ื“ืง,
08:34
idiom to describe being
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ื ื™ื‘ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ
08:35
in a difficult situation
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ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื”
08:36
which requires carefully
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ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ
08:38
considering what to do.
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ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
08:40
Building rapport with
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงืจื‘ื” ืขื
08:41
"terrorists" or violent
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"ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื" ืื•
08:42
criminals isn't easy.
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ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืงืœื”.
08:44
Emily doesn't sympathise
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ืืžื™ืœื™ ืœื ืžื–ื“ื”ื”
08:45
with what they have done,
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ืขื ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•,
08:46
but she tries to remain
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ
08:47
objective - to base her
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ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช - ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช
08:49
judgement on the facts,
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ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช,
08:50
not personal feelings.
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ืœื ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื.
08:52
In her book, Emily
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ื‘ืกืคืจื”, ืืžื™ืœื™
08:53
identifies four main
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ืžื–ื”ื” ืืจื‘ืขื”
08:54
communication styles
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ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื
08:56
which she names after
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ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉื
08:57
animals. The best at
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:58
building rapport is the
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ื
09:00
friendly and
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09:00
cooperative monkey.
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ื”ืงื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
09:02
Then there's a pair of
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืฆืžื“
09:03
opposites: the bossy lion,
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ื”ืคื›ื™ื: ื”ืืจื™ื” ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ืŸ,
09:04
who wants to take charge
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ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
09:06
and control things, and
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ
09:07
the more passive mouse.
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ื”ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:09
Here's Emily talking to
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ื”ื ื” ืืžื™ืœื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื
09:10
BBC Radio 4's, All In
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ืจื“ื™ื• 4 ืฉืœ BBC, All In
09:12
The Mind, about the
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The Mind, ืขืœ
09:13
fourth animal, the
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ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื”-
09:14
T-Rex. Try to listen out
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T-Rex. ื ืกื• ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘
09:16
for the communication
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ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
09:17
style of this personality.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
09:21
You've got the T-Rex
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”-T-Rex
09:22
which is conflict - so
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ - ืื–
09:24
this is argument, whether
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ื–ื” ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื
09:25
you're approaching it
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ืืชื” ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื•
09:26
from a positive position
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ืžืขืžื“ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช
09:28
where you can be direct,
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ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจ,
09:31
frank about your message
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ื›ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœืš
09:32
or you approach that
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื•
09:34
in a negative way by
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ื›ืš
09:35
being ... attacking,
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ืฉืืชื” ... ืชื•ืงืฃ,
09:37
judgemental, argumentative,
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ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™, ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—,
09:39
sarcastic, and that
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ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™, ื•ื–ื”
09:41
actually breeds the
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช
09:43
same behaviour back.
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ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
09:44
So anyone who has
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•
09:45
teenagers will 100%
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ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื™ื–ื”ื” ื‘-100%
09:47
recognise that ... if
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ืฉ... ืื
09:49
you meet sarcasm with
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ืืชื” ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืกืจืงื–ื ืขื
09:51
sarcasm, it's only
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ืกืจืงื–ื, ื–ื”
09:52
going to go one way.
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืจืง ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“.
09:55
All four communication
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ืœื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช
09:56
styles have good and
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ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจืขื•ืช
09:57
bad points. On the
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. ื‘ืฆื“
09:59
positive side, T-Rex
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ T-Rex
10:00
type people are frank -
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ื”ื ื›ื ื™ื -
10:02
they express themselves
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ื”ื ืžืชื‘ื˜ืื™ื
10:03
in an open, honest way.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ื›ื ื”.
10:05
But T-Rex types can
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื˜ื™-ืจืงืก ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
10:07
also be sarcastic - say
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ื™ื - ืื•ืžืจื™ื
10:09
the opposite of what
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ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืžื”
10:10
they really mean, in
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
10:11
order to hurt someone's
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
10:12
feelings or criticise
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ืื• ืœื‘ืงืจ
10:13
them in a funny way.
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ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื”.
10:15
Yes, sarcasm is a
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ื›ืŸ, ืกืจืงื–ื ื–ื”
10:16
strange thing - like
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ - ื›ืžื•
10:18
saying, "Oh, I really
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ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืื•ื™, ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ
10:19
like your haircut",
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ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืฉืœืš",
10:20
when in fact you don't!
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ื›ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืืชื” ืœื!
10:22
Yes. There's an
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ื›ืŸ. ื™ืฉ
10:23
English saying that
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ืคืชื’ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืกืจืงื–ื
10:24
sarcasm is the lowest
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ื”ื•ื
10:25
form of humour, but I
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ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™
10:27
think British people
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื
10:28
can be quite
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10:28
sarcastic at times.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™
ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื.
10:30
Well, I can't image
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช
10:31
you'd make many
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ืขื•ืฉื”
10:32
friends being rude to
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืก ืจื•ื— ื›ืœืคื™
10:33
people. Maybe they
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ืื ืฉื™ื. ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื
10:34
should read Dale
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช
10:35
Carnegie's self-help book.
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ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ืœ ืงืจื ื’ื™.
10:37
Ah yes, your quiz
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ืื” ื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš
10:38
question, Neil. Was
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, ื ื™ืœ. ื”ืื
10:40
my answer right?
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”?
10:41
In my quiz question
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ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
10:42
I asked Georgina for the
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื” ืืช
10:44
title of Dale Carnegie's
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ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ืœ ืงืจื ื’ื™
10:45
best-selling self-help
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10:46
book about building
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ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช
10:48
rapport. What did
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ืงืจื‘ื”. ืžื”
10:49
you say?
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ืืžืจืช?
10:50
I said the book is
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื”ืกืคืจ
10:51
called, c) How to win
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ื ืงืจื, ื’) ืื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืช
10:52
friends and influence people.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
10:55
Which is ... the correct
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ืฉื–ื•...
10:56
answer! And I guess you've
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”! ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—
10:57
read it, Georgina,
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ืฉืงืจืืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”,
10:58
because you have
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืš
10:59
lots of friends.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:00
I hope you're not
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืืชื” ืœื
11:01
being sarcastic, Neil!
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ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™, ื ื™ืœ!
11:03
Absolutely not! I'm
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื! ืื ื™
11:04
not a sarcastic T-Rex
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ืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™-ืจืงืก
11:05
type, more of a
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, ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:06
friendly monkey!
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ืงื•ืฃ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™!
11:07
OK, well, let's stay
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื ื ื™ืฉืืจ
11:09
friends and recap
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืกื›ื
11:10
the vocabulary from
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ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
11:11
this programme,
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ื”ื–ื•,
11:12
starting with rapport -
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืงืจื‘ื” -
11:13
a good feeling between
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ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ
11:14
two people based on
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ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ
11:16
understanding
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ื”ื‘ื ื”
11:17
and communication.
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ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
11:18
If you get on with
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ืื ืืชื” ืžืกืชื“ืจ ืขื
11:19
someone, you like and
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ื ื”ื ื”
11:20
enjoy a friendly
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11:21
relationship with them.
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ืžื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืื™ืชื•.
11:23
Walking a tightrope
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ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืœ ื“ืง
11:24
means to be in a
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
11:25
difficult situation
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื”
11:26
which requires careful
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ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ
11:27
consideration of
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ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืง ืฉืœ
11:28
what to do.
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ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
11:29
To be objective is to
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื–ื”
11:31
base your actions on
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ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ืš ืขืœ
11:32
facts rather than
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืขืœ
11:33
personal feelings.
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ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื.
11:35
When building rapport
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืงืจื‘ื”
11:36
with someone, it's
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11:36
good to be frank - to
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ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ ืœื‘ -
11:38
express yourself in
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ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
11:39
an open, honest way.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ื›ื ื”.
11:41
But not sarcastic - to
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ -
11:42
say the opposite of
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ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืžื”
11:43
what you really mean,
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ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ,
11:44
in order to hurt
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข
11:45
someone's feelings or
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ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•
11:46
criticise them in
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ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชื
11:47
a humorous way.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
11:48
Well, Neil, if we run
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืœ, ืื ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ
11:49
over six minutes
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-6 ื“ืงื•ืช,
11:50
we'll break our
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ื ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช
11:51
rapport with the 6
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ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื
11:52
Minute English producer,
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ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช,
11:53
so that's all for
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ
11:54
this programme! Join
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ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•! ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ
11:55
us again soon for
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ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘
11:56
more trending topics
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ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื’ืžืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
11:57
and useful vocabulary ...
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ื•ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ...
11:59
... and remember to
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... ื•ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“
12:00
download the BBC
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ืืช
12:01
Learning English app
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ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช BBC Learning English
12:02
and stay friends by
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืงื‘
12:03
following us on
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื•
12:04
social media.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
12:05
Bye for now!
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
12:06
Bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
12:13
Hello. This is 6
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6
12:14
Minute English from
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ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช
12:15
BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning English.
12:16
I'm Rob.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘.
12:17
And I'm Sam.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
12:18
As awful as the
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื”
12:19
coronavirus pandemic has
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”
12:20
been, it's also
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืจืื”, ื”ื™ื ื’ื
12:21
highlighted the
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ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช
12:22
compassionate side of
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ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืœ ืฉืœ
12:24
human nature - doctors
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ - ืจื•ืคืื™ื
12:25
and nurses helping
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ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื
12:26
the sick.
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ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื.
12:27
Yes, and people helping
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ื›ืŸ, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื
12:29
out elderly relatives
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ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
12:30
and neighbours, raising
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ื•ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื
12:32
money for charity or
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ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฆื“ืงื” ืื•
12:33
wearing a face mask
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ื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืžืกื™ื›ืช ืคื ื™ื
12:35
to keep others safe.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
12:36
But the pandemic has
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื”
12:37
also highlighted a
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ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื’ื
12:38
more worrying issue
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ื ื•ืฉื ืžื“ืื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:40
called 'compassion fatigue'.
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ืฉื ืงืจื 'ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื—ืžืœื”'.
12:42
Have you heard
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ืฉืžืขืช
12:43
of that, Sam?
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ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืกื?
12:44
Yes, I think compassion
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ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื—ืžืœื”
12:45
fatigue is a kind of
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ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
12:47
emotional exhaustion
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ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช
12:48
which reduces your
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ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช
12:50
ability to empathise
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœืš ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช
12:52
or feel compassion
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ืื• ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื—ืžืœื”
12:53
for others.
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ื›ืœืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื.
12:54
Yes, exactly, Sam.
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ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืกื.
12:56
Compassion fatigue has
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ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื—ืžืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ
12:57
long been a problem for
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ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ
12:58
people working in medical
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื
13:00
professions and is the
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ื•ื”ื™ื
13:01
topic of this programme.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•.
13:03
We'll be hearing how the
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ื ืฉืžืข ื›ื™ืฆื“
13:04
suffering and unhappiness
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ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช
13:06
we see on the TV news
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ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
13:07
can increase feelings
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช
13:09
of helplessness.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื.
13:10
But first, let me ask
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืจืฉื” ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ
13:11
you my quiz question, Sam.
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ืื•ืชืš ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืกื.
13:13
Humanitarian workers see
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื
13:15
human suffering on a
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ืกื‘ืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืขืœ
13:16
daily basis and can
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ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
13:18
easy fall victim to
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ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช
13:20
compassion fatigue.
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ื—ืžืœื”.
13:21
Founded in 1971,
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13:23
M decins Sans Fronti res
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M decins Sans Fronti res, ืฉื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971,
13:25
is one of the biggest
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“
13:26
humanitarian organisations.
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ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:28
But what does M decins
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ M decins
13:30
Sans Fronti res mean?
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Sans Fronti res?
13:32
Is it: a) Medicine to
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ื”ืื ื–ื”: ื) ืจืคื•ืื”
13:34
the frontline,
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ืœื—ื–ื™ืช,
13:35
b) Doctors without
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ื‘) ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืœื
13:37
borders, or
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ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื•
13:38
c) Medicine first?
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ื’) ืจืคื•ืื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”?
13:40
I remember newspapers
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื
13:42
calling it MSF and using
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ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” MSF ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•
13:45
its English name, which
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ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืื ื’ืœื™, ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™
13:46
I think was, b) Doctors
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ื”ื™ื”, ื‘) ืจื•ืคืื™ื
13:48
without borders.
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ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
13:50
OK, Sam, we'll find out
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกืื, ื ื’ืœื”
13:51
the answer later on.
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ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:53
Compassion fatigue centres
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ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืœื”
13:54
on the idea that we
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ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื•
13:56
can feel too much
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™
13:57
empathy and that feeling
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ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื–ื•
13:59
can lead to
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ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
14:00
emotional burnout.
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ืœืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช.
14:01
According to psychologist,
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
14:02
Margaret Heffernan, caring
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ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ื”ืคืจื ืŸ, ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช
14:05
and fatigue are closely
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ื•ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช
14:06
connected. Caring for others
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ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื
14:09
means taking on someone's
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ
14:10
pain yourself and this
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ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื•ืœื›ืš
14:12
can have unhealthy
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ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
14:13
consequences for the carer.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ.
14:15
Well, here's Margaret
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ืžืจื’ืจื˜
14:16
Heffernan talking to
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ื”ืคืจื ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื ื”ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ
14:17
BBC World Service's,
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BBC World Service
14:19
The Documentary Podcast.
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.
14:21
See if you can hear the
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ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช
14:22
effects of compassion
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ
14:23
fatigue she mentions.
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ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื”.
14:26
As you find people
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ืื ืฉื™ื
14:27
spending more and more
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ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:28
time online, reading more
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ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:29
and more and more
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:30
depressing news and
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ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื›ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื
14:31
they become more and
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ื ืขืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:32
more numb they also
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืกืจื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื ื’ื
14:33
become more and more
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ืžืชืžื›ืจื™ื ืœื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:34
addicted to it. And this
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. ื•ื–ื”
14:36
develops a kind of
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ืžืคืชื— ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
14:37
state of mind that
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ืžืฆื‘ ื ืคืฉื™
14:39
is a kind of - it's
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ - ื–ื”
14:40
a form of learned
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14:40
helplessness - because
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื ืœืžื“ - ื›ื™
14:42
I'm consuming something
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ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฉื”ื•
14:44
that's upsetting me but
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ืฉืžืจื’ื™ื– ืื•ืชื™ ืื‘ืœ
14:45
I cannot do
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
14:46
anything about it.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ.
14:48
Margaret Heffernan mentions
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ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ื”ืคืจื ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื”
14:50
that spending too much
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™
14:51
time reading depressing
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ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช
14:52
online news can leave
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ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื›ืื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื
14:54
us feeling numb -
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ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ืกืจื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” -
14:56
unable to feel any
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ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื
14:57
emotions or think
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ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
14:59
clearly because we
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ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื•
15:00
are so upset or afraid.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ืื• ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื.
15:02
The news exposes us to
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•
15:04
human suffering around
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ืœืกื‘ืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™
15:05
the world which we
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื•
15:06
feel powerless to help.
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื›ื•ื— ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
15:09
This can lead to
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15:09
something which in
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืฉื”ื•
15:10
psychology is called
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ืฉื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ืงืจื
15:12
learned helplessness -
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื ืœืžื“ -
15:14
giving up trying to
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15:14
feel better because your
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ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ
ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™
15:16
previous attempts
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ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœืš
15:17
have not worked.
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ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื•.
15:18
This is all incredibly
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ื›ืœ ื–ื”
15:19
depressing, Rob! It
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ืžื“ื›ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื, ืจื•ื‘! ื–ื”
15:21
sounds like we have
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ื ืฉืžืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
15:22
limited amounts of compassion.
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ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื”.
15:25
Well, there are more
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ
15:26
positive ways of looking
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ
15:27
at it, Sam. Here's an
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ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืกืื. ื”ื ื”
15:28
alternative view from
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ืžื‘ื˜ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืž-
15:30
Tom Rivett-Carnac,
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Tom Rivett-Carnac,
15:32
speaking with BBC World
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ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื BBC World
15:33
Service's, The
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Service, The
15:34
Documentary Podcast.
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Documentary Podcast.
15:36
I understand why you're
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืืชื”
15:37
saying that it's
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื”
15:38
finite - but I also
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ืกื•ืคื™ - ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื
15:40
think compassion is a
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ืžืœื” ื”ื™ื
15:41
habit. So dwelling with
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ื”ืจื’ืœ. ืื– ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ืขื
15:42
that, developing that
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ื–ื”, ืœืคืชื— ืืช
15:44
habit - yes, there are
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ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื–ื” - ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ
15:45
a lot of headwinds to
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื’ื“
15:46
that and the rapid
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ื–ื” ื•ื”ื”ืืฆื”
15:48
acceleration of the
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ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ
15:49
news cycle, the focus
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”
15:51
on the next problem
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ื”ื‘ืื”
15:52
so quickly draws our
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ืžืคื ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ
15:54
attention away from
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15:55
developing those deeper
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ืžืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:57
habits as humanity that
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื”
15:58
gives us that courage
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ืœื ื• ื”ืื•ืžืฅ
15:59
and that strength to
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช
16:00
make these
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16:01
big transformations.
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ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
16:03
Like Margaret Heffernan,
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ื›ืžื• ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ื”ืคืจื ืŸ,
16:05
Tom Rivett-Carnac
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ื˜ื•ื ืจื™ื‘ื˜-ืงืจื ืง
16:06
believes the news media
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ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ืช
16:08
is part of the problem.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
16:10
Online newspapers and
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ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื
16:11
social media, speed up
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ืืช
16:13
the news cycle - the
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช -
16:15
reporting of a particular
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ
16:16
news story, from the
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ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ืžื”ืžืงืจื”
16:18
first instance
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
16:19
to the last.
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ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
16:20
As a result, we are
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืื ื•
16:21
constantly worrying
671
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื
16:22
about the next problem -
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื” โ€“
16:24
and this can easily
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
16:25
lead to emotional fatigue.
674
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ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช.
16:27
Tom emphasises
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ื˜ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช
16:28
compassion as a habit
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ื”ื—ืžืœื” ื›ื”ืจื’ืœ
16:30
to be developed, instead
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืชื—,
16:31
of something finite -
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืกื•ืคื™ โ€“
16:33
limited or having
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ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืื• ื‘ืขืœ
16:34
a fixed size.
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ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
16:35
But such compassionate
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืจื—ืžื ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
16:36
habits can be difficult
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื
16:38
to cultivate because
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
16:39
they face many
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ืฉื”ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื”
16:40
headwinds - forces
685
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ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ - ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช
16:42
blowing in the opposite
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš
16:43
direction which stop
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ื•ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื
16:45
you moving forward.
688
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ืื•ืชืš ืœื”ืชืงื“ื.
16:47
Headwinds such as the
689
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1600
ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื›ืžื•
16:49
rapid news cycle which
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ
16:51
distracts us from
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ืฉืžืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื•
16:52
developing compassion
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ืžืœืคืชื— ื—ืžืœื”
16:53
and courage. Maybe the
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ื•ืื•ืžืฅ. ืื•ืœื™
16:55
answer is to help in
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ
16:56
whatever ways we can,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ,
16:58
without becoming
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
16:59
hard-hearted - like
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ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ ืœื‘ - ื›ืžื•
17:00
the volunteers of MSF.
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ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ MSF.
17:02
Ah yes - your quiz
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ืื” ื›ืŸ - ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš
17:03
question, Rob. You
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, ืจื•ื‘.
17:05
asked what the French
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ืฉืืœืช ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ
17:06
name M decins Sans
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ื”ืฉื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ M decins Sans
17:07
Fronti res means in
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Fronti res
17:09
English. I said b) Doctors
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืืžืจืชื™ ื‘) ืจื•ืคืื™ื
17:11
without borders.
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ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
17:13
Which was ... the correct
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”...
17:14
answer! Well done!
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”! ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“!
17:16
Doctors Without Borders
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
17:18
offer volunteer medical
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ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืกื™ื•ืข ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื
17:19
assistance in the
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17:20
world's worst conflict zones.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
17:22
OK, Rob, let's recap
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืจื•ื‘, ื‘ื•ื ื ืกื›ื
17:23
the vocabulary,
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ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื,
17:24
starting with compassion
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ื”ื—ืœ
17:26
fatigue - emotional
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ืžืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื—ืžืœื” -
17:28
exhaustion which reduces
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ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช
17:30
your feelings
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ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
17:31
of compassion.
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ื”ื—ืžืœื” ืฉืœืš.
17:32
This can leave you
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš
17:33
numb - unable to feel
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ืงื”ื” - ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ
17:35
any emotions because
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ืฉื•ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ื™
17:36
you are so shocked
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ืืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืข
17:37
or scared.
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ืื• ืžืคื—ื“.
17:38
Learned helplessness
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื ืœืžื“
17:40
is a psychological
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ื”ื•ื
17:41
term for when someone
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ืžื•ื ื— ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื•
17:43
stops trying to feel
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ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ
17:44
better because their
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ
17:45
previous attempts failed.
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ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื›ืฉืœื•.
17:48
Some people believe
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
17:49
that compassion is
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ืฉื—ืžืœื” ื”ื™ื
17:50
finite - limited or
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ืกื•ืคื™ืช - ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืื•
17:52
having a fixed size.
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ื‘ืขืœืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
17:53
And it can be disturbed
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืจื“
17:55
by the news cycle - the
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ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช -
17:57
round of media reports
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ืกื‘ื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื
17:58
and reactions to
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ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื›ืชื‘ื”
17:59
a news story.
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ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ืช.
18:00
Which can be a headwind
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื ื’ื“
18:02
or opposing force,
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ืื• ื›ื•ื— ืžืชื ื’ื“,
18:03
which stops us
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ืฉืขื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื ื•
18:04
caring for others.
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ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
18:05
And that's it for
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ื•ื–ื”ื•
18:06
this edition of
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ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ
18:07
6 Minute English.
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6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
18:08
Bye for now!
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
18:09
Bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
18:16
Hello. Welcome to 6
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœ-6
18:17
Minute English, I'm Neil.
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ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
18:18
And I'm Rob.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ื‘.
18:19
Rob, would you say
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ืจื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจ
18:21
that were a snowflake?
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœื’?
18:23
Wow, I can't believe
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ื•ื•ืื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ
18:24
you said that, that's
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ืฉืืžืจืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื–ื”
18:25
so offensive. How
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคื•ื’ืข. ืื™ืš
18:27
could you be so rude?
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ืก ืจื•ื—?
18:28
So I guess that's a
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื”
18:30
yes then? Sorry,
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ื›ืŸ? ืกืœื™ื—ื”,
18:31
I only asked.
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ืจืง ืฉืืœืชื™.
18:32
Don't worry, I wasn't
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ืืœ ื“ืื’ื”, ืœื
18:34
really upset, I just
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ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชืขืฆื‘ื ืชื™, ืจืง
18:35
wanted to demonstrate
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื
18:36
the meaning of the word.
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ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”.
18:38
The word snowflake has
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœื’ ืงื™ื‘ืœื”
18:39
taken on a new
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18:40
meaning in recent years.
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
18:41
These days it's
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื–ื”
18:42
used as an insult.
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ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
18:44
It's used to criticise
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ
18:45
people or groups that
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื™ื
18:46
are seen to be very
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18:48
easily offended or
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ื›ื ืขืœื‘ื™ื ืื•
18:49
upset by things
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ื ืกืขืจื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื
18:50
that others say.
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ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื.
18:51
There is usually a
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ
18:52
political side to it
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ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื ืฆื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
18:53
too, isn't there?
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, ืœื?
18:54
Yes, people who use
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ื›ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
18:56
the word snowflake
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœื’
18:57
tend to be from the
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
18:58
political right and
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ืžื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื
19:00
they usually use it
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”
19:01
about those on the
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ืขืœ ืืœื”
19:02
political left,
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ื‘ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™,
19:03
particularly millennials -
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื - ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
19:04
young, socially
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ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
19:05
aware adults.
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.
19:07
Well we'll explore this
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ื ื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช
19:08
topic in more detail
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
19:09
shortly, but first a
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ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ
19:10
quiz question. In which
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ืฉืืœืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืื™ื–ื•
19:12
year was snowflake one
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ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœื’ ืื—ืช ืžืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”
19:14
of Collins Dictionary's
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื™ื ืก
19:15
words of the year? Was it:
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? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”:
19:17
a) 1996, b) 2006 or
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ื) 1996, ื‘) 2006 ืื•
19:21
c) 2016?
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ื’) 2016?
19:24
Well, we said it's
797
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19:24
quite a recent word
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืžืจื ื• ืฉื–ื•
ืžื™ืœื” ื“ื™ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช
19:25
so I'm going
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš
19:26
for c) 2016.
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ืขืœ c) 2016.
19:28
Well, we'll find out
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื’ืœื”
19:29
if you're right later
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ืื ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง
19:30
on in the programme.
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ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
19:31
The topic of offence
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ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื”
19:32
is a very complicated
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืžืื•ื“
19:33
one. First what do we
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. ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื•
19:35
mean by offence, Rob?
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ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ืจื•ื‘?
19:37
Thanks for that. That is
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื–ื• ืฉืืœื”
19:38
a really difficult
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ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื”
19:39
question. Something that
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. ืžืฉื”ื•
19:41
is offensive is rude,
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ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืก ืจื•ื—,
19:43
insulting and makes
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ืžืขืœื™ื‘ ื•ื’ื•ืจื
19:44
people feel hurt and
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื ืกืขืจื™ื
19:45
upset. What's difficult
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.
19:47
about it though is that
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืฉื” ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื
19:48
we don't all find the
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ืฉืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช
19:50
same things offensive.
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ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื.
19:51
Some people can be
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
19:52
deliberately offensive
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ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”
19:53
and some people may be
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
19:54
offensive without
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ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™
19:55
meaning to be.
822
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ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ.
19:56
Also, different people
823
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
19:58
respond to offence
824
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ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื”
19:59
in different ways -
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€“
20:00
some accept it as the
826
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ื—ืœืงื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ืžื—ื™ืจ
20:01
price of free speech
827
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
20:02
and some try to stop
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ื•ื—ืœืงื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข
20:04
the people they think
829
1204000
880
20:04
are offensive from
830
1204880
1280
ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
ืฉื”ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื
20:06
saying the things
831
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720
20:06
they do.
832
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720
ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
20:07
These terms come up
833
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ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ืœื™ื
20:08
quite a lot in
834
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ืœื ืžืขื˜
20:09
discussions about equality,
835
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ,
20:11
race, religion and
836
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ื’ื–ืข, ื“ืช ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
20:12
of course, politics.
837
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, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
20:13
The topic was discussed
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื ื“ื•ืŸ
20:14
in detail in the BBC
839
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ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜
20:16
Radio programme Sweet
840
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”-BBC Sweet
20:17
Reason. Evan Davis
841
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Reason. ืื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก
20:18
presented the programme
842
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ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
20:20
and here is the first
843
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
20:21
part of his summary
844
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ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื
20:22
of the discussion.
845
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
20:23
What does he say is
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ
20:24
the reason some people
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื
20:25
talk about offence?
848
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”?
20:27
First, on occasion,
849
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
20:29
people probably do
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื ืจืื”
20:30
invoke offence when
851
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ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื”
20:31
really they just have
852
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ื›ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืง
20:32
a political disagreement
853
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ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
20:33
and on occasion groups
854
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
20:34
that suffer
855
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480
ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช
20:35
discrimination or
856
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880
ืžืืคืœื™ื” ืื•
20:36
exclusion perhaps find
857
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ื”ื“ืจื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
20:38
it exhilarating or
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ืžืจื’ืฉ ืื•
20:39
uniting to call out
859
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ืžืชืื—ื“ ืœืงืจื•ื
20:41
that discrimination.
860
1241920
880
ืœืืคืœื™ื” ื–ื•.
20:43
He says that some
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ
20:44
people take offence
862
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื™ื
20:45
when it's just a
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800
ื›ืฉื–ื” ืจืง
20:46
political disagreement.
864
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ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
20:48
He says they
865
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640
20:48
invoke offence.
866
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื
ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื”.
20:49
If you invoke something
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ืื ืืชื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
20:51
it means that you use
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ
20:52
it to support your
869
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ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš
20:53
point or explain your
870
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ื‘ื˜ืขื ืชืš ืื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช
20:55
action. So to invoke
871
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ืคืขื•ืœืชืš. ืื– ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ
20:57
offence is to say that
872
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ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื–ื” ืœื•ืžืจ
20:58
we are acting this
873
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื
20:59
way because we are
874
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ื›ืš ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื•
21:00
offended by what
875
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ื ืขืœื‘ื™ื ืžืžื”
21:01
you have said, although
876
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ืฉืืžืจืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช
21:02
the offence may only
877
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ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง
21:04
be a political
878
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640
21:04
difference rather than
879
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืœื
21:06
something truly offensive.
880
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช.
21:07
Davis goes on to say
881
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืื•ืžืจ
21:09
that groups that do
882
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ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืื›ืŸ
21:10
suffer from discrimination
883
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืืคืœื™ื”
21:11
may get some feelings
884
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช
21:13
of unity when they
885
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ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืŸ
21:14
call out discrimination.
886
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืคืœื™ื”.
21:16
They feel more together
887
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ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“
21:17
when they publicise
888
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื
21:18
and highlight the
889
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720
ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช
21:19
discrimination they
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ื”ืืคืœื™ื”
21:20
have experienced.
891
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800
ืฉื—ื•ื•.
21:21
Even though some offence
892
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1120
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
21:23
that is taken may not
893
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ืฉื ืœืงื—ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื”
21:24
be genuine, that
894
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื–ื”
21:25
doesn't mean people
895
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื
21:26
don't have a right
896
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720
21:26
to be offended. Here's
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ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช
ืœื”ื™ืขืœื‘. ื”ื ื”
21:28
Evan Davis again.
898
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ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก.
21:29
Where the so-called
899
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื
21:31
snowflakes surely have
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ืคืชื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื’ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ
21:32
a point is this,
901
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ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื ื–ื”,
21:33
societies are entitled
902
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจืฉืื™ื•ืช
21:35
to make certain things
903
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
21:36
taboo and the
904
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ืœื˜ืื‘ื• ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
21:37
millennials use of the
905
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960
ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื”
21:38
word offensive is
906
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ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ ื ื•ืขื“
21:39
simply designed to say
907
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืžื”
21:40
some views are not
908
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720
ื“ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ
21:41
just wrong they are in
909
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ืจืง ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืœื
21:42
a special category
910
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ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
21:43
of wrong.
911
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ืฉืœ ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.
21:44
His point here is that
912
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื
21:46
societies can decide
913
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ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
21:48
that certain things
914
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ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
21:49
are taboo. In this
915
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ื”ื ื˜ืื‘ื•. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”
21:50
context something that
916
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ืžืฉื”ื•
21:51
is taboo is something
917
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื•
21:53
that is regarded by
918
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ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
21:54
society as being
919
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืžื–ืขื–ืข
21:55
shocking and offensive
920
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ื•ืคื•ื’ืข
21:57
and that it is OK for
921
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ื•ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
21:58
people to be offended
922
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ื™ื™ืขืœื‘ื•
21:59
by these things.
923
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ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
22:00
And I think the point
924
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”
22:01
he makes is a good one.
925
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขืœื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
22:02
The word snowflake is
926
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœื’
22:04
usually used as an
927
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ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
22:05
insult - but some people
928
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ื›ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ - ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
22:06
may feel proud to be a
929
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื’ืื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
22:07
snowflake because it
930
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ืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœื’ ื›ื™ ื–ื”
22:09
means they are standing
931
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื
22:10
up for a particular
932
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ืขืœ
22:11
standard, they have a
933
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ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื
22:12
level of decency and
934
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ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
22:14
social responsibility
935
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ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
22:15
that is higher than that
936
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ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื•
22:16
of those who are calling
937
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ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจื
22:18
them snowflakes.
938
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ืœื”ื ืคืชื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื’.
22:19
Well, I hope we haven't
939
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื
22:21
caused any offence today.
940
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ื’ืจืžื ื• ืฉื•ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
22:23
Before we review the
941
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880
22:23
vocabulary, can we have
942
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืกืงื•ืจ ืืช
ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ
22:25
the answer to today's
943
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ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
22:26
question, Neil?
944
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, ื ื™ืœ?
22:27
Of course, I asked in
945
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืืœืชื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•
22:29
which year was
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ืฉื ื” ืคืชื™ืช
22:30
snowflake one of
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ืฉืœื’ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช
22:31
Collins Dictionary's
948
1351280
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22:32
words of the year?
949
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ืžืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื™ื ืก? ื”ืื
22:33
Was it ...
950
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22:33
a) 1996, b) 2006,
951
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ...
ื) 1996, ื‘) 2006,
22:36
or c) 2016?
952
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ืื• ื’) 2016?
22:38
And I said c) 2016.
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ื’) 2016.
22:40
It's got to be right!
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ!
22:41
Well, do you want
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”
22:42
to hear the story?
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ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ?
22:43
Interestingly the
957
1363200
800
ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
22:44
term was coined in
958
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื— ื ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื ืช
22:45
1996 in the book
959
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1996 ื‘ืกืคืจ
22:47
Fight Club, but it
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ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืงืจื‘, ืืš
22:48
was in 2016 that it
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2000
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ื–ื•
22:50
was one of the
962
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช
22:51
dictionary's words
963
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ืžืžื™ืœื•ืช
22:52
of the year. Now
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ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
22:53
let's review our words
965
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™
22:55
of the day. First
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720
22:55
there is 'offence'.
967
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•. ืจืืฉื™ืช
ื™ืฉ 'ืขื‘ื™ืจื”'.
22:57
People can take offence
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืœื‘
22:58
and be offended by
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1440
ื•ืœื”ื™ืขืœื‘
23:00
something that is
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1120
ืžืžืฉื”ื•
23:01
offensive. Something
971
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ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™. ืžืฉื”ื•
23:02
that is offensive
972
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ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™
23:03
could be rude,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืก ืจื•ื—,
23:04
insulting and shocking.
974
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ืžืขืœื™ื‘ ื•ืžื–ืขื–ืข.
23:06
It might take the form
975
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960
ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื”
23:07
of humiliation or
976
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืœื” ืื•
23:08
discrimination against
977
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ืืคืœื™ื” ื ื’ื“
23:09
a person or group.
978
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1600
ืื“ื ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
23:11
The term 'snowflake' is
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1360
ื”ืžื•ื ื— 'ืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœื’' ื”ื•ื
23:12
a word used by some
980
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ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช
23:13
people to talk about
981
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1120
ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
23:14
other people who they
982
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
23:16
think get offended too
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื ืขืœื‘ื™ื
23:17
easily and unnecessarily.
984
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1920
ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš.
23:19
They don't want to
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ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื
23:20
change their language
986
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960
23:20
or ideas just because
987
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคื”
ืื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ
23:22
snowflakes get upset.
988
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ืฉืคืชื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื’ ืžืชืจื’ื–ื™ื.
23:24
Then we had the word
989
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ืžื™ืœื”
23:25
'invoke'. If you
990
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1200
'ืœืขื•ืจืจ'. ืื ืืชื”
23:26
invoke something you use
991
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1680
ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ
23:28
it as a reason to
992
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ื‘ื• ื›ืกื™ื‘ื”
23:29
explain your actions
993
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ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช
23:30
and feelings.
994
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640
ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
23:31
To call something out
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ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืžืฉื”ื•
23:33
is to challenge it,
996
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ื–ื” ืœืืชื’ืจ ืื•ืชื•,
23:34
to highlight it and
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1120
ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ
23:35
look for justification.
998
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1520
ื”ืฆื“ืงื”.
23:37
And finally, we have
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1040
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
23:38
'taboo'. Something that
1000
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1440
'ื˜ืื‘ื•'. ืžืฉื”ื•
23:39
society says is
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1120
ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื•ืžืจืช
23:40
offensive and shocking.
1002
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ืคื•ื’ืข ื•ืžื–ืขื–ืข.
23:42
So there we have it.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
23:43
What do you think
1004
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720
23:43
Rob of this topic.
1005
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1600
ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘
ืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.
23:45
Well, it is a very
1006
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1200
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื”
23:46
difficult subject,
1007
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ื ื•ืฉื ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“,
23:47
particularly when it
1008
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800
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ
23:48
comes to politics,
1009
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ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
23:49
religion and society.
1010
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1920
ื“ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื”.
23:51
Free speech is good
1011
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ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘
23:52
but at times,
1012
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880
ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
23:53
particularly on social
1013
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
23:54
media, I think can be
1014
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, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื
23:56
unnecessarily unpleasant.
1015
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ื ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš.
23:58
Well, try not to be
1016
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800
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืกื• ืœื
23:59
offended but it is
1017
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ืœื”ื™ืขืœื‘ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข
24:00
time for us to leave
1018
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืขื–ื•ื‘
24:01
you for this programme.
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1280
ืืชื›ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
24:02
Do join us next time.
1020
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื”.
24:04
Remember you can find
1021
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880
ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื
24:05
us on Instagram,
1022
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880
ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื,
24:06
Facebook, Twitter,
1023
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ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ,
24:07
YouTube and of course
1024
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ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
24:08
our website
1025
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640
24:08
bbclearningenglish.com.
1026
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ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•
bbclearningenglish.com.
24:10
And of course, we have
1027
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
24:12
a new app which you
1028
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1040
ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
24:13
can find on our
1029
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1040
ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื
24:14
website. It's free
1030
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ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•. ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื
24:15
and it's brilliant,
1031
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720
ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืง,
24:16
isn't it, Rob?
1032
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720
24:16
Absolutely!
1033
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960
ืœื, ืจื•ื‘?
ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜!
24:17
See you soon, bye.
1034
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ื ืชืจืื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื™.
24:19
Bye!
1035
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500
ื‘ื™ื™!
24:25
Hello. This is 6 Minute
1036
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1280
ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช
24:26
English from BBC
1037
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC
24:28
Learning English.
1038
1468000
720
24:28
I'm Neil.
1039
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960
Learning English.
ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
24:29
And I'm Georgina.
1040
1469680
1040
ื•ืื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
24:31
That's a big smile
1041
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ
24:32
on your face,
1042
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560
24:32
Georgina! You
1043
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800
ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœืš,
ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”! ืืชื”
24:33
seem happy today!
1044
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื— ื”ื™ื•ื!
24:35
I am, Neil. After all,
1045
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1840
ืื ื™, ื ื™ืœ. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ,
24:36
what's the point in
1046
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880
ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื
24:37
seeing the glass
1047
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800
ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช
24:38
half empty?
1048
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800
ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื•ืก ืจื™ืงื”?
24:39
Ah, so you're someone
1049
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ืื”, ืื– ืืชื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
24:41
who tries to see the
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ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช
24:42
glass half full - you
1051
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1600
ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื•ืก ื”ืžืœืื” - ืืชื”
24:44
generally look at
1052
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ
24:45
things in a positive way.
1053
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
24:46
I hope so! It may
1054
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”! ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™
24:48
seem strange to be
1055
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ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื–ืจ
24:49
discussing happiness
1056
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ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ
24:50
in the middle of a
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800
ื‘ืืžืฆืข
24:51
global pandemic but
1058
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1760
ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ
24:53
right now feeling
1059
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ื›ืจื’ืข ืชื—ื•ืฉืช
24:54
happy is more
1060
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880
ื”ืื•ืฉืจ
24:55
important than ever.
1061
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1600
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืชืžื™ื“.
24:56
Well then, it's lucky
1062
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื–ืœ ืฉืื•ืฉืจ
24:57
that happiness is the
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ื”ื•ื
24:58
subject of this programme,
1064
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
25:00
Georgina. And while
1065
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ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”. ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช
25:01
many things seem to be
1066
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ืฉื ื“ืžื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
25:02
out of our control
1067
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ืื™ื ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ื•
25:03
just now, there are
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ื›ืจื’ืข, ื™ืฉ
25:04
small things we can
1069
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960
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
25:05
do to feel better
1070
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
25:06
about life ...
1071
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766
ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื...
25:07
... to feel less
1072
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... ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช
25:08
stressed, and maybe
1073
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ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื, ื•ืื•ืœื™
25:09
even a little happier.
1074
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1440
ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
25:11
You're talking like a
1075
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ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ
25:12
Dane now, Georgina.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืžื• ื“ื ื™ืช, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
25:14
Denmark, and in fact
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ื“ื ืžืจืง, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”
25:15
all the Nordic countries,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืช,
25:16
are often listed as
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ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
25:17
among the happiest
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
25:19
places in the world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
25:20
You know what would
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”
25:21
make me happy, Neil? -
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ื™ืฉืžื— ืื•ืชื™, ื ื™ืœ? -
25:22
asking me a really
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ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื™
25:23
good quiz question.
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ืฉืืœืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
25:25
OK. Well, did you know
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ื›ืœ
25:26
that every year the UN
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ืฉื ื” ื”ืื•"ื
25:28
publishes its Global
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ืžืคืจืกื ืืช ืกืงืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื•
25:29
Happiness Survey
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25:30
revealing the happiest
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ื”ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช
25:31
countries in the world?
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
25:33
It's based on factors like
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื•
25:34
income, life expectancy
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ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื
25:36
and health. The Nordic
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
25:38
countries often come in
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘
25:39
the top ten, but which
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ื‘ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ื•
25:41
country was rated the
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืจื’ื”
25:42
happiest in 2020? Was it:
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ื”ื›ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ื‘-2020? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”:
25:44
a) Iceland, b) Denmark
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ื) ืื™ืกืœื ื“, ื‘) ื“ื ืžืจืง
25:47
or c) Finland?
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ืื• ื’) ืคื™ื ืœื ื“?
25:48
Well, Neil, Denmark is famous
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืœ, ื“ื ืžืจืง ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช
25:50
for bacon, and nothing
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื
25:51
makes me happier than
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ืžืฉืžื— ืื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ
25:53
a bacon sandwich, so
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ืžืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ื‘ื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืื–
25:54
I'll say b) Denmark.
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ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ื‘) ื“ื ืžืจืง.
25:56
I like your thinking,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืš,
25:57
Georgina! We'll find out
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ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”! ืืช
25:59
the answer later, but
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื’ืœื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืื‘ืœ
26:00
you're certainly right
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ืืชื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืฆื•ื“ืง
26:01
to say that Denmark is
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื“ื ืžืจืง
26:02
considered one of the
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ืช
26:03
happiest countries
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื•ืช
26:04
in the world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
26:05
Malene Rydahl, author of
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ืžืืœืŸ ืจื™ื“ื”ืœ, ืžื—ื‘ืจืช
26:07
the bestselling book,
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ืจื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจ,
26:08
Happy as a Dane, believes
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ืฉืžื— ื›ืžื• ื“ื ื™, ืžืืžื™ื ื”
26:09
that aspects of Danish
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ืฉื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ
26:11
culture can help us
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•
26:12
improve our chances
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ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื•
26:13
of happiness.
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ืœืื•ืฉืจ.
26:14
Here she is explaining
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื”
26:15
what happiness means
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ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ
26:16
for her to BBC World
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ BBC
26:18
Service programme,
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,
26:19
The Conversation. See if
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The Conversation. ืชืจืื” ืื
26:20
you can hear what she thinks.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช.
26:23
Well, I think we should
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
26:24
be seeking alignment and
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ืœื—ืคืฉ ื”ืชืืžื” ื•ืื ื™
26:25
I think we should
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
26:26
practise gratitude and
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ืœืชืจื’ืœ ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ื•ืื ื™
26:28
I think that we should be
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
26:29
more conscious about
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ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™
26:30
how we relate to things
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื
26:31
that happen to us and
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ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื•ืขื“
26:33
how much we compare
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ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื
26:34
ourselves to others ...
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ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื...
26:35
I do think that what we
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ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
26:36
need to focus on is the
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื
26:38
quality of our relationships.
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ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
26:40
Did you hear Malene use the
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ืฉืžืขืช ืืช ืžืืœืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช
26:42
word alignment? She thinks
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ? ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื”
26:44
there should be harmony
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”
26:45
between my true sense
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™
26:47
of who I am, what I
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ ืื ื™, ืžื” ืื ื™
26:48
think and how I relate
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก
26:50
to others. We should be
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ืœืื—ืจื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
26:52
in alignment - or in
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ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” - ืื•
26:53
the correct relation,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
26:54
to those things.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
26:56
Malene also thinks
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ืžืืœืŸ ื’ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช
26:57
happiness comes from
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ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ื ื•ื‘ืข
26:58
gratitude - feeling
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ืžื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” - ื”ื›ืจืช
26:59
grateful and expressing
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ืชื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืขืช
27:00
thanks to other people.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
27:02
She recommends finding
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ื”ื™ื ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ืœืžืฆื•ื
27:03
three things, no matter
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
27:05
how small, to be
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ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
27:06
grateful for every day.
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ืืกื™ืจ ืชื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
27:08
Like ... getting a
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27:08
good night's sleep,
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ื›ืžื•...
ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘,
27:09
drinking a hot
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ืœืฉืชื•ืช
27:10
coffee ... and having
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ืงืคื” ื—ื ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช
27:11
this chat with
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ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืื™ืชืš
27:12
you, Georgina.
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, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
27:13
Thanks, Neil, that's
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ืชื•ื“ื”, ื ื™ืœ, ื–ื”
27:14
put a smile on my face!
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ื”ืขืœื” ืœื™ ื—ื™ื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื!
27:16
It may sound strange
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื–ืจ
27:17
but doing this every
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ
27:18
day can really boost
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ื™ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช
27:19
your happiness levels.
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ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœืš.
27:21
Malene also warns
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ืžืืœืŸ ื’ื ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื”
27:22
against seeking happiness
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ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื•ืฉืจ
27:24
in external things,
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
27:25
as you can hear in
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข
27:26
this chat with BBC
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ื‘ืฆ'ืื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืขื
27:27
World Service's,
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ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”-BBC World Service,
27:28
The Conversation.
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The Conversation.
27:30
If you seek happiness
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ืื ืืชื” ืžื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืฉืจ
27:31
and you mistake it for
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ื•ืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ื•
27:33
pleasure, you will
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ื›ื”ื ืื”, ืืชื”
27:34
be running around like
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ืชืชืจื•ืฆืฅ ื›ืžื•
27:35
a little hamster in
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ืื•ื’ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ
27:36
a wheel because it's
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ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ ื›ื™ ื–ื”
27:38
never enough and
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื•ื›ื™
27:39
because you will be
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27:40
very quickly the
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ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืชื”ื™ื”
27:41
victim of the hedonic
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ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ
27:42
treadmill ... and the
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ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื ืชื ื™... ื•ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืŸ
27:43
hedonic treadmill
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ื”ื”ื“ื•ื ื™
27:44
is ... you know, you
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ื”ื•ื... ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืืชื”
27:45
want something, you
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ืจื•ืฆื” ืžืฉื”ื•, ืืชื”
27:46
think if you're more
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ืืชื”
27:47
beautiful, if you get
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ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ
27:48
more power, if you
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื—, ืื ืืชื”
27:49
get more money and
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ืžืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ
27:50
fame and then you'll
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ื•ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืื– ืืชื”
27:52
finally be happy ...
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ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืฉืจ...
27:54
and then you get it
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27:54
and you get a
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ื•ืื– ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื”
ื•ืชืงื‘ืœ
27:55
small satisfaction.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืงื˜ืŸ.
27:58
According to Malene,
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืืœืŸ,
27:59
chasing external
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ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ
28:00
pleasures like money
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ื”ื ืื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ืกืฃ
28:01
and fame will leave you
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ื•ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš
28:02
feeling like a hamster
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืื•ื’ืจ
28:03
on a wheel - like
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ืขืœ ื’ืœื’ืœ - ื›ืžื•
28:05
someone who's always
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืชืžื™ื“
28:06
busy but never
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ืขืกื•ืง ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื
28:07
accomplishes anything
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ืžืฉื™ื’ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ
28:08
useful or finishes
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ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืื• ืžืกื™ื™ื
28:09
what they start.
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื.
28:10
She also says it's
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื•ืžืจืช
28:11
easy to become a
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ืฉืงืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ
28:12
victim of the hedonic
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ืฉืœ
28:14
treadmill. This is the
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ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื ืชื ื™. ื–ื”
28:15
idea that humans adapt
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกืชื’ืœื™ื
28:17
to whatever level of
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ืœื›ืœ ืจืžืช
28:18
happiness they achieve.
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ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื.
28:20
As we make more money,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ,
28:22
meet the perfect boyfriend
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ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื
28:23
or whatever we desire,
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ืื• ืžื” ืฉื ืจืฆื”,
28:25
our expectations also
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ื’ื ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
28:26
increase, so we never
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ืขื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื
28:28
find the happiness we
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ
28:29
hoped we would!
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ืฉืงื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืฉื ืขืฉื”!
28:31
'Money can't buy happiness',
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'ื›ืกืฃ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืฉืจ',
28:32
as my grandma used to say.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™ ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื•ืžืจ.
28:34
Right. In fact, it's
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ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื•
28:35
probably the quality
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืื™ื›ื•ืช
28:37
of our relationships,
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
28:38
not external objects,
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ืœื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
28:40
that gives satisfaction -
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืง โ€“
28:42
the pleasure we feel when
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ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ
28:43
we achieve something
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ืื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•
28:44
we wanted to.
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ืฉืจืฆื™ื ื•.
28:46
Lots of useful tips there,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื,
28:47
Georgina, for feeling
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ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”, ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื”
28:48
as happy as a Dane.
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ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ื›ืžื• ื“ื ื™ืช.
28:49
A Dane, you say, Neil?
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ื“ื ื™, ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื ื™ืœ?
28:51
So I got the
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ืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช
28:52
correct answer?
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”?
28:53
In my quiz question
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ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
28:54
I asked Georgina which
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื” ืื™ื–ื•
28:55
Nordic country was
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช
28:56
rated happiest in the
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ื“ื•ืจื’ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจืช
28:58
UN's 2020 global survey.
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ื‘ืกืงืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืœืฉื ืช 2020.
29:00
I guessed b) Denmark.
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ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ื‘) ื“ื ืžืจืง.
29:02
But in fact, Georgina,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”,
29:04
it was ... c) Finland.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”... ื’) ืคื™ื ืœื ื“.
29:05
I guess their bacon
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื›ืจื™ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื
29:06
sandwiches are
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29:07
even better!
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ!
29:08
OK, let's recap the
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช
29:10
vocabulary and start seeing
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ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช
29:11
the glass half full -
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ืืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื•ืก ื”ืžืœืื” -
29:13
looking at things
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ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
29:14
in a positive way.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
29:15
Happiness might be all
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ืื•ืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ
29:17
about alignment -
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ืขืœ ื”ืชืืžื” -
29:18
being in the correct
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
29:19
relation to things.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
29:20
Or gratitude - being
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ืื• ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” - ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
29:22
grateful and giving thanks.
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ืืกื™ืจ ืชื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช.
29:24
Feeling like a hamster
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ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืื•ื’ืจ
29:25
on a wheel means you're
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ืขืœ ื’ืœื’ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื”
29:26
always busy doing
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช
29:28
things but without
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29:28
getting satisfaction -
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™
ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืง -
29:30
the pleasant feeling of
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื ืขื™ืžื” ืฉืœ
29:31
achieving something
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื•
29:32
you really wanted to.
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืจืฆื™ืช.
29:33
Finally, the reason
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
29:35
happiness often escapes
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ืฉื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื•ืจื— ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
29:36
us may involve the
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื›ื”
29:38
hedonic treadmill - the
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ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื“ื•ื ื™ -
29:39
human tendency to
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ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
29:40
return to the same
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื”
29:41
level of happiness after
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ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจ
29:43
something very good
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
29:44
or very bad has happened.
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ืื• ืจืข ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจื”.
29:46
That's all for this
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ
29:47
programme. We hope it's
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•. ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื–ื”
29:48
lifted your spirits
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ื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื—ืš
29:49
and given you some
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ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœืš ื’ื ืื•ืฆืจ
29:50
useful vocabulary
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ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™
29:51
as well.
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.
29:52
Remember to join us
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ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื•
29:53
again soon for more
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘
29:54
interesting topics here
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ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืืŸ
29:55
at 6 Minute English.
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ื‘-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
29:57
And if you like
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘
29:58
topical discussions and
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืฆื”
30:00
want to learn how to
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“
30:01
use the vocabulary
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
30:02
found in headlines,
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช,
30:04
why not try out our
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ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ืชื ืกื” ืืช
30:05
News Review podcast?
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ื”ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืงื™ืจืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•?
30:06
You'll find programmes
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ืชืžืฆื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช
30:08
about many topics that
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
30:09
will help to keep you
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ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืš
30:11
entertained and learning
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ืœื‘ื“ืจ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“
30:13
at the same time. Don't
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ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช. ืืœ
30:14
forget you can download
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ืชืฉื›ื— ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“
30:15
the app for free from
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ืืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื
30:17
the app stores. And, of
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ืžื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
30:19
course, we are on most
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, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘
30:20
social media platforms.
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ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
30:22
Bye for now!
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
30:23
Bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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