BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Sport' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocabulary!

198,132 views ใƒป 2022-08-21

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:05
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Neil.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
00:09
And Iโ€™m Sam.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
00:10
The Olympic Games happen every four years and the most recent games were heldย ย 
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื•
00:15
in Tokyo this summer. Did you watch them, Sam?
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ื‘ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• ื”ืงื™ืฅ. ืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ื”ื, ืกื?
00:17
Yes, I saw British swimmer,ย  Adam Peaty, win a gold medal,ย 
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ื›ืŸ, ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืื“ื ืคื™ื˜ื™, ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื‘,
00:21
and my personal favouriteย was 13-year-old, Sky Brown,ย ย 
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ื•ื”ืคื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื˜ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 13, ืกืงื™ื™ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ,
00:25
competing in an exciting sport
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ืžืชื—ืจื” ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืจื’ืฉ
00:27
which was addedย  to the Olympics this year: skateboarding.
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ืฉื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ื”: ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื“.
00:30
Olympic athletes inspireย people around the world to take on new challenges,
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ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
00:34
eat healthily and get fit.ย So it seems strange that some of the companies that
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ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ. ืื– ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชื ื•ืช
00:39
sponsor โ€“ or pay for - the Olympic Games also sell food and drink which is
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ื—ืกื•ืช - ืื• ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช - ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื
00:44
linked to obesity, heart disease and diabetes.
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ืœื”ืฉืžื ื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ืกื•ื›ืจืช.
00:47
Tobacco advertising was bannedย from international sport in 2005
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ืคืจืกื•ื ื˜ื‘ืง ื ืืกืจ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005
00:52
because of the harmfulย effects of smoking. But other companies selling
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช
00:55
less-than-healthyย products still sponsor big sporting events.
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ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
00:59
These could be sugary drinks companies,ย or others who sell fast food
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ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžืžื•ืชืงื™ื,ย ืื• ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ
01:03
โ€“ hot food, like hamburgers, that is quick to cookย and
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- ืื•ื›ืœ ื—ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจื™ื, ืฉืžื”ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœย ื•ื”ื’ืฉื”,
01:06
serve but which is often unhealthy.
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ืืš ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:09
In this programme, weโ€™ll be askingย whether itโ€™s right for companies selling unhealthy
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ื ืฉืืœ ืื ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื
01:13
products to sponsor sporting events.
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ืœืชืช ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜.
01:16
But first itโ€™s time for my quizย question, Sam.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืกื.
01:18
McDonalds had a long history with the Olympic Gamesย until the company
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ืœืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืขื ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ืย ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
01:22
ended the partnership ahead of the 2024 games in Paris.
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ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘-2024 ื‘ืคืจื™ื–.
01:26
But why did McDonalds choose to quit? Was it because:
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ:
01:30
a) they wanted to change theย name of French fries to McFries?
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ื) ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ืคืก ืœ-McFries?
01:34
b) they didnโ€™t want to call theirย hamburger โ€˜Le Big Macโ€™?
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ื‘) ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืฉืœื”ื 'ืœื” ื‘ื™ื’ ืžืง'?
01:37
or c) they wanted to be the only companyย selling cheese for cheeseburgers?
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ืื• ื’) ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžื•ื›ืจืช ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœืฆ'ื™ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจื™ื?
01:42
Hmm, I think maybe itโ€™s a)ย because they wanted to call French fries McFries.
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ื”ืžืž, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื)ย ื›ื™ ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืฆ'ื™ืคืก ืžืงืคืจื™ื™ื–.
01:48
OK, Sam, weโ€™ll find out theย answer later in the programme.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกื, ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื’ืœื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
01:51
Someone who is worried aboutย the relationship between fast food and sport is
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ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื“ืื’ ืžื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ื•ื
01:55
Drย Sandro Demaio. He worked for the World Health Organisation
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ื“"ืจ ืกื ื“ืจื• ื“ืžืื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
01:58
specialising in obesity before starting his own publicย health agency in Australia.
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ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ื ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื• ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
02:04
Here is Dr Demaio speaking with BBCย World Service programme, The Food Chain,ย ย 
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ื”ื ื” ื“"ืจ ื“ืžืื™ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ BBC, ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
02:08
about the problem with unhealthyย brands and food products:
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ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื:
02:12
By having their brand alongside aย young personโ€™s favourite sporting hero, on the
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ืชื’ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฆื“ย ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืขืœ
02:16
chest of their national team, it does two things. First of all, it
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ื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื–ื”
02:21
creates brand attachment, so if youโ€™re a young child you built
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืชื’, ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืชื” ื™ืœื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืช
02:25
the connection in your mind that basically fast foodย equals success.
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ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœืš ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
02:30
At the same time it also gives a health halo to that brand.
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืœืžื•ืชื’ ื”ื–ื”.
02:34
Then you start to think in your mind, even subconsciously, that it canโ€™t be that badโ€ฆ
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ื•ืื– ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœืš, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชืช ืžื•ื“ืข, ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื•ืจื...
02:39
Youโ€™ve probably heard of โ€˜brand loyaltyโ€™,ย ย 
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ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืžืขืช ืขืœ 'ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืชื’',
02:41
where people have a favourite brandย ย 
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ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืชื’ ืื”ื•ื‘
02:43
they always buy, but Dr Demaio is concerned about brand attachment.
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ืฉื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื•ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื“โ€ืจ ื“ืžืื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืžื”ื™ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืชื’. .
02:48
Brand attachment is the emotionalย connection between humans and brands.
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ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืชื’ ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืžื•ืชื’ื™ื.
02:53
It goes deeper than loyalty so that people mentally connect aย ย 
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ื–ื” ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช
02:56
particular company with feelings of winning, being healthy and success.
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
03:01
The problem comes when these feelings attach to companies that arenโ€™t
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ
03:05
healthy at all. Dr Demaio says this creates a health halo โ€“
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ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืœืœ. ื“"ืจ ื“ืžืื™ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ืช -
03:10
the belief that something is good, like an angelโ€™s halo,ย ย 
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ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืœืืš,
03:13
even though there is little evidence to support this.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš.
03:17
On the other hand, fast food and fizzy drink companiesย 
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืชื•ืกืกื™ื
03:20
invest large amounts of moneyย in sport, over 4.5 billionย 
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ืžืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-4.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
03:24
dollars since the 2016 Rio Olympics, much of it supporting athletes around the world.
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ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžืื– ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช ืจื™ื• 2016, ืจื•ื‘ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:30
Yes, with travel, training andย equipment the cost of beingย 
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ื›ืŸ, ืขื ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช, ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ
03:34
an Olympic athlete can be huge.
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ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ื.
03:36
And depending on your country and yourย sport, there may be little financial help.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš ื•ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœืš, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืขื–ืจื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
03:41
Many athletes are desperateย for any sponsorship they canย 
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ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
03:44
get - but does that make itย right to promote
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ืœืงื‘ืœ - ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื“ื
03:46
unhealthy eating in return?
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ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”?
03:48
Not according to Dr Demaio,ย who thinks people shouldย 
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ืœื ืœืคื™ ื“"ืจ ื“ืžืื™ื•, ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
03:51
worry about the nutritional value of fast food,ย ย 
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ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ,
03:54
as he explained to BBC Worldย Serviceโ€™s, The Food Chain:
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœ-BBC Worldย Service's, The Food Chain:
03:57
When we think about foods and beverages of public health concern,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
04:02
we tend to start by talking about highly-processed foods, particularly
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
04:07
ultra-processed foods. These are foods that have been
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ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืืœื• ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช
04:10
really brokenย down to their kind of basic elements and then
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ืฉืคื•ืจืงื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืื–
04:13
built up - theyโ€™reย more products really than foods โ€“ you know,
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ื ื‘ื ื• - ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช - ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข,
04:16
theyโ€™re made in aย laboratory not a kitchen.
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ื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื—.
04:19
Dr Demaio mentions unhealthy foods andย beverages โ€“ another word for drinks.
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ื“"ืจ ื“ืžืื™ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื - ืžื™ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืžืฉืงืื•ืช.
04:24
Heโ€™s concerned about the public health risk of ultra-processed food โ€“
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ -
04:28
foods containing extra ingredients like chemicals,ย colourings and sweetenersย 
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ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื,ย ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืžืžืชื™ืงื™ื
04:33
that you wouldnโ€™t add when cooking homemade food.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื›ืฉืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื™.
04:36
A potato, for example, isย natural - minimally processed.ย 
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ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ - ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™.
04:39
Bake a potato and it becomes โ€˜processedโ€™.
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ืื•ืคื™ื ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 'ืžืขื•ื‘ื“'.
04:42
Make French fries and itโ€™s โ€˜ultra-processedโ€™.
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ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืฆ'ื™ืคืก ื•ื–ื” 'ืื•ืœื˜ืจื”-ืžืขื•ื‘ื“'.
04:45
And speaking of French fries, Neil, what was the answer to your quiz question?
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ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฆ'ื™ืคืก, ื ื™ืœ, ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš?
04:49
Yes, I asked Sam the reason behind theย ย 
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ื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืกื ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™
04:51
decision McDonaldโ€™s made not toย sponsor the 2024 Paris Olympics.
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ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื ืœืชืช ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช ืคืจื™ื– 2024.
04:56
And I said it was a) because theyย wanted to call French fries McFries.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื) ื›ื™ ื”ืย ืจืฆื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืฆ'ื™ืคืก ืžืงืคืจื™ื™ื–.
05:00
Which wasโ€ฆ the wrong answer, I'm afraid. In fact,ย McDonaldโ€™s wanted to be only companyย ย 
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”... ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“'ืก ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
05:06
allowed to advertise cheese so itย could boost cheeseburger sales.
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ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืคืจืกื ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆ'ื™ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ.
05:10
This didnโ€™t go down well with officialsย in France, a country with over a thousandย ย 
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืชืื™ื ืœืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืืœืฃ
05:15
different types of cheese!
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ืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื!
05:17
OK, letโ€™s recap theย vocabulary from this programme starting with fast food
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ
05:22
โ€“ hot food that is quickย to cook but may be unhealthy.
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- ืื•ื›ืœ ื—ื ืฉืžื”ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:25
Companies that sponsor sportsย events, pay for them to happen.
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืงืจื•.
05:29
Brand attachment is a psychologicalย connection between someone and a brand.
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ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืชื’ ื”ื™ื ืงืฉืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืžื•ืชื’.
05:34
A health halo is the perceptionย that something is healthy for you, even if itโ€™s not.
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ื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจืš, ื’ื ืื ืœื.
05:38
Ultra-processed foods are foods containing addedย 
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ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืชื•ืกืคืช
05:41
artificial ingredients likeย colourings and preservatives.
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ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•ย ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื.
05:44
And a beverage is another word for a drink.
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ื•ืžืฉืงื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืจืช ืœืžืฉืงื”.
05:47
Thatโ€™s all from us, but if youโ€™d likeย to find out more about the business,ย ย 
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง,
05:50
science and culture of food, why not download The Food Chain podcast!
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ืชื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ!
05:55
โ€“ itโ€™s updated weekly and available now.
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- ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืขืช.
05:58
Join us again soon for more topical discussion andย vocabulary
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื
06:01
here at 6 Minute English. Bye for now!
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
06:03
Goodbye!
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
06:10
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Dan.
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ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื“ืŸ.
06:12
And I'm Neil.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
06:14
Now, Neil, do you like goingย to live football matches?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ื™ืœ, ื”ืื ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™?
06:17
Oh yes, I love it.
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ืื” ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”.
06:19
Is it better than watching them on TV?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”?
06:21
Well, you donโ€™t really seeย as much as you do on TV,ย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
06:25
but then on TV you donโ€™tย really feel the atmosphere.ย 
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืืชื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื”.
06:28
You canโ€™t sing along withย the chants and songs at home.
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
06:31
Well, itโ€™s good you mentioned the songs and chantsย 
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื
06:33
because that is todayโ€™sย topic. It seems that for someย 
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ื›ื™ ื–ื”ย ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื ืจืื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื”
06:37
football clubs, the atmosphere in the stadiums is becoming a bit โ€˜quietโ€™.
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ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ, ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืงืฆืช "ืฉืงื˜ื”".
06:42
Now, before we look at this topic in more detail,ย ย 
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:45
here is todayโ€™s quiz.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
06:47
As we are talking about football, in which decade
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ, ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ืจ
06:50
was the first ever international football played?
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ืฉื™ื—ืง ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ ืคืขื?
06:53
Is it a) in the 1870s,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื) ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70,
06:55
b) in the 1890s or
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ื‘) ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1890 ืื•
06:56
c) in the 1910s.
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ื’) ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-19.
07:00
I could be wrong but I thinkย it was before the turn ofย 
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื” ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช
07:03
the century, so Iโ€™ll say the 1890s.
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ื”ืžืื”, ืื– ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90.
07:06
Well, we'll see if you'reย right or not later in the show.ย ย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืื โ€‹โ€‹ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ืื• ืœื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
07:09
Now, songs and chants are part ofย the experience of football matches.ย ย 
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
07:13
But where do they come from? What are they about?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื? ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื?
07:16
Hereโ€™s Joe Wilson from BBC Sport.
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ื”ื ื” ื’'ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ืž-BBC Sport.
07:19
Which team name does he mention?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ?
07:22
Some songs can be witty, honedย specifically to celebrateย 
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ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื ื™ื, ืžื•ืฉื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’
07:25
a certain player or moment inย a clubโ€™s history. Others relyย 
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื• ืจื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ. ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื
07:29
more on a hypnotic repetition ofย syllables. U-NI-TED, for example.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื”ืคื ื˜ืช ืฉืœย ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช. U-NI-TED, ืœืžืฉืœ.
07:35
So, which team does he mention?
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ืื– ืื™ื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ?
07:37
Well, he used the syllablesย from United. This isnโ€™t one teamย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื‘ืจื•ืชย ืžืื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“. ื–ื• ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช
07:41
as there are quite a fewย professional teams in Britainย 
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ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ืžืขื˜ย ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
07:43
that have United in theirย names. In fact, there are over aย 
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:46
dozen. Perhaps the most well-knownย though would be Manchester United.
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ืžืชืจื™ืกืจ. ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“.
07:50
I think fans of Welling Unitedย might argue with you aboutย 
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื™ื ื’ ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืื™ืชืš ืขืœ
07:53
that! Anyway, what did Wilsonย say about the nature ofย 
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ื–ื”! ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืžื” ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื ืฉืœ
07:57
football songs?
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ืฉื™ืจื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ?
07:58
He said they could be witty.ย Witty means funny but in aย 
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื ื™ื. ืฉื ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืื‘ืœ
08:02
clever way. He also said that they could be honed.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื›ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืืžืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื.
08:05
Honed is an interestingย word here. Something that isย 
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ืžื•ืฉื—ื– ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื›ืืŸ. ืžืฉื”ื•
08:08
honed is carefully crafted, skilfully created and developed over a period of time.
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ืฉืžื•ืฉื—ื– ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”, ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžืคื•ืชื— ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคื”.
08:14
When it comes to wittyย football songs Wilson describesย 
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืฉื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ืžืชืืจ
08:17
them as being honed to beย about a particular player,ย ย 
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ืื•ืชื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืžื•ืฉื—ื–ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
08:21
or a moment in a clubโ€™s history.ย But these arenโ€™t the only kindsย 
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ืื• ืจื’ืข ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ืœื ืกื•ื’ื™
08:24
of songs. Another kind of song he describesย is the hypnotic repetition of syllables.
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ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื. ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจย ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช.
08:30
Something that is hypnoticย repeats again and again โ€“ย 
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ืคื ื˜ย ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ -
08:33
like a magical spell or chant. Whatโ€™sย interesting is that in football songsย ย 
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ื›ืžื• ืœื—ืฉ ืงืกื•ื ืื• ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ. ืžื”ย ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ
08:38
words can have more syllables than you would expect.
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ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืฆืคื”.
08:41
Oh yes, for example, letโ€™s takeย England. Two syllables, right?
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ืื” ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:45
Right!
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08:45
Wrong! At least in a football stadium it becomesย ย 
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ื™ืžื™ืŸ!
ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ! ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ
08:48
three syllables. Eng โ€“ gerย โ€“ land, Eng โ€“ ger โ€“ land โ€ฆ
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ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช. Eng โ€“ gerย โ€“ land, Eng โ€“ ger โ€“ land โ€ฆ
08:51
Alright! Thank you! Letโ€™sย listen to Mr Wilson again.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ! ืชื•ื“ื”! ื‘ื•ืื•ย ื ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘.
08:54
Some songs can be witty, honedย specifically to celebrateย 
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ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื ื™ื, ืžื•ืฉื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’
08:58
a certain player or momentย in a clubโ€™s history. Othersย 
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื• ืจื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ. ืื—ืจื™ื
09:01
rely more on a hypnotic repetition of syllables.ย ย 
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ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื”ืคื ื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช.
09:04
U-NI-TED, for example.
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U-NI-TED, ืœืžืฉืœ.
09:07
Now, apparently, in manyย stadiums, the crowds arenโ€™tย 
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื‘ืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื
09:10
singing as much as they used to. Someย managers have complained that the fansย ย 
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ืฉืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืขื. ื›ืžื”ย ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื• ืฉื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื
09:14
are too quiet and that this has a negative effect on the players.ย ย 
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ืฉืงื˜ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื•ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืœืจืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื.
09:19
So what are some of the reasons for this?ย Hereโ€™s BBC Sportโ€™s Joe Wilson again.ย 
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ืื– ืžื”ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš? ื”ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื’'ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ BBC Sport.
09:24
How many reasons does he mention?
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ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ?
09:26
The decline in singing may be explainedย by changing demographics in footballย ย 
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ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ
09:30
attendance. Older supporters, more expensive tickets.ย ย 
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. ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:33
Or by stadium design. All-seater arenas may
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ืื• ืœืคื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช
09:37
discourage the instinct to stand up and sing.
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ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข ืืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ืœืงื•ื ื•ืœืฉื™ืจ.
09:41
So, what reasons did he giveย for the decline in singing,ย 
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ืื–, ืื™ืœื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸย ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”,
09:44
for the fact that singing is getting less common.
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ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
09:47
He gave a number of reasons.ย He talked about the changeย 
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
09:50
in demographics. 'Demographics' refers to a sectionย of the
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ื‘ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”. 'ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”' ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
09:54
population that do a particular thing. It can refer to age groups or wealth, for example.
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ ืื• ืขื•ืฉืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ.
09:59
What Wilson says is thatย the members that make up aย 
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ืžื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื
10:02
football crowd are changing.ย They are older and wealthier,ย 
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ืงื”ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื. ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:06
and perhaps that is a demographic or groupย ย 
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
10:09
that is less likely to sing in public.
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ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
10:12
Another reason he gives is that sitting downย might also discourage
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข
10:15
people from singing. If something discourages you,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืœืฉื™ืจ. ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื™ืืฉ ืื•ืชืš,
10:18
it makes youย not want to do it. Most stadiums in the UK have to have seats
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืš ืœื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
10:24
andย maybe singing is something that people feel happier doing
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
10:27
when they are standing up.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื.
10:28
Well, the final whistle is aboutย to blow on todayโ€™s programme.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉืจื™ืงืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
10:32
Before that though, hereโ€™s theย answer to our quiz question.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
10:35
I asked you when the firstย international football match took place.
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืš ืžืชื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
10:39
And I took a guess with the 1890s.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ืขื ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90.
10:43
And that's a red card, I'm afraid, Neil.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืื“ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ, ื ื™ืœ.
10:45
Theย first international football match took place in the 1870s
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ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70
10:49
between England and Scotland.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืœืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“.
10:51
Oh, come on ref!
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ื”ื•, ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืฉื•ืคื˜!
10:53
And now, to take us to the whistle,ย let's review todayโ€™s vocabulary.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉืจื™ืงื”,ย ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
10:57
The first word we had wasย 'witty'. A kind of humour thatย 
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” 'ืฉื ื•ืŸ'. ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ
11:00
is smart and clever.
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ื—ื›ื ื•ื—ื›ื.
11:02
Then we had 'honed for something' thatย is crafted and improved over time.ย ย 
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš 'ืฉื—ื–ื ื• ืœืžืฉื”ื•' ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ ื•ืžืฉืชืคืจ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
11:06
A bit like my physique. Iโ€™ve been honing my body in the gym.
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ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™. ื—ื™ื“ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ.
11:10
Really? Are you being witty?
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ื‘ึผึถืึฑืžึถืช? ืืชื” ืฉื ื•ืŸ?
11:12
I wasnโ€™t trying to! Anyhow, we then heardย about 'hypnotic' repetition to describe theย ย 
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ืœื ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™! ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืื– ืฉืžืขื ื•ย ืขืœ ื—ื–ืจื” 'ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืช' ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช
11:18
effect of thousands of people repeating the syllables of a football team over and overย 
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ย ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
11:24
and over and over and over and over and overโ€ฆ
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘...
11:28
OK, Dan! OK, Dan! We use theย phrase 'a decline in' to sayย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื“ืŸ! ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื“ืŸ! ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 'ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘' ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ
11:32
that something is getting less.
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื.
11:35
'Demographics' refers to a group or section of the population
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'ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”' ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
11:38
that is involved a particular activity. And finally we had
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ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•
11:42
the verbย 'discourage' for something that makes us less likely to do something.
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ืืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ 'ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข' ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
11:46
Well, that is it for this programme.ย If youโ€™re not interested in football,ย ย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•. ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ,
11:49
I hope we didnโ€™t discourageย you from listening again!
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ื“ื—ื™ื ื•ย ืžืžืš ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘!
11:52
Indeed, I hope it doesnโ€™t leadย to a decline in our audience.ย 
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ืื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
11:55
We want to have as wide a demographic as possible.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
11:58
So with that in mind, don't forgetย to find us on Facebook, Twitter,ย ย 
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ืื– ืขื ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื— ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ,
12:01
Instagram and YouTube, and, of course, on our website โ€“
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ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ื•ื‘-YouTube, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• โ€“
12:05
bbclearninenglish.com! Bye bye!
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bbclearninenglish.com! ื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™!
12:07
Goodbye!
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
12:14
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learningย ย 
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning
12:16
English. Iโ€™m Neil.
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
12:18
And Iโ€™m Georgina.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
12:20
Can you swim, Georgina?
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ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืฉื—ื•ืช, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”?
12:22
I can, Neil. I learned to swim as a child and now I enjoy
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื ื™ืœ. ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื ื”ื ื”
12:25
swimming for exercise and to relax.
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ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข.
12:28
In the summer hundreds of keen swimmers, like Georgina,ย ย 
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”,
12:31
head off to swimming pools, lakes and beaches toย 
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ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”, ืื’ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™
12:34
take a dip โ€“ an informalย idiom meaning โ€˜go for a swimโ€™.
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ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ - ื ื™ื‘ ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• 'ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฉื—ื•ืช'.
12:39
Swimming has many healthย benefits and since ancientย 
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ืœืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืื–
12:42
times has been used to promoteย strength and wellbeing.
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ื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื›ื•ื— ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื”.
12:46
But swimmingโ€™s not just aboutย exercise โ€“ thereโ€™s far moreย 
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช - ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”
12:50
to it beneath the surface as weโ€™ll be findingย out
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื’ืœื”
12:52
in this programme on the history of swimming.
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”.
12:55
Although evidence suggests that ancient Mediterranean people dived eagerly intoย ย 
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฆืœืœื• ื‘ืฉืงื™ืงื” ืœืชื•ืš
13:00
temple pleasure pools, lakes and the sea, other culturesย ย 
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ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืื’ืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ื, ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
13:04
have swum against the tide โ€“ anotherย swimming idiom there, Neil
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ืฉื—ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืจื - ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ื‘ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉื, ื ื™ืœ
13:08
- meaning โ€˜not to follow what everyone else is doingโ€™.
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- ื›ืœื•ืžืจ "ืœื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื".
13:11
Someone who did enjoy swimmingย was the poet, Lord Byron. He wroteย ย 
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ืžื™ ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื”ื ื” ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ืœื•ืจื“ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘
13:15
poems popularising the sport and in 1810 swam the Hellespont,
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ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1810 ืฉื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœืกืคื•ื ื˜,
13:20
a stretch of water separating Europe from Asia.
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ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืžื™ื ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืืกื™ื”.
13:23
But in which modern country canย the Hellespont be found -
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืœืกืคื•ื ื˜ -
13:27
thatโ€™s my quiz question, Georgina.
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
13:29
Is it: a) Greece,
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ื”ืื ื–ื”: ื) ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
13:31
b) Cyprus or
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ื‘) ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ ืื•
13:33
c) Turkey?
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ื’) ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”?
13:35
I think Lord Byron visited Istanbul, so Iโ€™ll say c) Turkey.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื•ืจื“ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ, ืื– ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ื’) ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”.
13:40
OK, weโ€™ll find out the answerย at the end of the programme.ย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
13:44
For all its good points, swimming seems to haveย ย 
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”
13:46
lost its appeal in Europe afterย the decline of the Roman Empire.
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช.
13:50
According to historian and swimming enthusiast, Professor Kevin Dawson,
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืกื•ืŸ,
13:54
the rise of Christian beliefs discouraged swimming,
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ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”,
13:58
as he explainsย here to BBC World Service programme, The Forum:
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจย ื›ืืŸ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service, The Forum:
14:03
You have some beliefs that water isย this unsafe space, unnatural space
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื›ืžื” ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื”ืย ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื–ื”, ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™
14:09
for human beingsโ€ฆ itโ€™s a perpetuation of the chaos that existed before Godย ย 
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ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื... ื–ื” ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืื•ืก ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื
14:14
created land, or that water is a mechanismย for punishment like the Great Flood story
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ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื• ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸย ืœืขื ื™ืฉื” ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
14:19
or pharaohโ€™s army being destroyed in the Red Seaโ€ฆย 
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ืื• ืฆื‘ื ืคืจืขื” ืฉื ืฉืžื“ ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ...
14:23
But then thereโ€™s also beliefs that swimming isย immodest, I mean,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืย ืœื ืฆื ื•ืขื”, ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช,
14:26
most people at the time swam nude and so church officials discouraged
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื—ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื ืžื ืขื•
14:30
swimming becauseย they felt that it lead to immodest behaviour.
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ืžืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื ื•ืขื”.
14:36
As well as being consideredย unsafe or chaotic, swimmingย 
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืื• ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”
14:39
was seen as immodest โ€“ shockingย because it shows too much of the body.
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ื ืชืคืกื” ื›ืœื ืฆื ื•ืขื” - ืžื–ืขื–ืขืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
14:44
This was because most people at theย time swam nude โ€“ naked, without clothes.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื—ื• ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื - ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื.
14:50
Another place with a longย history of swimming is theย 
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ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื
14:52
remote Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean.
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ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก โ€‹โ€‹ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™.
14:56
In the Maldives, access to shallow,ย warm sea-water lakes called lagoonsย ย 
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ื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื’ืžื™ื ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืœื’ื•ื ื•ืช
15:01
makes it an unbeatable place for swimming.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืœืœื ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื—ื™ื™ื”.
15:04
But even on a tropical island,ย things havenโ€™t always gone swimmingly,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื™ ื˜ืจื•ืคื™, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื›ืฉื•ืจื”,
15:08
as diver and Maldives resident, Mikael Rosen,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืžื™ืงืืœ ืจื•ื–ืŸ,
15:10
told BBC World Service programme, The Forum:
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ืืžืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service, The Forum:
15:14
Listen for the reason Mikaelย gives for the change inย 
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ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืงืœย ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™
15:17
peopleโ€™s attitudes to swimming in the Maldives:
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ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. :
15:21
Most citizens of the Maldives have halfย a mile to a lukewarm lagoon.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืœื’ื•ื ื” ืคื•ืฉืจืช.
15:27
Given that,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš,
15:28
they could be world leading in swimming,ย  but in the 1960s the government recruitedย ย 
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”,ย ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื™ื™ืกื”
15:35
a lot of teachers from India, Sri Lanka. Theyย didnโ€™t know anything about
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื•ื“ื•, ืกืจื™ ืœื ืงื”. ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
15:41
the water culture and they noticed that the young students playing hooky โ€“
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ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ื‘ื”ื•ืง -
15:47
they were in the lagoons,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœื’ื•ื ื•ืช,
15:50
and swimming soon got frowned upon,ย but now the government and the localย ย 
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ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื–ืขืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
15:58
organisations โ€“ they try to reclaim swimming.
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- ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืฉื—ื™ื™ื”.
16:04
Did you hear the reason Mikael gave, Neil?
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ืฉืžืขืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื™ืงืืœ ื ืชืŸ, ื ื™ืœ?
16:06
Yes, he said that youngย students were playing hooky toย 
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื•
16:09
go swimming in the lagoons.ย Play hooky is an informalย 
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ื‘ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื’ื•ื ื•ืช. Play hooky ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช
16:13
way of saying โ€˜stay away fromย school without permissionโ€™.
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ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืชืชืจื—ืง ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืœื ืจืฉื•ืช'.
16:17
Right, and that meant swimmingย quickly got frowned upon,ย 
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”ย ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
16:20
or disapproved of.
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ืื• ืœื ืื•ืฉืจื”.
16:22
It seems a bit unfair sinceย there was already a strongย 
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
16:25
culture of swimming in the Maldivesย ย 
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ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœื“ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
16:27
which the arriving teachers didnโ€™t fully appreciate.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.
16:31
Well, I know which Iโ€™d rather do โ€“ sit in a classroom orย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืขืฉื•ืช - ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืื•
16:34
swim in a warm tropical lagoon!
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ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœื’ื•ื ื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื—ืžื™ืžื”!
16:37
Swimming, right? But then you wouldย never have learned about Lord Byronโ€ฆ
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื•ืจื“ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ...
16:41
Yes, in your quiz question you asked me about Lord Byron
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ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืฉืืœืช ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ืœื•ืจื“ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ
16:44
swimming the Hellespont, a stretch of water separating Europe from Asia.
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ืฉื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืœืกืคื•ื ื˜, ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืžื™ื ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืืกื™ื”.
16:49
I asked you in which countryย the Hellespont can be found.ย 
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช Hellespont.
16:52
Is it: a) Greece, b) Cyprus
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ื”ืื ื–ื”: ื) ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘) ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ
16:55
or c) Turkey? What did you say?
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ืื• ื’) ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”? ืžื” ืืžืจืช?
16:58
I said c) Turkey. Was I right?
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ืืžืจืชื™ ื’) ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”. ืฆื“ืงืชื™?
17:01
Yes, you were, Georgina! Theย Hellespont, also known asย 
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืช, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื ื”! ื”ืœืกืคื•ื ื˜, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื
17:04
the Straits of Dardanelles, isย a six-kilometre-wide stretchย 
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ื›ืžื™ืฆืจื™ ื”ื“ืจื“ื ืœื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื
17:08
of water in Turkey.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”.
17:10
Letโ€™s recap the vocabulary from this programme onย 
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื›ื ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื
17:13
swimming, which some peopleย informally call taking a dip.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ.
17:17
Someone who 'swims against the tide'ย refuses to do what everyone else is doing.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉ'ืฉื•ื—ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืจื' ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
17:22
In the past, swimming was considered 'immodest' -
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” 'ืœื ืฆื ื•ืขื”' -
17:25
shocking because it showed too much of the body.
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ืžื–ืขื–ืขืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
17:28
Another word for naked or notย wearing any clothes is 'nude'.
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ืžื™ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืขื™ืจื•ื ืื• ืœื ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื 'ืขื™ืจื•ื'.
17:33
Children who 'play hooky' stay awayย from school without permission.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉ'ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื”' ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืœื ืจืฉื•ืช.
17:37
And finally, if something isย 'frowned upon' itโ€™s disapproved of.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ืžืฉื”ื•ย 'ืžืชืขืžืขืžื™ื' ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจ.
17:42
Thatโ€™s all for our dive intoย the deep end of the vocabularyย 
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
17:45
of swimming. As weโ€™veย discovered, thereโ€™s plenty ofย 
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื”
17:48
idioms and expressionsย relating to swimming and water!
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ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ื!
17:52
And check us out on Facebook,ย Twitter, and Instagram.
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ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง,ย ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื•ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื.
17:55
Donโ€™t forget โ€“ we have an app too, which youย can download for free
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ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื— - ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื
17:58
from the app stores. We help you learn English on the move.
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ืžื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช. ืื ื• ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”.
18:03
Grammar, vocabulary, and interesting topics โ€“ we have them all!
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ื“ืงื“ื•ืง, ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื - ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ื•ืœื!
18:07
Visit our website! Get the app! Bye for now!
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ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•! ื”ื•ืจื“ ืืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”! ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
18:10
Goodbye!
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
18:17
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.ย 
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ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช BBC Learning English.
18:20
Iโ€™m Neil.
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
18:21
And Iโ€™m Sam.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื.
18:22
We all know that sport isย  great for our health - and ifย 
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• - ื•ืื
18:25
youโ€™re talented it can make you rich.
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ืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชืš ืœืขืฉื™ืจ.
18:28
Many great champions have found a wayย out of poverty through their sportingย ย 
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ืืœื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจืš ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื
18:33
ability โ€“ think of someone like footballer Maradona.
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- ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœืŸ ืžืจืื“ื•ื ื”.
18:36
But in todayโ€™s programme weโ€™re not looking at theย ย 
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ
18:38
superstars. Instead weโ€™ll discussย how sport can change the lives ofย 
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœ. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ
18:42
young people from some of the poorest,ย toughest backgrounds on earth.
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ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจืงืขื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช.
18:46
And, of course, weโ€™ll be
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
18:47
learning some new vocabulary on the way.
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ื ืœืžื“ ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš.
18:50
Many projects around the world use sportsย to change children'sโ€™ lives
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ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ย ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
18:54
- improving mental health, challenging stereotypesย and giving hope.
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- ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืžืืชื’ืจ ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ืย ื•ืžืชืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
18:58
Among them is the Ebony Club in Brixton which uses sport to help youngย people
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ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืงืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
19:03
in Londonโ€™s most disadvantaged communities โ€“ but which sport?
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ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ - ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืกืคื•ืจื˜?
19:07
Thatโ€™s my quiz question.
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
19:09
Is it: a) golf,
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ื”ืื ื–ื”: ื) ื’ื•ืœืฃ,
19:10
b) tennis or c) horse riding?
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ื‘) ื˜ื ื™ืก ืื• ื’) ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื?
19:12
Well, I canโ€™t imagine thereโ€™sย enough space for golf and horse riding in the city, so
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงื•ื ืœื’ื•ืœืฃ ื•ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืื–
19:17
Iโ€™ll say b) tennis.
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ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ื‘) ื˜ื ื™ืก.
19:19
OK, weโ€™ll find out the answer later.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื ื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:22
Just now we were talking about London but sporting projects like the Ebony Club
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ืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื•ื ื™
19:27
are happening all over the world. In Cape Town, South Africa, British surfer
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืงื™ื™ืคื˜ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™
19:32
Tim Conibear noticed how kids fromย poor townships hardly ever went to the beach.
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ื˜ื™ื ืงื•ื ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืœื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื™ื.
19:38
So, he startedย giving them free surfing lessons.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
19:42
Tim founded the โ€˜Waves for Changesโ€™ project and now hundreds of kids go alongย each week
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ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ 'Waves for Changes' ื•ื›ืขืช ืžืื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข
19:47
to get โ€œsurfing therapyโ€. Not only is surfing giving them a buzz,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ "ืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ื’ืœื™ืฉื”". ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืื–,
19:51
it's helping to improve their life chances.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
19:54
Here he is, talking to the BBC World Service programme People Fixing the World:
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช BBC World Service People Fixing the World:
20:00
Surfing also is quite difficult so youโ€™reย learning a very challenging skill, which
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ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ืื– ืืชื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืืชื’ืจืช,
20:05
takes a lot of confidence. And these very small successesย which children have when they
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ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื•ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”ย ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื
20:08
go into the water elicit a really big emotional response.ย If you come from a
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ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“. ืื ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืข
20:12
background of trauma quite often youโ€™ll have a negative self-image
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ืžืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™
20:15
and being able to try something new, achieve something new,
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ, ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ,
20:18
be recognised by a coach or a mentor is very very good for your confidence as well.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืืžืŸ ืื• ืžื ื˜ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš.
20:23
Most of the surfers haveย experienced trauma โ€“ emotionalย 
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” -
20:26
pain and shock caused byย very distressing experiences.
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ื›ืื‘ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืœื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
20:30
This has given them aย negative self-image โ€“ the wayย 
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ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ืย ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ โ€“ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื•
20:33
a person feels about themselves,ย their ability, personalityย 
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ืื“ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื•,ย ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•, ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช
20:38
and value.
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ื•ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•.
20:39
Surfing helps kids improveย their self-image because itโ€™sย ย 
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ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืฉืคืจย ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื™ ื–ื”
20:42
challenging - difficult in a way thatย tests your ability and determination.
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ืžืืชื’ืจ - ืงืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืง ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
20:47
So challenging, in fact,ย ย 
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืืชื’ืจ, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
20:48
that the children have a mentor โ€“a trusted advisor who gives helpย ย 
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ืฉืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื ื˜ื•ืจ โ€“ ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืขื–ืจื”
20:53
and support to a younger or less experienced person.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืกื”.
20:57
Tim believes that theย concentration needed to surf makesย 
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ื˜ื™ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื’ื•ืจื
21:00
the childrenโ€™s other problemsย disappear - at least for a short time.
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืœื - ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ.
21:04
And the results so far haveย been optimistic, with aย 
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ื”ย ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืขื
21:08
significant reduction inย violent behaviour reportedย 
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ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ื•ื—ื”
21:11
among Cape Townโ€™s young surfers.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ืคื˜ืื•ืŸ.
21:13
Surfing is quite well-knownย in South Africa. But whatย 
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ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืื‘ืœ ืžื”
21:16
happens when you take a completely unknown sportย 
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ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
21:19
into one of the leastย developed countries on earth?
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ืœืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืชย ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
21:21
In 2007, Australian Oliver Percovich was travelling
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007, ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ืคืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื˜ื™ื™ืœ
21:25
in Afghanistan with his skateboard. The children thereย 
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ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืขื ื”ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื“ ืฉืœื•. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื
21:29
were fascinated so he startedย showing them how to skate.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืงืกืžื™ื ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ื ืื™ืš ืžื—ืœื™ืงื™ื.
21:33
The idea grew and a few yearsย later he founded the organisationย ย 
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืžื— ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ
21:37
โ€˜Skateistanโ€™ giving free skateboardย lessons to children aged five to seventeen,ย ย 
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โ€˜Skateistanโ€™ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”,
21:42
with a focus on those with disabilities, fromย low-income backgrounds and
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ืขื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžืจืงืข ืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื”
21:46
especially, girls.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืช.
21:48
Hereโ€™s โ€˜Skateistanโ€™ volunteer,ย Jessica Faulkner, explaining how skateboarding reinforces positive educationalย 
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ื”ื ื” ืžืชื ื“ื‘ืช 'ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ', ื’'ืกื™ืงื” ืคื•ืงื ืจ, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื“ ืžื—ื–ืง ืžืกืจื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื
21:55
messages which Afghan kidsย donโ€™t always get at home.
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ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืคื’ื ื™ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
22:00
Thereโ€™s a few things that skateboarding doesย as a kind of function. It is really quiteย ย 
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื“ ืขื•ืฉื”ย ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื”. ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™
22:05
challenging โ€“ itโ€™s not an easy sport for anyoneย whether youโ€™re young or old.
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ืžืืชื’ืจ - ื–ื” ืœื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืงืœ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื• ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
22:08
And that means that it also teaches quite a lotย of life skills. You have to fallย 
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืœืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”ย ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืคื•ืœ
22:12
off a skateboard quite a lotย of times before you get betterย 
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ืžื”ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื“ ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืชืคืจ,
22:15
and it really helps children with things likeย goal setting
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื
22:18
and resilience and determination.
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ื•ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื•ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช.
22:20
Also, and really importantly, we do believe that children should have fun.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช.
22:25
Like surfing, skateboardingย is challenging and difficult.ย ย 
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ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื™ืฉื”, ื’ื ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื‘ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื•ืงืฉื”.
22:29
It requires effort and Jessica believes this teaches children important life skills
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืืžืฅ ื•ื’'ืกื™ืงื” ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
22:34
โ€“ the basic skills needed to solve problemsย commonly encountered in everyday life.
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- ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชย ืฉื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื.
22:39
One important life skillย is goal setting โ€“ decidingย 
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ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื - ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
22:43
what things you want to achieve and how you plan to achieve them.
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ืื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื.
22:47
Along with other skills likeย determination and resilience,ย 
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื•ย ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืŸ,
22:50
this helps kids improve their outlook on life.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
22:53
And to experience one of the most important things โ€“ having fun!
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ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื - ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช!
22:58
Which reminds me about theย kids at the Ebony Club andย 
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ืžื” ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืชย ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘-Ebony Club ื•ืืช
23:01
my quiz question.
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ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
23:03
Remember that I asked you which sport the club uses to support
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ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš
23:06
disadvantaged children in London.
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ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
23:08
Yes, and I said, b) tennis.
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ื›ืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, ื‘) ื˜ื ื™ืก.
23:11
But, in fact, itโ€™s c) horse riding - aย sport normally associated with the elite.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื’) ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื - ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื”.
23:16
In this episode, weโ€™ve beenย discussing how sport can helpย ย 
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ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื”, ื“ื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ
23:19
improve the life chances of youngย people from tough backgrounds,ย ย 
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ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืจืงืข ืงืฉื”, ืฉืจื‘ื™ื
23:23
many of whom have suffered trauma โ€“ severe emotional pain and distress.
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ืžื”ื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžื˜ืจืื•ืžื” - ื›ืื‘ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืžืฆื•ืงื”.
23:28
Such pain damages a childโ€™sย self-image โ€“ how they seeย 
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ื›ืื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ - ืื™ืš ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื
23:32
and value themselves in the world.
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ื•ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
23:34
This can be improved by taking partย in sports, like surfing, skating andย ย 
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืคืจ ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื™ืฉื”, ื”ื—ืœืงื” ื•ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ
23:38
horse riding, which are challenging โ€“demanding and testing of your abilities.
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ืกื•ืกื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื - ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
23:44
Often kids are supported by a mentor โ€“ a trusted,ย ย 
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื˜ื•ืจ - ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ,
23:47
more experienced friend whoย can offer help and advice.
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ืžื ื•ืกื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืขื–ืจื” ื•ืขืฆื•ืช.
23:50
And with this support they learn life skills โ€“ basic skillsย ย 
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ื•ืขื ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื - ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช
23:55
everyone needs to cope with everyday problems.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
23:58
One important skill is goalย setting โ€“ deciding what youย 
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ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื - ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ืืชื”
24:01
want to accomplish and planning how to do it.
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ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื•ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
24:04
And, of course, sometimes the most important goal is just to have fun!
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช!
24:09
Thatโ€™s all we have time for. Join us again soonย 
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•. ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘
24:12
as we discuss more topical issues. Bye for now!
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื!
24:14
Bye!
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ื‘ื™ื™!
24:21
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Neil.
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ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ื“ืงื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื ื™ืœ.
24:24
Hello. I'm Catherine.
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ืฉืœื•ื. ืื ื™ ืงืชืจื™ืŸ.
24:25
And if I say to you, Catherine,ย fortnight, what do you think of?
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš, ืงืชืจื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื” ืืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช?
24:29
Well, thatโ€™s easy, Neil. Aย fortnight is a period of two weeks.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืงืœ, ื ื™ืœ. ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื.
24:34
Well, fortnight, speltย f-o-r-t-n-i-g-h-t, is indeed a periodย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืกื™ืช ืค-ื•-ืจ-ืช-ื -ื™-ื’-ื”-ื˜, ื”ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื”
24:41
of two weeks. But Fortnite, speltย F-o-r-t-n-i-t-e, is an online computerย ย 
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ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ Fortnite, ื›ืชื™ื‘ F-o-r-t-n-i-t-e, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ
24:48
game that has become incredibly popular in a very short period of time.
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ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืชื•ืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“.
24:53
As well as popular, itโ€™sย also very competitive. Andย 
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™, ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™.
24:57
you're soon going to be ableย to make big money playingย 
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ื•ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
25:00
it and you can even hire peopleย to be your Fortnite coach.
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ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืืžืŸ ืฉืœืš ื‘-Fortnite.
25:04
Well, before we hear a littleย more about this topic, itโ€™s timeย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืฉืžืข ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ
25:08
for our quiz. These days we play computer games onย our phones,
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ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•. ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
25:13
we can hold them in our hands. In 1950, Bertie the Brain was the name of oneย of
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950, ื‘ืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“
25:19
the very first computer games. It played a simple game of noughtsย and crosses,
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ืžืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืง ืžืฉื—ืง ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื ื˜ื•ืฉื™ืย ื•ืฆืœื‘ื™ื,
25:22
also called tic-tac-toe. But how tall was this computer?
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ื”ื ืงืจื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืง-ื˜ืง-ื‘ื•ื”ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื–ื”?
25:27
Was itโ€ฆ a) one metre tall;
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ื”ืื ื–ื”... ื) ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“;
25:30
b) about four metres tall
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ื‘) ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื
25:33
or c) about ten metres tall?
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ืื• ื’) ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ื›ืขืฉืจื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื?
25:37
Well, if it was the 1950s, computers were huge, so Iโ€™m going to go for ten metres.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื ืงื™ื™ื, ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
25:43
OK. Well, weโ€™ll find out if youโ€™reย right at the end of the programme.ย ย 
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื’ืœื” ืื ืืชื”ย ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
25:47
eSports or computer games competitions are now aย thing. In some markets
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ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช eSport ืื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
25:52
they are huge and they are even discussing including them in the Olympicย Games.
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ื”ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœืชื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื.
25:56
Kyle Jackson is a 13-year-old gamer who's been asked to join a team.
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ืงื™ื™ืœ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื™ืžืจ ื‘ืŸ 13 ืฉื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
26:01
How longย does he say he's been playing video games?
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•?
26:05
Iโ€™ve played video games all my life, basically.ย I started playing competitively when I was
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ืฉื™ื—ืงืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™, ื‘ืขืฆื. ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฉื—ืง ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™
26:10
around nine or ten. I got into like Halo, Call of Duty,ย games like that. And I justโ€ฆ
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืฉืข ืื• ืขืฉืจ. ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• Halo, Call of Duty,ย ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ื•ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜...
26:17
I realised that I could probably like go to a pro (professional)ย level, if I keep playing
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืจืžื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช (ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช), ืื ืืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื—ืง
26:22
at the level I am
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืื ื™
26:23
He said that he's been playing computer games allย his life. Now that might be a little
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฆืช
26:29
exaggeration, but heโ€™s probably been playing them ever since he can remember.
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ืžื•ื’ื–ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื”ื ืžืื– ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
26:34
When he was nine or ten he started playing competitively, which means he started
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืชืฉืข ืื• ืขืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
26:39
playing inย competitions against other people.
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ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
26:42
He talks about a number of games that he got into. This is a good expression.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื”ื. ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
26:47
If you 'are into' something you are very interested in itย and to 'get into' something
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ืื ืืชื” 'ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ' ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ย ื•'ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื•' ืžืฉื”ื•
26:51
describes the process of becomingย interested in that thing.
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ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
26:55
In Kyle's case, it wasย computer games and he got soย 
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ืœ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš
26:59
good that he's thinking about playing atย a professional level. Doing something as aย ย 
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
27:04
professional means that it's more than a hobby or pastime.ย ย 
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ื›ืžืงืฆื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืื• ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™.
27:08
Itโ€™s something someone pays you to do because you are really good at it.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืœื ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื”.
27:13
George Yao is a former gaming champion who is now
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ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื™ืื• ื”ื•ื ืืœื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื
27:17
Director of Media of Team Secret. Team Secret are like a regular sports team.
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ืžื ื”ืœ Media of Team Secret. Team Secret ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
27:22
They have a group of players who play matches and competitions against
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“
27:26
other teams. Except these are not regular sports. These are eSports and they are
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืืœื ืฉืืœื• ืื™ื ื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืจื’ื™ืœ. ืืœื” ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื
27:31
bigย business. Hereโ€™s George Yao.
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ืขืกืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ื ื” ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื™ืื•.
27:34
Itโ€™s becoming a multi-billion-dollar industry:ย ย 
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื:
27:37
just games, production of games,ย publishing of games and theย 
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ืจืง ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ื”ืคืงืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื,ย ืคืจืกื•ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ืกืฆื ืช
27:41
eSports scene. So it's not just oneย thing now, itโ€™s a whole industry.
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ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™. ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื”.
27:47
So George Yao says thatย online gaming is becoming aย 
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ืื– ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื™ืื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื
27:50
multi-billion-dollar industry.ย We usually think of industry asย ย 
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ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื›ืžืคืขืœื™ื
27:55
factories and manufacturing. But itย can also apply to other areas as wellย ย 
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ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
28:00
that involve a lot of different elements that come together to make a business.
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ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืกืง.
28:05
Different elements that heย mentions as part of thisย 
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ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
28:08
industry are creating games,ย publishing games and the eSports scene.ย ย 
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืคืจืกื•ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ืกืฆื ืช ื”-eSports.
28:12
The word 'scene' here refers to the world of eSports: the events,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืกืฆื ื”' ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”-eSports: ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื,
28:16
the competitions and the players. And many peopleย want to be part of thatย 
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ื”ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื. ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ืย ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืฆื ื” ื”ื–ื•
28:20
scene. Right, now, letโ€™s get the answer to ourย ย 
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. ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
28:23
quiz question about the sizeย of that 1950s computer game.ย 
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ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื.
28:28
Was itโ€ฆ a) one metre tall; b) four metres tall orย c) ten metres tall?
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ื”ืื ื–ื”... ื) ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“; ื‘) ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื•ย ื’) ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื?
28:33
What did you say, Catherine?
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ืžื” ืืžืจืช, ืงืชืจื™ืŸ?
28:34
I went for ten metres, Neil.
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืขืฉืจื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื ื™ืœ.
28:35
Well, unfortunately it was four metres.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
28:39
Still quite big though โ€“ย  imagine you couldn't get thoseย 
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ - ืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžืš ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื
28:41
in your pocket, could you?
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ื‘ื›ื™ืก ืฉืœืš, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
28:42
I'd rather not! But I would likeย to review today's vocabulary.
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื! ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
28:46
We started off with the word forย ย 
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืขื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื”
28:48
a period of two weeks - a fortnight. But with aย ย 
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ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื - ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืขื
28:52
different spelling, Fortnite is also a very popular video game.
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ืื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”, Fortnite ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืžืื•ื“.
28:56
Multi-player video gameย competitions which people payย 
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ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื
29:00
to go and watch are known as eSports. Playing against other people is
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื eSports. ืœืฉื—ืง ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื–ื”
29:05
playing competitively.
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ืžืฉื—ืง ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™.
29:07
Do you like to play multi-playerย video games, Catherine?
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื, ืงืชืจื™ืŸ? ืืฃ ืคืขื
29:10
I've never really got intoย them even though I've tried one or two.
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืืœื™ื”ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
29:13
And that was oneย of our other expressions, 'to get into something'
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, 'ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฉื”ื•'
29:17
โ€“ to becomeย really interested in something.
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- ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช.
29:20
Same here, I enjoy playing aย little bit but I could never be a professional.
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ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื™ ื ื”ื ื” ืœืฉื—ืง ืงืฆืช ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขืŸ.
29:24
I couldnโ€™tย get paid to do it as a job.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
29:26
Of course not, youโ€™re alreadyย a professional broadcaster, Neil.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื, ืืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื“ืจืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ื ื™ืœ.
29:30
An area of business that is made upย of different parts can be described as an
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืืจ ืชื—ื•ื ืขืกืง ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
29:35
industry. The video game industry is a multi-billion-dollar business.
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ื›ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื™ื ืขืกืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
29:40
And we also talk about,ย 
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ,
29:42
for example, the fashionย industry and the movie industry.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข.
29:46
And finally there was theย word 'scene'. This noun is usedย 
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืกืฆื ื”'. ืฉื ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ
29:49
to describe the world of a particular activity.
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ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
29:53
So the eSport scene, forย example, is the world of eSports.ย 
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ืื– ืกืฆื ืช ื”-eSport, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื ื”-eSports.
29:58
The games, the teams, theย competition, the audiences.ย 
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืงื”ืœื™ื.
30:02
Itโ€™s all part of the scene.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืฆื ื”.
30:04
Well, thatโ€™s all from the 6ย Minute English scene today.ย 
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžื”ืกืฆื ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6ย ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
30:08
Do join us again, but if you canโ€™tย wait, you can find us on Facebook,ย ย 
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง,
30:12
Twitter, Instagram and YouTube, and of course
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ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
30:14
on our website bbclearningenglish.com. Thanks for joining us and goodbye.
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ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• bbclearningenglish.com. ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืืœื™ื ื• ื•ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช.
30:19
Goodbye!
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ื”ึฑื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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