The future of water - BBC Learning English

119,354 views ใƒป 2021-10-29

BBC Learning English


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุชุชู… ุชุฑุฌู…ุชู‡ุง ุขู„ูŠู‹ุง.

00:00
As pressure on our water supplies continues to build,
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ู…ุน ุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ุถุบุท ุนู„ู‰ ุฅู…ุฏุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุŒ
00:04
we'll show you how the law aims to protect people's human rights
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ุณู†ุจูŠู† ู„ูƒ ูƒูŠู ูŠู‡ุฏู ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ
00:09
and set up new frameworks for a new world.
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ูˆุฅู†ุดุงุก ุฃุทุฑ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู„ุนุงู„ู… ุฌุฏูŠุฏ.
00:13
What could the increasing demand for water do to society?
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ุทู„ุจ ุงู„ู…ุชุฒุงูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู„ู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุŸ
00:17
And how can the law help?
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ูˆูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠุณุงุนุฏุŸ
00:20
Plus โ€“ building for the future...
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ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ - ุงู„ุจู†ุงุก ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ...
00:23
how the law will provide support to vital technology.
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ูƒูŠู ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฏุนู… ู„ู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ. ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชูˆู‚ุน ุฃู† ุชุฒุฏุงุฏ
00:32
The need for water globally is expected to increase
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ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ ุจู†ุณุจุฉ
00:35
by 55% between 2000 and 2050.
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55ูช ุจูŠู† ุนุงู…ูŠ 2000 ูˆ 2050.
00:42
Much of the demand is driven by farming,
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ูˆุชู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ
00:45
which takes 70% of global freshwater use.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชู‡ู„ูƒ 70ูช ู…ู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุนุฐุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุทู„ุจ.
00:50
Food production will need to grow by 69% by 2035
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠู†ู…ูˆ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ุจู†ุณุจุฉ 69ูช ุจุญู„ูˆู„ ุนุงู… 2035
00:56
to feed the growing population.
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ู„ุฅุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชุฒุงูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูƒุงู†.
00:59
And the quality of our water is getting worse.
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ูˆู†ูˆุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุชุฒุฏุงุฏ ุณูˆุกุง.
01:03
Pollution from industry and the plastic we throw away
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ุงู„ุชู„ูˆุซ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ุจู„ุงุณุชูŠูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู†ู‡
01:07
are poisoning the limited amount we have.
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ูŠุณู…ู… ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุฏูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง.
01:11
All that could mean disagreements over water could get worse.
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ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูุงุช ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุฒุฏุงุฏ ุณูˆุกู‹ุง. ุณุฏ
01:17
The Grand Renaissance Dam on the River Nile:
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ุงู„ู†ู‡ุถุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู†ูŠู„:
01:20
Ethiopia built it to create electricity.
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ุจู†ุชู‡ ุฅุซูŠูˆุจูŠุง ู„ุชูˆู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก.
01:24
But downstream, Egyptians are worried
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ู…ุฌุฑู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฑ ุŒ ูŠุดุนุฑ ุงู„ู…ุตุฑูŠูˆู† ุจุงู„ู‚ู„ู‚ ู…ู† ุฃู†
01:27
it will cut their water supply
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ูŠู‚ุทุน ุฅู…ุฏุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุนู†ู‡ู…
01:30
and threaten the existence of their country.
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ูˆูŠู‡ุฏุฏ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจู„ุงุฏู‡ู….
01:35
This is the Mekong River:
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู†ู‡ุฑ ู…ูŠูƒูˆู†ุบ:
01:38
eleven dams sit on top of it as it passes through China.
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ุฃุญุฏ ุนุดุฑ ุณุฏู‹ุง ูŠุฌู„ุณ ููˆู‚ู‡ ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠู…ุฑ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุตูŠู†.
01:43
But some countries further down the river
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ู„ูƒู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุถูุงู ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฑ
01:46
have said they're worried China could use those dams
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ู‚ุงู„ุช ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฎุดู‰ ุฃู† ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุตูŠู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณุฏูˆุฏ
01:50
to cut their water supply.
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ู„ู‚ุทุน ุฅู…ุฏุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡.
01:53
And this is just the start.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูŠุณุช ุณูˆู‰ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ.
01:55
What can the law do to help with the future of water?
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ู„ู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ููŠ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ุŸ
02:00
We spoke with Francesco Sindico, from the University of Strathclyde,
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ุชุญุฏุซู†ุง ู…ุน ูุฑุงู†ุดูŠุณูƒูˆ ุณูŠู†ุฏูŠูƒูˆ ุŒ ู…ู† ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุณุชุฑุงุซูƒู„ุงูŠุฏ ุŒ
02:05
who explained why having a right to water
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃูˆุถุญ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุชู…ุชุน ุจุงู„ุญู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰
02:08
doesn't mean free water in the future.
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ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„.
02:11
Everybody has a human right to water,
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ู„ูƒู„ ูุฑุฏ ุญู‚ ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุŒ
02:15
so countries do have to do something.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุชุนูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุฃู† ุชูุนู„ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ู…ุง.
02:18
But, let's be careful โ€“ human right to water
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ู„ูƒู† ุŒ ู„ู†ูƒู† ุญุฐุฑูŠู† - ุญู‚ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก
02:21
doesn't mean 'water free for everybody'.
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ู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ "ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน".
02:24
What it means is that the countries have to do everything they can
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ู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชุนูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุจุฐู„ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ููŠ ูˆุณุนู‡ุง
02:29
to give affordable water โ€“ access to water โ€“
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ู„ุชูˆููŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุจุฃุณุนุงุฑ ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ุฉ - ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ -
02:33
to all their people.
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ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุดุนูˆุจู‡ุง.
02:35
The human right to water only means
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ุญู‚ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูู‚ุท ุฃู†ู‡
02:38
countries have to give affordable access to water,
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ูŠุชุนูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุชูˆููŠุฑ ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุจุฃุณุนุงุฑ ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ุŒ
02:42
not free water for everyone.
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน.
02:44
He explained one part of international law
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ูˆุดุฑุญ ุฌุฒุกู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ
02:47
which helps look after the world's future.
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ูŠุณุงุนุฏ ููŠ ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
02:50
International law has a rule called the No Harm Rule,
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ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ู„ู‡ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุฅุถุฑุงุฑ ุŒ
02:56
which says that you cannot do an activity
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุต ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู†ุดุงุท
03:00
that will cause significant damage to your neighbouring country,
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ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุชุณุจุจ ููŠ ุฃุถุฑุงุฑ ุฌุณูŠู…ุฉ ู„ุจู„ุฏูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงูˆุฑ ุŒ
03:05
and that applies also water.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠู†ุทุจู‚ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡.
03:08
But one thing is very important: you don't only have surface water,
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู‡ู… ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ: ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุณุทุญูŠุฉ ูุญุณุจ ุŒ ุจู„
03:13
you also have groundwater
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ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุฌูˆููŠุฉ ุŒ
03:15
and it's much more difficult to see when that is being polluted
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ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู„ูˆุซุฉ
03:20
or when it's being overexploited.
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ุฃูˆ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชู… ุงุณุชุบู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ูุฑุท. ู…ู†
03:22
States are meant to follow the 'No Harm Rule',
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ุงู„ู…ูุชุฑุถ ุฃู† ุชุชุจุน ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ "ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุฅุถุฑุงุฑ" ุŒ
03:26
which is a principle of international law
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ
03:29
which stops countries harming others โ€“
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ูŠู…ู†ุน ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ู…ู† ุฅูŠุฐุงุก ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† -
03:32
and that includes water supplies.
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ูˆูŠุดู…ู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅู…ุฏุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡.
03:36
Does he think that โ€“ and other current laws โ€“ are enough?
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ู‡ู„ ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† - ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ - ูƒุงููŠุฉุŸ
03:40
International law has to harden their approach
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠุดุฏุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ู†ู‡ุฌู‡ู…
03:46
to our human right to water
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ุชุฌุงู‡ ุญู‚ู†ุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡
03:48
and especially the relationship between water and climate change,
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ูˆุฎุงุตุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎ ุŒ
03:55
because that's really where the future generations have more to lose โ€“
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ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณุชุฎุณุฑ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌูŠุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ -
03:59
but also to gain if international law goes in the right direction.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุณุชูƒุณุจ ุฅุฐุง ุณุงุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ.
04:04
Francesco wants water and climate change laws
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ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ูุฑุงู†ุดูŠุณูƒูˆ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ูˆุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎ
04:08
to be more connected and to be tougher in the future.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงุฑุชุจุงุทู‹ุง ูˆุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุตุฑุงู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„.
04:13
But won't small countries always come off worse
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ู„ูƒู† ุฃู„ู† ุชุฃุชูŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฏุงุฆู…ู‹ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณูˆุฃ
04:16
when it comes to these disputes?
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุฒุงุนุงุชุŸ
04:19
This is where we slip from international law
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ู†ุฒู„ู‚ ููŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ
04:22
to international politics,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุŒ
04:24
so clearly a smaller state will have less power
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุตุบุฑ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ุง ุณู„ุทุฉ ุฃู‚ู„
04:29
to enforce a decision of an international court.
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ู„ูุฑุถ ู‚ุฑุงุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉ.
04:33
However, no country, however big,
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ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุŒ ู…ู‡ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุŒ
04:37
likes to see its name tarnished
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ุชุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง ู…ู„ุทุฎู‹ุง
04:40
by having violated the law.
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ุจุงู†ุชู‡ุงูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†.
04:44
When it comes to court cases,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจู‚ุถุงูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุญุงูƒู… ุŒ
04:47
big countries might have more power
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ู‚ุฏ ุชุชู…ุชุน ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ ุจุณู„ุทุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑ
04:50
but they don't want to get a reputation for breaking international laws.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุงูƒุชุณุงุจ ุณู…ุนุฉ ู„ุฎุฑู‚ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉ.
04:56
The 'No Harm' principle protects our future access to water,
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ู…ุจุฏุฃ "ู„ุง ุถุฑุฑ" ูŠุญู…ูŠ ูˆุตูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุŒ
05:00
but Francesco said the law might need to be made stronger in the future.
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ู„ูƒู† ูุฑุงู†ุดูŠุณูƒูˆ ู‚ุงู„ ุฅู† ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ู‚ุฏ ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ูŠุตุจุญ ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„.
05:06
So, in the future how can the law help people
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠุณุงุนุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„
05:10
on the hunt for ever more water?
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ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ุŸ
05:13
A city that's sinking:
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ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุชุบุฑู‚:
05:16
this is Jakarta, capital of Indonesia.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฌุงูƒุฑุชุง ุŒ ุนุงุตู…ุฉ ุฅู†ุฏูˆู†ูŠุณูŠุง. ู…ู†
05:20
It's hard to imagine, but parts of Jakarta
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ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุชุฎูŠู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุฌุงูƒุฑุชุง
05:23
are dropping by 25cm a year.
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ุชู†ุฎูุถ ุจู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ 25 ุณู… ุณู†ูˆูŠู‹ุง.
05:28
So much water has been taken from the ground under the city,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุชุญุช ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุŒ
05:32
that the surface is collapsing into the space it leaves behind.
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ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ุณุทุญ ูŠู†ู‡ุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชุฑูƒู‡ ูˆุฑุงุกู‡.
05:37
Can the law stop this happening in other growing cities?
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ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠูˆู‚ู ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุซ ููŠ ู…ุฏู† ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุชู†ุงู…ูŠุฉุŸ
05:42
Here's another solution:
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ุฅู„ูŠูƒ ุญู„ ุขุฎุฑ:
05:45
there's something like a billion trillion litres of water on Earth.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุง ูŠุนุงุฏู„ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุชุฑูŠู„ูŠูˆู† ู„ุชุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
05:50
Most of that is salty sea water, which you can't drink.
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ู…ุนุธู…ู‡ุง ู…ุงุก ุจุญุฑ ู…ุงู„ุญ ุŒ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุดุฑุจู‡.
05:54
But this is a desalinisation plant,
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุญุทุฉ ู„ุชุญู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡
05:57
which makes seawater drinkable.
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ุชุฌุนู„ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุตุงู„ุญุฉ ู„ู„ุดุฑุจ.
06:00
This technology is still expensive,
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ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุจุงู‡ุธุฉ ุงู„ุซู…ู† ุŒ
06:03
but technology improves all the time.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุชุชุญุณู† ุทูˆุงู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
06:06
The challenge for the law might be
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูˆุงุฌู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ู‡ูˆ
06:08
making sure that countries with water
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ุงู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡
06:11
share it fairly with those who need it most.
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ุชุดุงุฑูƒู‡ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงุฏู„ ู…ุน ู…ู† ู‡ู… ููŠ ุฃู…ุณ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง.
06:16
To find out how the law could be used to share this,
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ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุŒ
06:19
and any other new technology,
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ูˆุฃูŠ ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŒ
06:22
we spoke to Mark Zeitoun,
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ุชุญุฏุซู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุงุฑูƒ ุฒูŠุชูˆู† ุŒ
06:25
Professor of Water Security and Policy
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ุฃุณุชุงุฐ ุงู„ุฃู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฆูŠ ูˆุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุฉ
06:28
at the University of East Anglia in the UK.
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ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุฅูŠุณุช ุฃู†ุฌู„ูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ.
06:31
He wasn't sure countries could be forced to share.
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฅุฌุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ.
06:34
I don't think international water law could ever be enforced to that degree,
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ู„ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุทุจูŠู‚ู‡ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุŒ
06:38
but I would certainly like to see more fair water sharing.
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุฃุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุชู‚ุงุณู… ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุนุงุฏู„.
06:42
I think that comes about through soft law:
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู„ุฒู…:
06:45
through persuasion and through diplomacy, rather than enforcement.
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฅู‚ู†ุงุน ูˆุงู„ุฏุจู„ูˆู…ุงุณูŠุฉ ุŒ ุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ูุงุฐ.
06:49
I think that's where we should lay our hopes.
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ุถุน ููŠู‡ ุขู…ุงู„ู†ุง.
06:52
He thinks diplomacy and talks will be used to share water;
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ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุณูŠุชู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุฏุจู„ูˆู…ุงุณูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุงุฏุซุงุช ู„ุชู‚ุงุณู… ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡.
06:56
it would be too hard to legally force countries to do so.
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ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุฅุฌุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
07:00
What about stopping countries
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ู…ู†ุน ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ู…ู†
07:03
drying out their own ground, like in Jakarta?
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ุชุฌููŠู ุฃุฑุงุถูŠู‡ุง ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ููŠ ุฌุงูƒุฑุชุงุŸ
07:06
If the boreholes are tapping into water
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุขุจุงุฑ ุชุณุชุบู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡
07:08
that's only within that country, then international water law has no bearing.
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ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุฏุงุฎู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ ูู‚ุท ุŒ ูู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ุฃูŠ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ.
07:12
A country has the right to do what it wants to
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ูŠุญู‚ ู„ุฃูŠ ุจู„ุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูุนู„ ู…ุง ูŠุดุงุก
07:16
with the water resources that are strictly within its territorial limits.
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ุจู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ุน ุถู…ู† ุญุฏูˆุฏู‡ ุงู„ุฅู‚ู„ูŠู…ูŠุฉ.
07:22
But if those boreholes take water from an aquifer,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุขุจุงุฑ ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู…ู† ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุฌูˆููŠุฉ ุŒ
07:26
or the groundwater from across the border,
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุฌูˆููŠุฉ ู…ู† ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุŒ
07:29
then international water law certainly could... can be of help.
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ูู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุคูƒุฏ ุฃู† ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ... ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ููŠุฏู‹ุง.
07:32
If water is taken across national borders,
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ุฅุฐุง ุชู… ุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ
07:36
international law could help,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ุฃู† ูŠุณุงุนุฏ ุŒ
07:38
but if a country is only using water from within its territory,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู…ู† ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฃุฑุงุถูŠู‡ุง ูู‚ุท ุŒ
07:43
other countries can't stop them.
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ูู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฅูŠู‚ุงูู‡ุง.
07:45
Looking to the future, what laws could help us
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ุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุŒ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ููŠ
07:49
ย  share the water we do have?
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ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุงุŸ
07:51
So, international water law is not perfect,
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุซุงู„ูŠู‹ุง ุŒ
07:54
but I think it's the least worst measure of fairness that's out there.
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู„ู„ุนุฏุงู„ุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ.
07:58
I don't think that any new institution has to be set up
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ู„ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฌุจ ุฅู†ุดุงุก ุฃูŠ ู…ุคุณุณุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ
08:02
to try to govern international water conflicts,
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ู„ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุญูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุฒุงุนุงุช ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุŒ
08:05
you know, in Latin America, or in Asia or in the Middle East.
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู… ุŒ ููŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุงู„ู„ุงุชูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุขุณูŠุง ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุดุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃูˆุณุท.
08:09
He doesn't think any new institution or group needs to be set up:
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ู„ุง ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅู†ุดุงุก ุฃูŠ ู…ุคุณุณุฉ ุฃูˆ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ:
08:14
international law is good enough to handle conflicts.
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ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ุฌูŠุฏ ุจู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ู„ู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุฒุงุนุงุช. ู„ู‚ุฏ
08:17
We've seen that there aren't many international laws that
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ุฑุฃูŠู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ
08:21
directly make sure the future of our water supplies are safe.
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ุชุถู…ู† ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ุฃู† ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุฅู…ุฏุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุขู…ู†.
08:26
However, the international laws that we do have,
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ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุŒ
08:29
such as the right to water and the No Harm principle,
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆู…ุจุฏุฃ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุฅุถุฑุงุฑ ุŒ
08:33
should be strong enough, with work,
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ุจู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ุŒ ู…ุน ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุŒ
08:36
to protect us all.
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ู„ุญู…ุงูŠุชู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนู‹ุง.
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7