The future of water - BBC Learning English

118,695 views ใƒป 2021-10-29

BBC Learning English


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ. ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

00:00
As pressure on our water supplies continues to build,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืชื—,
00:04
we'll show you how the law aims to protect people's human rights
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ื ืจืื” ืœืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
00:09
and set up new frameworks for a new world.
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ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ.
00:13
What could the increasing demand for water do to society?
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ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื”?
00:17
And how can the law help?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ?
00:20
Plus โ€“ building for the future...
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ - ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“...
00:23
how the law will provide support to vital technology.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกืคืง ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
00:32
The need for water globally is expected to increase
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ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช
00:35
by 55% between 2000 and 2050.
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ื‘-55% ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2000 ืœ-2050.
00:42
Much of the demand is driven by farming,
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ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืžื•ื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
00:45
which takes 70% of global freshwater use.
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ืืฉืจ ืœื•ืงื—ืช 70% ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:50
Food production will need to grow by 69% by 2035
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘-69% ืขื“ 2035
00:56
to feed the growing population.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื”.
00:59
And the quality of our water is getting worse.
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ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืจื”.
01:03
Pollution from industry and the plastic we throw away
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉืื ื• ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื
01:07
are poisoning the limited amount we have.
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ืžืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
01:11
All that could mean disagreements over water could get worse.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ืกื›ืจ
01:17
The Grand Renaissance Dam on the River Nile:
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ื”ืจื ืกื ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก:
01:20
Ethiopia built it to create electricity.
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ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ื ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
01:24
But downstream, Egyptians are worried
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื–ืจื, ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื
01:27
it will cut their water supply
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืฆืฅ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
01:30
and threaten the existence of their country.
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ื•ื™ืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื.
01:35
This is the Mekong River:
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื’:
01:38
eleven dams sit on top of it as it passes through China.
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ืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืกื›ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
01:43
But some countries further down the river
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื ื”ืจ
01:46
have said they're worried China could use those dams
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ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ืฉืกื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื›ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:50
to cut their water supply.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:53
And this is just the start.
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ื•ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
01:55
What can the law do to help with the future of water?
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ืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ื?
02:00
We spoke with Francesco Sindico, from the University of Strathclyde,
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ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ืขื ืคืจื ืฆ'ืกืงื• ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืงื•, ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ืจื˜ืงืœื™ื™ื“,
02:05
who explained why having a right to water
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ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื
02:08
doesn't mean free water in the future.
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ืื™ื ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
02:11
Everybody has a human right to water,
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื“ื ืœืžื™ื,
02:15
so countries do have to do something.
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ืื– ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
02:18
But, let's be careful โ€“ human right to water
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ื–ื”ืจ - ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืžื™ื
02:21
doesn't mean 'water free for everybody'.
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ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” 'ืžื™ื ืœืœื ืžื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื'.
02:24
What it means is that the countries have to do everything they can
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ
02:29
to give affordable water โ€“ access to water โ€“
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื - ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ื -
02:33
to all their people.
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ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ืŸ.
02:35
The human right to water only means
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ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืžื™ื ืจืง ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
02:38
countries have to give affordable access to water,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืชืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ,
02:42
not free water for everyone.
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ืœื ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืœื›ื•ืœื.
02:44
He explained one part of international law
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
02:47
which helps look after the world's future.
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:50
International law has a rule called the No Harm Rule,
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ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ืฉื ืงืจื No Harm Rule,
02:56
which says that you cannot do an activity
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช
03:00
that will cause significant damage to your neighbouring country,
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ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉื›ื ื”,
03:05
and that applies also water.
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื.
03:08
But one thing is very important: you don't only have surface water,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“: ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืœื ืจืง ืžื™ื ืขื™ืœื™ื™ื,
03:13
you also have groundwater
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื’ื ืžื™ ืชื”ื•ื
03:15
and it's much more difficult to see when that is being polluted
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืชื™ ื”ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื
03:20
or when it's being overexploited.
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ืื• ืžืชื™ ื”ื ืžื ื•ืฆืœื™ื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
03:22
States are meant to follow the 'No Harm Rule',
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื™ 'ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง',
03:26
which is a principle of international law
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
03:29
which stops countries harming others โ€“
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ืฉืขื•ืฆืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื -
03:32
and that includes water supplies.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื.
03:36
Does he think that โ€“ and other current laws โ€“ are enough?
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ื”ืื ืœื“ืขืชื• ื–ื” - ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื - ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื?
03:40
International law has to harden their approach
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื— ืืช ื’ื™ืฉืชื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช
03:46
to our human right to water
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ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื™ื
03:48
and especially the relationship between water and climate change,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
03:55
because that's really where the future generations have more to lose โ€“
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ -
03:59
but also to gain if international law goes in the right direction.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืœืš ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:04
Francesco wants water and climate change laws
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ืคืจื ืฆ'ืกืงื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
04:08
to be more connected and to be tougher in the future.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
04:13
But won't small countries always come off worse
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื—ืžื™ืจื•
04:16
when it comes to these disputes?
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?
04:19
This is where we slip from international law
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ืงื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
04:22
to international politics,
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ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
04:24
so clearly a smaller state will have less power
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—
04:29
to enforce a decision of an international court.
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ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ โ€‹โ€‹ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
04:33
However, no country, however big,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื”ื™ื”, ืœื
04:37
likes to see its name tarnished
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ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉืžื” ืžื•ื›ืชื
04:40
by having violated the law.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืง.
04:44
When it comes to court cases,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ ืžืฉืคื˜,
04:47
big countries might have more power
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื—
04:50
but they don't want to get a reputation for breaking international laws.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
04:56
The 'No Harm' principle protects our future access to water,
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ืขืงืจื•ืŸ 'ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง' ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื™ื,
05:00
but Francesco said the law might need to be made stronger in the future.
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ืืš ืคืจื ืฆ'ืกืงื• ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
05:06
So, in the future how can the law help people
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ืื–, ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
05:10
on the hunt for ever more water?
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ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื?
05:13
A city that's sinking:
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ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืงืขืช:
05:16
this is Jakarta, capital of Indonesia.
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ื–ื• ื’'ืงืจื˜ื”, ื‘ื™ืจืช ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”.
05:20
It's hard to imagine, but parts of Jakarta
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ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื’'ืงืจื˜ื”
05:23
are dropping by 25cm a year.
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ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘-25 ืก"ืž ื‘ืฉื ื”. ื›ืœ
05:28
So much water has been taken from the ground under the city,
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ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื ืœืงื—ื• ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื™ืจ,
05:32
that the surface is collapsing into the space it leaves behind.
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ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ืงื•ืจืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•. ื”ืื
05:37
Can the law stop this happening in other growing cities?
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช?
05:42
Here's another solution:
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ:
05:45
there's something like a billion trillion litres of water on Earth.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:50
Most of that is salty sea water, which you can't drink.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืžื™ ื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื, ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืช.
05:54
But this is a desalinisation plant,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืชืคืœื”,
05:57
which makes seawater drinkable.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื”.
06:00
This technology is still expensive,
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืงืจื”,
06:03
but technology improves all the time.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืคืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:06
The challenge for the law might be
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
06:08
making sure that countries with water
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ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ื
06:11
share it fairly with those who need it most.
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ื™ื—ืœืงื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ืขื ืืœื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื.
06:16
To find out how the law could be used to share this,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื–ื”,
06:19
and any other new technology,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช,
06:22
we spoke to Mark Zeitoun,
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ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ืขื ืžืืจืง ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ,
06:25
Professor of Water Security and Policy
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช
06:28
at the University of East Anglia in the UK.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
06:31
He wasn't sure countries could be forced to share.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืง.
06:34
I don't think international water law could ever be enforced to that degree,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืจืžื” ื›ื–ื•,
06:38
but I would certainly like to see more fair water sharing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:42
I think that comes about through soft law:
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืง ืจืš:
06:45
through persuasion and through diplomacy, rather than enforcement.
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื•ื“ืจืš ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื”, ื•ืœื ืื›ื™ืคื”.
06:49
I think that's where we should lay our hopes.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ืชืงื•ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
06:52
He thinks diplomacy and talks will be used to share water;
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืžืฉื• ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžื™ื;
06:56
it would be too hard to legally force countries to do so.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™.
07:00
What about stopping countries
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
07:03
drying out their own ground, like in Jakarta?
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ืœื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’'ืงืจื˜ื”?
07:06
If the boreholes are tapping into water
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ืื ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื™ื
07:08
that's only within that country, then international water law has no bearing.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืื– ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ.
07:12
A country has the right to do what it wants to
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื”
07:16
with the water resources that are strictly within its territorial limits.
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ืขื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
07:22
But if those boreholes take water from an aquifer,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžื™ื ืžืืงื•ื•ื™ืคืจ,
07:26
or the groundwater from across the border,
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ืื• ืžื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ,
07:29
then international water law certainly could... can be of help.
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ืื– ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ... ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื–ืจ.
07:32
If water is taken across national borders,
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ืื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ืœืงื—ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
07:36
international law could help,
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ,
07:38
but if a country is only using water from within its territory,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื˜ื—ื”,
07:43
other countries can't stop them.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.
07:45
Looking to the future, what laws could help us
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ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืขืชื™ื“, ืื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•
07:49
ย  share the water we do have?
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ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•?
07:51
So, international water law is not perfect,
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ืื–, ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉืœื,
07:54
but I think it's the least worst measure of fairness that's out there.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžื“ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืข ืœื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ื.
07:58
I don't think that any new institution has to be set up
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ ื—ื“ืฉ
08:02
to try to govern international water conflicts,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
08:05
you know, in Latin America, or in Asia or in the Middle East.
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ืื• ื‘ืืกื™ื” ืื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:09
He doesn't think any new institution or group needs to be set up:
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื“ืฉื”:
08:14
international law is good enough to handle conflicts.
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื.
08:17
We've seen that there aren't many international laws that
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
08:21
directly make sure the future of our water supplies are safe.
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ืฉืžื•ื•ื“ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
08:26
However, the international laws that we do have,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•,
08:29
such as the right to water and the No Harm principle,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”-No Harm,
08:33
should be strong enough, with work,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
08:36
to protect us all.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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