Does Working Hard Really Make You a Good Person? | Azim Shariff | TED

423,872 views ・ 2023-05-16

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:04
Imagine for a second that your job was made redundant
0
4251
3169
想像一下,
一款先進的軟體讓你的工作 變成是多餘的,
00:07
by an advanced piece of software
1
7420
2086
00:09
that could do the work at the same level of quality for free.
2
9506
4129
它做這項工作的品質跟你一樣好,
還是免費的。
00:14
But you happen to have three years left on a guaranteed contract,
3
14803
3545
但你的保障合約 剛好還要三年才到期,
00:18
and so your employer gives you two options.
4
18390
2127
所以你的雇主給你兩個選項。
00:21
Either you can keep getting paid as per your contract, but stay home
5
21393
4045
你可以按照合約繼續領薪水,
但待在家裡,讓軟體來做你的工作,
00:25
as the software does your job,
6
25480
2711
00:28
or you can keep going in and doing the work
7
28191
3128
或者你可以繼續上班,做那份工作,
00:31
that could have been automated
8
31319
1543
領一樣的薪水,去做可以 自動化不用你做的工作。
00:32
for the same money.
9
32904
1543
00:34
What would you do?
10
34447
1252
你會選哪個?
00:35
Now most of you, I'm sure this is a no-brainer.
11
35699
3670
我相信大部分人會覺得 用膝蓋想也知道。
00:39
Take the money, go home, watch TED talks.
12
39369
3420
接受這薪水,回家去, 看 TED 演說。
00:42
(Laughter)
13
42831
1418
(笑聲)
00:44
But there's always some who would choose to keep working.
14
44249
2878
但總會有些人選擇繼續工作。
00:47
What do you think of those people?
15
47168
2044
你怎麼看待那些人?
00:49
What does it say about their character?
16
49254
2586
這代表他們有什麼樣的品格?
00:52
This is the scenario about a hypothetical medical scribe named Jeff
17
52882
4422
這是我們提供給我們的研究 受試者的情境,情境中的主角
00:57
that we gave to our research participants.
18
57345
2253
是虛構的醫療抄寫員傑夫。
01:00
For half the people in the study,
19
60056
1585
一半的研究受試者看到 最後傑夫選擇回家的版本,
01:01
the story ends with Jeff choosing to go home,
20
61641
2169
01:03
and for the other half it ends with him choosing to keep working.
21
63810
3462
另一半則看到傑夫 選擇繼續工作的版本。
01:07
And then we asked everybody what they thought of Jeff.
22
67731
3253
接著我們問所有受試者 對於傑夫的看法。
01:11
Those who heard about the Jeff who kept working
23
71484
2878
聽到傑夫會續工作的受試者
01:14
saw him as less competent --
24
74404
3253
認為他能力比較差——
01:17
he does seem like a bit of a chump --
25
77699
2461
他確實看起來有點呆——
01:20
(Laughter)
26
80160
1251
(笑聲)
01:21
but they also saw him as warmer and more moral,
27
81453
3420
但他們認為傑夫 比較溫暖且講究道德,
01:24
somebody who could be trusted to do the right thing.
28
84914
2670
可以相信傑夫會做對的事。
01:27
They saw him as a good person.
29
87584
2461
他們認為傑夫是好人。
01:30
Even though Jeff added no extra value,
30
90712
3253
即使傑夫沒有增加任何額外的價值,
01:34
people saw him as virtuous for choosing to keep plugging away.
31
94007
3253
大家認為他選擇繼續工作 是出於高尚的動機。
01:38
Why is it that we see mere effort as moral?
32
98261
3545
為什麼我們會把 單純的努力視為道德行為?
01:42
I am a psychology professor at the University of British Columbia,
33
102515
3212
我是英屬哥倫比亞大學的心理學 教授,我在那裡研究道德。
01:45
where I study morality.
34
105727
1251
我研究過宗教與道德,
01:47
I've worked on religion and morality,
35
107020
2294
01:49
I've worked on driverless cars and morality,
36
109356
2627
研究過無人駕駛汽車與道德,
01:51
but recently my collaborators and I have been working on work itself.
37
111983
3837
但最近,我和我的合作夥伴 在研究的是工作本身。
01:56
And in study after study, we find that people attach moral worth to effort
38
116196
4921
每次研究我們都發現,大家會 把道德價值和努力連結在一起,
02:01
regardless of what that effort produces.
39
121159
2169
不論那努力會產生什麼結果。
02:03
So in another study, we asked people about two widget makers.
40
123912
4379
所以我們又做了一個研究,
問試受者關於兩名 小機件製作工人的事。
02:08
They produce the same number of widgets in the same amount of time
41
128291
3379
在同樣的時間內,他們 製作出的小機件數量相同。
02:11
at the same level of quality.
42
131711
1752
品質也一樣。
02:13
But for one of them, it takes a lot more effort to do so.
43
133463
3086
但其中一人要花更多心力 才能做到這個程度。
02:16
People see that harder-working widget maker as, again,
44
136925
4004
受試者這樣看待工作 比較努力的那名工人:
02:20
less competent but again, more moral.
45
140970
3671
同樣的,能力比較差,
也同樣的,比較講究道德。
02:24
And if you had to choose just one of those two as a cooperation partner,
46
144683
4671
如果你要從兩人當中 選擇一位當你的合作夥伴,
02:29
you would choose the one who struggles.
47
149396
2460
你會選比較辛苦的那位。
02:33
We call this effort moralization.
48
153108
2836
我們稱之為「努力的道德化」。
02:36
And it doesn't appear to just be a North American thing.
49
156528
3295
它不是只在北美才有的現象。
02:39
Work norms, of course, differ around the world,
50
159864
2628
當然,世界各地的工作規範不同,
02:42
but we replicated our original American result in South Korea,
51
162534
4754
我們在南韓也做了同樣的 研究,結果和美國相同,
02:47
which is known by the numbers
52
167330
1585
眾所皆知,根據數據, 南韓是 OECD 中
02:48
to be one of the hardest-working countries in the OECD,
53
168957
3378
最努力工作的國家之一。
02:52
and in France, which is known for other strengths.
54
172377
4046
在法國,該國的長處……不是努力。
02:56
(Laughter)
55
176464
2461
(笑聲)
02:58
In all of these places,
56
178925
1919
在所有這些地方,
03:00
the harder-working person was seen as more moral
57
180885
3254
比較努力的人都被認為 是比較講究道德的人,
03:04
and a better cooperation partner,
58
184139
1918
也是比較好的合作夥伴,
03:06
even though they added no extra value.
59
186057
2544
即使他們無法協助增加價值。
03:09
And it looks like this is something broader than, say,
60
189144
2544
這個現象看起來是比,比如, 新教工作倫理更廣泛。
03:11
the Protestant work ethic.
61
191730
1543
03:13
Even the Hadza people,
62
193565
1543
就連哈扎人,
03:15
hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, show something like it.
63
195150
3336
坦尚尼亞的獵人—採集者, 也呈現出類似的現象。
03:19
When asked what qualities contribute to good character,
64
199028
2878
被問到良好的品格 應該具有哪些特質時,
03:21
they didn't agree on very much, but they did agree on two things.
65
201948
3337
他們的看法沒有太多相同之處, 但有兩點是相同的:
03:25
Generosity and hard work.
66
205326
2586
寬宏大量,以及努力工作。
03:28
So this intuitive connection between effort and morality
67
208913
3295
很直覺就把努力和道德連結起來,
03:32
doesn't appear to be the quirk of any one culture,
68
212250
3378
似乎不是某種文化的才有的怪癖,
03:35
but potentially something very deep indeed.
69
215670
2920
可能是種非常深刻的連結。
03:39
Now effort moralization makes sense at the individual level.
70
219424
4296
在個人層面上, 努力的道德化是很合理的。
03:44
Somebody who is willing to show that they will put effort
71
224012
2919
如果一個人願意展現出
即使沒意義的工作任務, 他也會努力去做,
03:46
into even meaningless tasks,
72
226931
2419
03:49
maybe even especially into meaningless tasks,
73
229392
2336
或他都只努力在做 沒意義的工作任務,
03:51
is somebody who's more likely to help you out.
74
231770
2877
這樣的人比較有可能 會幫助你解決問題。
03:55
So I have a friend from work, Paul.
75
235064
3337
我在職場有個朋友叫保羅,
03:59
Paul is an uncommonly charismatic man.
76
239027
3253
保羅是個非常有魅力的人。
04:02
Paul wears stylish pairs of raw denim jeans
77
242280
3712
保羅會穿時尚的丹寧牛仔褲,
04:05
and Paul buys expensive bars of soap,
78
245992
2753
保羅會購買昂貴的香皂,
04:08
60-dollar bars of soap.
79
248787
1668
一塊要價六十美金的香皂。
04:11
And Paul is one of those types who wakes up every morning
80
251372
2711
且保羅是那種每天早上 起床就會去跑步的人。
04:14
and goes running.
81
254083
1210
04:15
And when I first heard this,
82
255835
1377
我第一次聽到這些時, 馬上翻白眼,覺得這是那種
04:17
I sort of rolled my eyes at this being one of those Mr. Perfect things.
83
257253
4421
「完美先生」的事情。
04:21
Actually, Dr. Perfect in this case.
84
261716
2461
事實上,在這個例子 還是「完美博士」。
04:24
(Laughter)
85
264177
1168
(笑聲)
04:25
But then one day I saw Paul on one of his morning runs,
86
265386
3462
但,有一天,我看到保羅在晨跑,
04:28
and instead of seeing a sleek, type-A personality
87
268890
3003
看到的不是時髦、
有著追求成功的個性, 自信滿滿地過生活的人,
04:31
confidently striding through life,
88
271935
2419
04:34
I saw Paul struggling, in an inelegant hobble
89
274395
5005
我看到的保羅很掙扎,
步履蹣跚十分不雅,
04:39
(Laughter)
90
279442
1001
(笑聲)
04:40
with a grotesque grimace of something between annoyance and agony on his face.
91
280443
6298
臉上有種介於煩惱
和痛苦之間的怪異表情。
04:47
Running was hard for him.
92
287283
2378
對他而言,跑步很辛苦。
04:50
Every morning was effort,
93
290119
2878
每天早上都要很努力,
而願意每一天起床 都去做這件事的人,
04:53
and the person who was willing to wake up for that, day after day,
94
293039
3212
04:56
is the kind of person you want in your corner.
95
296251
2460
是你會希望和你同隊的人。
04:59
And Paul is in mine.
96
299337
1293
而保羅在我這一隊。
05:01
He's not just the inspiration behind some of the studies in this research,
97
301047
3504
他不僅是這項計畫中 一些研究背後的靈感來源,
05:04
he is a collaborator on them as well.
98
304551
1793
也是這些研究的合作夥伴。
05:06
And he's a good man.
99
306803
1418
他是個好人。
05:09
The truth is, we're all in the market
100
309097
2544
事實是,我們都在
05:11
for finding the best collaborators in life.
101
311641
2961
尋找人生中最佳的合作夥伴。
05:14
And we're trying to show others that we are that person as well.
102
314602
3045
我們也在向別人展示, 我們就是那個人。
05:18
The evolutionary psychologists call this partner choice.
103
318314
3546
演化心理學家稱之為伴侶選擇。
05:22
Just as we are trying to be and select the best romantic partners,
104
322402
3879
就如同我們會試著成為 和選擇最佳的愛情伴侶,
05:26
we are also trying to be and select the best cooperation partners.
105
326322
3754
我們也會試著成為 和選擇最佳的合作夥伴。
05:30
We're all trying to surround ourselves
106
330743
1836
我們都試著讓自己身邊能圍繞著 會在困境中協助我們的人,
05:32
with people who will help us out in a pinch,
107
332620
2544
05:35
who won't slack off, who will share things fairly.
108
335206
3253
不會偷懶的人, 會公平分享事物的人。
05:39
And as a result,
109
339002
1167
因此,只要是讓你能成為 更佳合作夥伴的特質,
05:40
any quality which makes you a better cooperation partner,
110
340211
3837
05:44
say, generosity or self-control or hard work,
111
344090
5047
比如:寬宏大量、 自制力,或努力做事,
05:49
is seen as a moral quality.
112
349178
1961
就會被視為是道德特質。
05:51
And so we have this simple heuristic:
113
351931
1877
於是我們有了這個簡單的啟發: 努力做事的人是好人。
05:53
people who work hard are good.
114
353808
2377
05:57
It's why you're more likely to donate to your friend
115
357061
2670
這就是為什麼你比較可能捐錢給
承諾要為癌症研究跑馬拉松的朋友,
05:59
who pledges to run a marathon for cancer research,
116
359731
3461
06:03
than your other friend who pledges to watch a "Sex in the City" marathon
117
363234
3420
而不是承諾要為癌症研究看 《慾望城市》馬拉松的朋友。
06:06
for the same cause.
118
366654
1210
06:07
(Laughter)
119
367906
1209
(笑聲)
06:09
But what makes sense at the individual level
120
369657
2378
但,雖然這在個人層面上是合理的,
06:12
can still become very problematic when scaled up to the societal level.
121
372035
3587
把規模拉到社會層面時 仍可變得很有問題。
06:16
Our intuition that effort is good for its own sake,
122
376039
4170
我們直覺認為努力本身就是好的,
06:20
regardless of what it produces,
123
380251
2419
不論產生什麼結果都好,
06:22
has created a work environment with perverse incentives.
124
382712
3462
這樣反而會創造出有著 反常激勵誘因的工作環境。
06:26
So when we start attaching worth to activity
125
386633
3920
所以,當我們把 有沒有價值與活動連結
06:30
rather than to productivity,
126
390595
2210
而非與生產力連結,
06:32
we start caring more about whether somebody is a hard worker
127
392847
3670
我們就會開始比較在乎 別人是否努力做事,
06:36
than whatever it is that that work was supposed to achieve.
128
396559
2961
而非他做的事應該要達成什麼目標。
06:39
And this can come at a very steep human cost.
129
399562
3253
這可能會造成很高的人力成本。
06:42
So you'll remember our example of Jeff,
130
402857
2503
各位還記得傑夫的例子嗎, 那位醫療抄寫員,
06:45
the medical scribe who chose to throw his time into the volcano
131
405401
3254
他選擇將他的時間投入火山中, 當作獻給努力之神的祭品。
06:48
as a sacrifice to the gods of hard work.
132
408696
2753
06:51
That was just a contrived scenario.
133
411866
2336
那只是個虛構的情境。
06:54
But how many Jeffs are out there,
134
414661
2544
但外頭有多少個傑夫?
06:57
taking time that could have been spent on love or on leisure
135
417205
4254
把本來可以花在愛或樂趣上的時間
07:01
and spending it on signaling effort?
136
421459
2461
花在展示自己的努力上?
07:03
And how often are we Jeff,
137
423920
2544
我們又有多常扮演傑夫?
07:06
wearing workaholism as a badge of honor,
138
426464
2669
把工作狂當作榮譽獎章配戴著,
07:09
a way to reassure people that we are a good person,
139
429133
4338
用這種方式來向別人 保證我們是好人,
07:13
even if the person you're just trying to reassure is yourself?
140
433513
3336
即使需要這個保證的 其實只是你自己?
07:17
The anthropologist David Graeber wondered
141
437642
3253
人類學家大衛‧葛雷伯想知道
07:20
how capitalism could sustain so many of what he bluntly called bullshit jobs.
142
440937
5213
資本主義如何能維持 這麼多他直言不諱的
「狗屁工作」。
07:26
These are jobs in which even the people doing the work see it as pointless,
143
446943
4171
做這些工作的當事人 都認為他們的工作無意義,
07:31
accomplishing nothing of societal worth.
144
451155
2211
不會成就任何社會價值。
07:34
A capitalistic system should root out those inefficiencies,
145
454242
4212
資本主義體系應該排除那些低效,
07:38
but it doesn't.
146
458454
1210
但卻沒有。
07:39
And the reason it doesn't is because alongside capitalism,
147
459998
3670
沒有的原因是因為,除了資本主義,
07:43
we also operate under another system.
148
463710
2627
我們也在另一個體系下運作:
07:46
What the journalist Derek Thompson calls workism.
149
466796
3378
新聞記者德瑞克‧湯普遜 稱之為「工作主義」。
07:51
Workism is about your job not just being the source of your paycheck,
150
471009
4587
工作主義的重點是,你的工作 不僅是你的薪水來源,
07:55
but the source of your identity
151
475638
1502
也是你的身分來源,
07:57
and your pathway to self-actualization.
152
477140
2794
以及讓你自我實現的途徑。
08:00
Now that works for some people,
153
480935
2127
對某些人行得通,
08:03
but what makes workism a culture is that we all get forced to participate.
154
483104
5047
但工作主義之所以會成為一種文化,
是因為我們都被迫參與。
夥伴的選擇不只是要 成為好的合作夥伴,
08:09
Partner choice is not just about being a good cooperation partner,
155
489027
3503
08:12
but a better cooperation partner than the next guy.
156
492530
3212
還要成為比別人更好的合作夥伴。
08:15
Not just hard working, but harder working.
157
495742
3253
不只是要努力工作, 還要更努力工作。
08:20
And this can create these arms races of workism.
158
500121
2878
這會導致工作主義的軍備競賽。
08:23
So you can imagine two office workers,
159
503499
1877
各位可以想像兩位在辦公室 工作者都渴望展現自己的勤奮,
08:25
both keen to show how industrious they are,
160
505376
2378
08:27
both keen to be the first car in the parking lot in the morning.
161
507795
4380
都想搶著成為早上 第一個進辦公室的人。
08:32
And so they start one-upping each other by arriving earlier and earlier
162
512175
3503
他們開始互相競爭, 早上越來越早抵達。
08:35
and earlier in the morning.
163
515678
1418
08:37
And everybody else just seems like more of a slacker every day.
164
517638
3295
所有其他人則看起來 每天都更懶散一些。
08:41
The culture punishes us for not keeping up.
165
521768
3378
我們如果不跟進, 這種文化就會懲罰我們。
08:45
And so we end up putting more and more in
166
525146
2336
我們最後就會投入更多更多,
08:47
regardless of what comes out the other side.
167
527523
2253
不論會產生出什麼樣的結果。
08:50
And the culture maintains the most laborious aspects of our jobs
168
530193
5005
這種文化保有我們工作中 最辛苦的一面,
08:55
because it most appreciates us when it sees us putting in that labor.
169
535239
4338
因為當它看到我們付出 辛勞時才會最欣賞我們。
08:59
And as a consequence, every other aspect of our job
170
539619
3170
結果就是,我們工作的其他面向,
09:02
and our lives, however great,
171
542789
3128
以及我們的生活,不論有多棒,
09:05
is made just a little less important.
172
545958
2086
都變得比較沒那麼重要了。
09:08
Now, this is not an argument against hard work.
173
548711
3170
這個論點並不是要反對 努力工作。並不是。
09:11
It's not.
174
551923
1126
在有目標的情況下, 努力工作是非常有意義的。
09:13
Hard work can be extremely meaningful when it serves a purpose.
175
553091
3461
09:16
Hard work built civilization.
176
556594
2669
文明的建造就是靠努力工作。
09:20
But how much of the effort we spend now is done to build nothing
177
560098
3837
但我們現在付出的多少努力只是在
09:23
but our own moral reputations.
178
563976
2086
建造我們自己的道德名聲?
09:26
To just convince other people that we are hard workers.
179
566104
3420
只是在說服別人, 我們是努力工作的人?
09:30
And how much of what we admire in others is just effort porn?
180
570399
4380
而我們對別人的仰慕, 有多少成份只是對努力的迷戀?
09:36
In one of his more candid moments,
181
576197
2127
我的一位研究生有次 很坦率地說,他注意到
09:38
one of my graduate students said that he noticed
182
578324
2961
09:41
I would send emails out at all hours of the day,
183
581327
3128
我會在一天的任何時段 發送電子郵件:
09:44
1 am, 2 am, 3 am.
184
584497
2336
早上一點、早上兩點、早上三點。
09:47
Now, this was because being a professor allowed me to maintain
185
587458
3712
這是因為,身為教授讓我可以維持
09:51
an adolescent sleep schedule deep into my 30s.
186
591212
3170
青少年的睡眠時間表, 一直到我將近四十歲。
09:54
(Laughter)
187
594382
1793
(笑聲)
09:56
But what he then did was he got some app
188
596217
3086
但他接下來的做法是去找某個 app,
09:59
which scheduled his replies to come to me at one or two in the morning
189
599345
4505
將他的回信排程到早上 一、兩點才寄出給我,
10:03
so as to make it seem like he was also working all hours of the day.
190
603850
3753
讓他看起來也是 一整天隨時都在工作。
10:08
I'd clearly sent the wrong message,
191
608146
1876
很明顯我傳遞了錯誤的訊息,
10:10
so much so that my student was willing to delay the work
192
610064
3462
甚至讓我的學生願意拖延工作,
10:13
to make it seem like he was more industrious.
193
613526
2169
讓他看起來顯得更勤奮。
10:15
It was literally bullshit work.
194
615736
2169
這真的是狗屁工作。
10:18
I had to change my lab's culture.
195
618656
2586
我得改變我的實驗室裡的文化。
10:21
I had to convince my students
196
621284
2168
我得說服我的學生,
10:23
that we weren't just about the show of work,
197
623452
2795
我們不只是要展現出工作,
10:26
but what we were actually producing.
198
626289
1835
還要關注我們實際的產出。
10:28
And it's not such a simple thing to do.
199
628708
2586
這不是件簡單的事。
10:31
The mental circuit that connects effort to morality can be a stubborn one.
200
631836
5839
將努力和道德連結在一起的心理迴路
有可能十分固執。
10:38
When I teach about psychological biases to my intro-psych students,
201
638092
3378
當我教我的心理學入門課學生 什麼是心理偏見時,
10:41
I tell them that you can't always learn to resist a bias,
202
641512
3087
我告訴他們,你不見得 都能學會抗拒偏見,
10:44
they can be very deeply ingrained,
203
644640
2628
偏見可能根深蒂固,
10:47
but you can learn to notice them
204
647268
2377
但你可以學會注意到偏見的存在,
10:49
so that you can account for them when making important decisions.
205
649645
3087
在做重要決策時,可以考量到它們。
10:52
We may not be able to break that mental circuit,
206
652732
3170
我們可能無法打破那種心理迴路,
10:55
but we can learn to recognize our biases so they don't run our lives.
207
655943
4672
但我們可以學習辨識我們的偏見,
不讓它們主導我們的人生。
11:01
There is a story, almost certainly apocryphal,
208
661157
4046
有個故事,幾乎可以肯定是虛構的,
11:05
about perverse incentives in the era of British rule in India.
209
665203
3628
講的是英國統治印度時期的 反常激勵誘因。
11:09
Desperate to deal with the cobras that were overrunning colonial Delhi,
210
669624
4588
因為急著要處理在殖民地 德里四處橫行的眼鏡蛇,
11:14
a bounty was put up
211
674212
1334
政府設立了賞金,
11:15
for every cobra skin that was brought in.
212
675546
2169
每張眼鏡蛇皮都可以換取獎金。
11:17
But the plan backfired
213
677757
1209
但這個計畫產生了反效果, 因為有事業心的印度人開始
11:18
because enterprising Indians started breeding more cobras to kill them,
214
678966
4588
飼養更多眼鏡蛇,再宰殺牠們,
11:23
bring in the skins and collect the bounty.
215
683554
2086
拿蛇皮去換獎金。
11:25
And when the government finally abandoned the plan,
216
685640
2460
根據這個故事,當政府 最終放棄這個計畫時,
11:28
as the story goes,
217
688100
1460
11:29
the breeders then released the cobras into the city
218
689602
2753
飼養者把眼鏡蛇放生到城市中,
11:32
and the snake problem was worse than ever.
219
692355
2252
蛇的問題就比先前更嚴重了。
11:35
Oops.
220
695316
1168
哎呀。
11:36
(Laughter)
221
696484
1293
(笑聲)
11:37
The plan went awry because of the distance between what they wanted,
222
697777
3920
這個計畫會出差錯, 是因為他們想要的目標,
11:41
which was fewer cobras,
223
701739
2085
即減少眼鏡蛇數目的目標 和他們的索求之間,相差很大,
11:43
and what they asked for,
224
703866
1502
11:45
which was an imperfect signal of fewer cobras,
225
705368
2752
他們的索求是減少 眼鏡蛇數目的不完美信號,
11:48
dead cobras.
226
708120
1168
死的眼鏡蛇。
11:50
But I fear we've done something very real
227
710289
4129
但恐怕我們已經
在工作上做出了非常真實 且非常類似的事。
11:54
and very similar with work.
228
714460
2127
11:57
We have built a culture that asks for the wrong thing.
229
717838
3295
我們所建立的文化, 索求的方向錯誤。
12:01
If all we ask from each other is the effort that we put in,
230
721717
3921
如果我們對彼此的要求 都只是要投入努力,
12:05
we will create a world full of effort and of hard labor and of cobras.
231
725638
5589
我們創造出來的世界, 會有滿滿的努力、
辛勞,以及眼鏡蛇。
12:12
But if what we ask from each other is to produce something meaningful,
232
732144
4755
但如果我們對彼此的要求
是產生出有意義的結果,
12:16
we will create a world full of meaning.
233
736941
2794
我們會創造出滿是意義的世界。
12:20
And what could be more moral than that?
234
740278
2669
有什麼比那更道德呢?
12:22
Thank you.
235
742989
1167
謝謝。
12:24
(Applause)
236
744156
2837
(掌聲)
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7