Does Working Hard Really Make You a Good Person? | Azim Shariff | TED

397,135 views ใƒป 2023-05-16

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: HYONJU KIM ๊ฒ€ํ† : Rachel Park
00:04
Imagine for a second that your job was made redundant
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด๊ณ  ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:07
by an advanced piece of software
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ผ์„ ๊ณต์งœ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”
00:09
that could do the work at the same level of quality for free.
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์ง„๋ณด๋œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:14
But you happen to have three years left on a guaranteed contract,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋œ 3๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋” ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
00:18
and so your employer gives you two options.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ํƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
Either you can keep getting paid as per your contract, but stay home
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ด‰์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ์ง‘์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ณ 
00:25
as the software does your job,
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์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ง์žฅ์— ๊ณ„์† ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ
00:28
or you can keep going in and doing the work
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00:31
that could have been automated
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์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์ง์ ‘ ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:32
for the same money.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๋ด‰์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:34
What would you do?
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:35
Now most of you, I'm sure this is a no-brainer.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
Take the money, go home, watch TED talks.
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๋ˆ์€ ์ฑ™๊ธฐ๊ณ , ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ํ…Œ๋“œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
00:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:44
But there's always some who would choose to keep working.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์† ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ชฝ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
What do you think of those people?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:49
What does it say about their character?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์–ด๋–จ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:52
This is the scenario about a hypothetical medical scribe named Jeff
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๊ธฐ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”
00:57
that we gave to our research participants.
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์ œํ”„๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
For half the people in the study,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”,
01:01
the story ends with Jeff choosing to go home,
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์ œํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:03
and for the other half it ends with him choosing to keep working.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ œํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
And then we asked everybody what they thought of Jeff.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ œํ”„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
Those who heard about the Jeff who kept working
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์ œํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
01:14
saw him as less competent --
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์ œํ”„๋Š” ์œ ๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:17
he does seem like a bit of a chump --
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:21
but they also saw him as warmer and more moral,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ œํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๋•์ ์ด๊ณ ,
01:24
somebody who could be trusted to do the right thing.
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์˜ณ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์„๋งŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
They saw him as a good person.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
Even though Jeff added no extra value,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ผ์„ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์„ ํ…Œ์ง€๋งŒ
01:34
people saw him as virtuous for choosing to keep plugging away.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ชฝ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋„๋•์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
Why is it that we see mere effort as moral?
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ๋„๋•์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:42
I am a psychology professor at the University of British Columbia,
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์ €๋Š” British Columbia ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ
01:45
where I study morality.
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๋„๋•์„ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
I've worked on religion and morality,
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์ €๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์™€ ๋„๋•์„ฑ,
01:49
I've worked on driverless cars and morality,
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๋ฌด์ธ์ž๋™์ฐจ์™€ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์™”์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:51
but recently my collaborators and I have been working on work itself.
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ €์™€ ๊ณต๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์€ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
And in study after study, we find that people attach moral worth to effort
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์„์ง€์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด
02:01
regardless of what that effort produces.
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๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋„๋•์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
So in another study, we asked people about two widget makers.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
๋‘๋ช…์˜ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
They produce the same number of widgets in the same amount of time
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์ด ๋‘˜์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์—
02:11
at the same level of quality.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜, ๊ฐ™์€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ์†Œํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
But for one of them, it takes a lot more effort to do so.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์€, ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
People see that harder-working widget maker as, again,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„
02:20
less competent but again, more moral.
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๋œ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋” ๋„๋•์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
And if you had to choose just one of those two as a cooperation partner,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด ๋‘˜ ์ค‘์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:29
you would choose the one who struggles.
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์•„๋งˆ ํž˜๊ฒน๊ฒŒ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
We call this effort moralization.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋„๋•ํ™”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
And it doesn't appear to just be a North American thing.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Work norms, of course, differ around the world,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
02:42
but we replicated our original American result in South Korea,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ, OECD ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ค‘์—
02:47
which is known by the numbers
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ
02:48
to be one of the hardest-working countries in the OECD,
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ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
and in France, which is known for other strengths.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ๋„์š”.
02:56
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:58
In all of these places,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ,
03:00
the harder-working person was seen as more moral
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์ผ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
03:04
and a better cooperation partner,
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๋” ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„
03:06
even though they added no extra value.
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๋” ๋„๋•์ ์ด๊ณ , ํ•ฉ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
And it looks like this is something broader than, say,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒญ๊ต๋„์  ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
03:11
the Protestant work ethic.
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๋” ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Even the Hadza people,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ์—์„œ๋„,
03:15
hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, show something like it.
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
When asked what qualities contribute to good character,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž์งˆ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
03:21
they didn't agree on very much, but they did agree on two things.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
03:25
Generosity and hard work.
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๋„ˆ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์›€๊ณผ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
So this intuitive connection between effort and morality
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๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์˜ ์ง๊ด€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์€
03:32
doesn't appear to be the quirk of any one culture,
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ํŠน์ • ๋ฌธํ™”์—๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
03:35
but potentially something very deep indeed.
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์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
Now effort moralization makes sense at the individual level.
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์ด์ œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋„๋•ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
Somebody who is willing to show that they will put effort
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ผ์—๋„,
03:46
into even meaningless tasks,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ผ์—๋„,
03:49
maybe even especially into meaningless tasks,
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๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
03:51
is somebody who's more likely to help you out.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋„์šธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
So I have a friend from work, Paul.
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์ €์˜ ์ง์žฅ๋™๋ฃŒ ํด์€
03:59
Paul is an uncommonly charismatic man.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
Paul wears stylish pairs of raw denim jeans
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ํด์€ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œํ•œ ์ƒ์ง€ ๋ฐ๋‹˜ ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ 
04:05
and Paul buys expensive bars of soap,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์‹ผ, 6๋งŒ ์›์งœ๋ฆฌ
04:08
60-dollar bars of soap.
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๋น„๋ˆ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
And Paul is one of those types who wakes up every morning
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํด์€ ๋งค์ผ ์•„์นจ ์ผ์ฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜
04:14
and goes running.
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์กฐ๊น…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘์— ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด์ฃ .
04:15
And when I first heard this,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
04:17
I sort of rolled my eyes at this being one of those Mr. Perfect things.
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์™„๋ฒฝ๋‚จ์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข€ ์งœ์ฆ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
04:21
Actually, Dr. Perfect in this case.
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์•„๋‹ˆ, ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜์ด ๋” ๋งž๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
04:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:25
But then one day I saw Paul on one of his morning runs,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š๋‚  ํด์ด ์กฐ๊น…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
and instead of seeing a sleek, type-A personality
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚ ๋ ตํ•˜๊ณ , ์™„๋ฒฝ์ฃผ์˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ,
04:31
confidently striding through life,
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์ž์‹ ๊ฐ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์„ฑํผ์„ฑํผ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต ๋Œ€์‹ ,
04:34
I saw Paul struggling, in an inelegant hobble
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์šฐ์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋š๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํž˜๊ฒจ์›Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:40
with a grotesque grimace of something between annoyance and agony on his face.
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์งœ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ทนํ•œ์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต ์‚ฌ์ด ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€, ์ž”๋œฉ ์ฐก๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
Running was hard for him.
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๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ํž˜๋“  ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
Every morning was effort,
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๋งค์ผ ์•„์นจ์ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ,
04:53
and the person who was willing to wake up for that, day after day,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งค์ผ๋งค์ผ ์กฐ๊น…์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ,
04:56
is the kind of person you want in your corner.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์˜†์— ๋‘ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
And Paul is in mine.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํด์€ ์ €์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
He's not just the inspiration behind some of the studies in this research,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
05:04
he is a collaborator on them as well.
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ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
And he's a good man.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
The truth is, we're all in the market
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ
05:11
for finding the best collaborators in life.
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
And we're trying to show others that we are that person as well.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
The evolutionary psychologists call this partner choice.
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์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์  ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ์„ ํƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งˆ์น˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์—ฐ์ธ์ด ๋˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:22
Just as we are trying to be and select the best romantic partners,
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๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
05:26
we are also trying to be and select the best cooperation partners.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ ,
๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
We're all trying to surround ourselves
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„
05:32
with people who will help us out in a pinch,
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๊ณค๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋„์™€์ค„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
05:35
who won't slack off, who will share things fairly.
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๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฆ„์„ ํ”ผ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ์ฑ„์šฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
And as a result,
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ,
05:40
any quality which makes you a better cooperation partner,
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๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ž์งˆ,
05:44
say, generosity or self-control or hard work,
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•จ, ์ž์ œ๋ ฅ, ๋˜๋Š” ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์งˆ์€
05:49
is seen as a moral quality.
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๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์ž์งˆ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
And so we have this simple heuristic:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํœด๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
people who work hard are good.
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์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข‹์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค.
05:57
It's why you're more likely to donate to your friend
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ, โ€˜์„น์Šค ์•ค ๋” ์‹œํ‹ฐโ€™๋ฅผ ์ •์ฃผํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•ฝ์†ํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค,
05:59
who pledges to run a marathon for cancer research,
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์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์„  ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค์„ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ 
06:03
than your other friend who pledges to watch a "Sex in the City" marathon
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์•ฝ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ
06:06
for the same cause.
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๋” ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:09
But what makes sense at the individual level
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
06:12
can still become very problematic when scaled up to the societal level.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋  ๋•Œ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
Our intuition that effort is good for its own sake,
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๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋“ ,
06:20
regardless of what it produces,
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๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง๊ด€์€
06:22
has created a work environment with perverse incentives.
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๋น„๋šค์–ด์ง„ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž‘์—… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
So when we start attaching worth to activity
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
06:30
rather than to productivity,
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ํ™œ๋™์— ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ,
06:32
we start caring more about whether somebody is a hard worker
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“ ๊ฐ„์—
๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
06:36
than whatever it is that that work was supposed to achieve.
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๋” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
And this can come at a very steep human cost.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ธ์  ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
So you'll remember our example of Jeff,
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
06:45
the medical scribe who chose to throw his time into the volcano
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โ€˜์—ด ์ผโ€™์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ™”์‚ฐ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๊ธฐ,
06:48
as a sacrifice to the gods of hard work.
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์ œํ”„์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
That was just a contrived scenario.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊พธ๋ฉฐ๋‚ธ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
But how many Jeffs are out there,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์— ์“ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋“ค์„
06:57
taking time that could have been spent on love or on leisure
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์จ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š”
07:01
and spending it on signaling effort?
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์ œํ”„๋“ค์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:03
And how often are we Jeff,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ ์ œํ”„๋“ค์€
07:06
wearing workaholism as a badge of honor,
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์›Œ์ปคํ™€๋ฆญ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ 
07:09
a way to reassure people that we are a good person,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์ข‹์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์•ˆ์‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:13
even if the person you're just trying to reassure is yourself?
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์•ˆ์‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹น์‹  ์ž์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด์š”?
07:17
The anthropologist David Graeber wondered
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฒ„๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€
07:20
how capitalism could sustain so many of what he bluntly called bullshit jobs.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ โ€œํ—ˆํŠผ ์ผโ€œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€์†์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
These are jobs in which even the people doing the work see it as pointless,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ,
07:31
accomplishing nothing of societal worth.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
A capitalistic system should root out those inefficiencies,
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทผ์ ˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ,
07:38
but it doesn't.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
And the reason it doesn't is because alongside capitalism,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด
07:43
we also operate under another system.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
What the journalist Derek Thompson calls workism.
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์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐ๋ฆญ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์›Œํ‚ค์ฆ˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
Workism is about your job not just being the source of your paycheck,
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์›Œํ‚ค์ฆ˜์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ผ์ด ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ์˜ ์›์ฒœ์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
07:55
but the source of your identity
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ
07:57
and your pathway to self-actualization.
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์ž์•„ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
Now that works for some people,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:03
but what makes workism a culture is that we all get forced to participate.
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์›Œํ‚ค์ฆ˜์„ ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
Partner choice is not just about being a good cooperation partner,
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ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ์„ ํƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ข‹์€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
08:12
but a better cooperation partner than the next guy.
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์˜†์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
Not just hard working, but harder working.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋” ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์›Œํ‚ค์ฆ˜์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
And this can create these arms races of workism.
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08:23
So you can imagine two office workers,
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๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์›์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:25
both keen to show how industrious they are,
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ง€๋Ÿฐํ•œ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
both keen to be the first car in the parking lot in the morning.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์•„์นจ์— ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์— ์ œ์ผ ๋จผ์ € ์ฃผ์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
And so they start one-upping each other by arriving earlier and earlier
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„์นจ์— ๋” ์ผ์ฐ, ๋” ์ผ์ฐ ๋„์ฐฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
08:35
and earlier in the morning.
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์”ฉ ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
And everybody else just seems like more of a slacker every day.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋” ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฆ„๋ฑ…์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
The culture punishes us for not keeping up.
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์ด ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒŒ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
And so we end up putting more and more in
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
08:47
regardless of what comes out the other side.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
And the culture maintains the most laborious aspects of our jobs
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํž˜๋“  ๋ฉด์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
because it most appreciates us when it sees us putting in that labor.
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์ด ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํž˜๋“  ์ผ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
And as a consequence, every other aspect of our job
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ๊ณผ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์ด
09:02
and our lives, however great,
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์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•ด๋„,
09:05
is made just a little less important.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
Now, this is not an argument against hard work.
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์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
It's not.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:13
Hard work can be extremely meaningful when it serves a purpose.
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์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
Hard work built civilization.
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๊ทผ๋ฉด์ด ๋ฌธ๋ช…์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
But how much of the effort we spend now is done to build nothing
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋„๋•์  ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์Œ“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
09:23
but our own moral reputations.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
09:26
To just convince other people that we are hard workers.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์‹คํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
And how much of what we admire in others is just effort porn?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์กด๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘
์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
09:36
In one of his more candid moments,
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์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด,
09:38
one of my graduate students said that he noticed
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์ €์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด
09:41
I would send emails out at all hours of the day,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ 1์‹œ, 2์‹œ, 3์‹œ์— ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
09:44
1 am, 2 am, 3 am.
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์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
Now, this was because being a professor allowed me to maintain
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ•  ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ 30๋Œ€๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์–ด๋„
09:51
an adolescent sleep schedule deep into my 30s.
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์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:56
But what he then did was he got some app
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ ํ•œ๋‘์‹œ์— ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ต์žฅ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋„๋ก ์˜ˆ์•ฝ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
09:59
which scheduled his replies to come to me at one or two in the morning
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์–ดํ”Œ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์šด ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
so as to make it seem like he was also working all hours of the day.
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๊ทธ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:08
I'd clearly sent the wrong message,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
so much so that my student was willing to delay the work
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์ œ ํ•™์ƒ์€ ๋” ๊ทผ๋ฉดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:13
to make it seem like he was more industrious.
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๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ์ผ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
It was literally bullshit work.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
I had to change my lab's culture.
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
I had to convince my students
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
that we weren't just about the show of work,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ์ด ๊ทธ์ € ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‡ผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
10:26
but what we were actually producing.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:28
And it's not such a simple thing to do.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
The mental circuit that connects effort to morality can be a stubborn one.
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๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋„๋•์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์  ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
When I teach about psychological biases to my intro-psych students,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ์ž…๋ฌธํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น  ๋•Œ,
10:41
I tell them that you can't always learn to resist a bias,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ณ ,
10:44
they can be very deeply ingrained,
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ•ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
10:47
but you can learn to notice them
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
10:49
so that you can account for them when making important decisions.
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
We may not be able to break that mental circuit,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ •์‹ ์  ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊นฐ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
but we can learn to recognize our biases so they don't run our lives.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ 
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
There is a story, almost certainly apocryphal,
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์ถœ์ฒ˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
11:05
about perverse incentives in the era of British rule in India.
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์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ์ด ํ†ต์น˜ํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋ถ€ํŒจํ•œ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
Desperate to deal with the cobras that were overrunning colonial Delhi,
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์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ธŒ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
11:14
a bounty was put up
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ฝ”๋ธŒ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
11:15
for every cobra skin that was brought in.
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ํ˜„์ƒ๊ธˆ์ด ๋‚ด๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
But the plan backfired
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์—ญํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
because enterprising Indians started breeding more cobras to kill them,
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์‚ฌ์—…์ ์ธ ์ธ๋„์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ฝ”๋ธŒ๋ผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ์„ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
11:23
bring in the skins and collect the bounty.
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๋งŽ์€ ์ฝ”๋ธŒ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
And when the government finally abandoned the plan,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๊ทธ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
11:28
as the story goes,
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด,
11:29
the breeders then released the cobras into the city
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์‚ฌ์œก์ž๋“ค์€ ์ฝ”๋ธŒ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋„์‹œ์— ํ’€์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ 
11:32
and the snake problem was worse than ever.
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๋ฑ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
Oops.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ,
11:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:37
The plan went awry because of the distance between what they wanted,
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๊ทธ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ธ ์ฝ”๋ธŒ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€
11:41
which was fewer cobras,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์š”์ฒญํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ ์ฝ”๋ธŒ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ,
11:43
and what they asked for,
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์ฆ‰ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ฝ”๋ธŒ๋ผ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
11:45
which was an imperfect signal of fewer cobras,
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ
11:48
dead cobras.
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๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
But I fear we've done something very real
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
11:54
and very similar with work.
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์•„์ฃผ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
We have built a culture that asks for the wrong thing.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
If all we ask from each other is the effort that we put in,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ์ € ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์Ÿ์•„๋ถ“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
12:05
we will create a world full of effort and of hard labor and of cobras.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋œ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋ธŒ๋ผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
But if what we ask from each other is to produce something meaningful,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
12:16
we will create a world full of meaning.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐฌ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
And what could be more moral than that?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋” ๋„๋•์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:22
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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