You may be accidentally investing in cigarette companies | Bronwyn King

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: 易帆 余

In 2001, I was a brand new, shiny doctor, planning to save the world.

2001 年，我是位閃亮的 醫界新星，打算要來拯救世界。

My first job was working for three months on a lung cancer unit.

我的第一份工作是為 一個肺癌單位工作三個月。

Nearly all of my patients were smokers or ex-smokers,

我的病人幾乎全都是抽菸者 或過去曾是抽菸者，

and most of them had started smoking when they were children

且大部分都從小時候或青少年時期

or in their early teens.

就開始抽菸了。

And despite living in a beautiful, wealthy country,

儘管住在一個美麗、富裕的國家，

with access to the most sophisticated medicines,

能夠取得最精密的醫學，

nearly every single one of my patients died.

我的病人還是幾乎全都死亡了。

Everyone knows tobacco is bad,

人人都知道香菸不好，

but when you see the impact firsthand, day-by-day,

但當你每天都能 第一手看到抽菸的影響，

it leaves a very deep impression.

會留下非常深的印象。

Ten years later, I'm a radiation oncologist,

十年後，我成了 一位放射線腫瘤學家，

fully aware of the suffering caused by tobacco.

我非常清楚知道 香菸所帶來的苦難。

I'm sitting at the hospital cafeteria, having my first ever meeting

我坐在醫院內的咖啡廳， 這是我第一次

with a representative from my superannuation fund.

和我的退休基金的代表人會面。

It was thrilling, I'm sure you can imagine.

會面非常扣人心弦， 相信各位都能想像。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

He tells me I'm in the default option.

他告訴我，我用的是預設的選項。

And I said, "Option? Does that mean there are other options?"

我說：「選項？意思是說 還有其他的選項？」

He looked at me, rolled his eyes, and said,

他看著我，轉動了 他的眼睛，然後說：

"Well, there is this one greenie option

「嗯，是有另一個 比較綠色環保的選項，

for people who have a problem with investing in mining, alcohol or tobacco."

可以給對投資礦業、 菸酒產業有意見的人。」

I said, "Did you just say tobacco?"

我說：「你剛說菸業？」

He said, "Yes."

他說：「是的。」

I said, "So, are you telling me I'm currently investing in tobacco?"

我說：「你的意思是說， 我目前正在投資菸業？」

And he said, "Oh, yes, everyone is."

他說：「喔，是啊， 大家都有投資菸業。」

When you invest in a company, you own part of that company.

當你投資一家公司時， 就表示你擁有那家公司的一部分。

You want that company to grow and succeed and thrive.

你會希望那家公司能 成長、成功、茁壯。

You want that company to attract new customers,

你會希望那家公司能吸引新客戶，

you want that company to sell more of its products.

你會希望那家公司 能賣出更多它的產品。

And when it comes to tobacco,

至於香菸，

I couldn't think of anything that I wanted less.

它實在是我最不想要的東西了。

Now, I know you can only see one person standing here

我知道你們只能看見 在這巨大舞台上

on this big red dot, on this enormous stage.

有個大紅點， 大紅點上站了一個人。

But instead, I would like you to imagine

但，我希望你們能想像一下，

that you're looking at seven million people

想像你們正在看著七百萬人，

crammed up here beside me today.

今天在這裡擠在我旁邊。

Seven million people across the world have died as a result of tobacco

光是去年，全世界 因為香菸而死的人

in the past year alone.

就有七百萬人。

Just imagine, if a brand new industry were launched today,

想像一下，如果有一個 全新的產業，今天才誕生，

and by the end of next June,

到明年六月時，

that industry's products had killed seven million people.

那個產業的產品 就殺死了七百萬人。

Would any of us invest in that new, deadly industry?

有任何人會想要投資 這個致命的新產業嗎？

Tobacco is one of the most pressing global issues of our time,

在我們這個時代， 香菸是全球最迫切的議題之一，

and most of us are far more complicit in the problem than we may realize.

在這個問題上，我們大部分人

身為共謀的成份 比我們所知道的還要高。

So, the super fund representative explained to me

這位退休基金代表人向我解釋說

that tobacco companies would be found

菸草公司有些資金

in the international shares portion of my portfolio.

來自我的投資組合中的全球股票。

So I asked him, "Well, which international shares do I have?"

於是我問他：「嗯， 我有哪些全球股票？」

He got back to me two weeks later with this list:

他在兩星期後回覆我， 給了我這張清單：

my number one holding in international shares

我的全球股票中， 股份排名第一的是

was British American Tobacco.

英美菸草（公司）。

Number two, Imperial Tobacco.

第二名是帝國菸草（公司）。

Number four, Philip Morris.

第四名是菲利普莫里斯國際。

And number five, the Swedish Match company.

第五名是瑞典火柴公司。

Four of the top five companies were tobacco companies,

排名前五的公司中 就有四家是菸草公司，

my investments, an oncologist.

身為腫瘤學家，這是我的投資。

And then I realized it wasn't just me.

接著，我發現 不只是我有這種狀況。

It was all members of my super fund.

這個退休基金的所有成員都一樣。

And then I realized it wasn't just my super fund, it was all of them.

接著我發現不只是這個退休基金， 所有的退休基金都一樣。

And then I realized, it wasn't just superannuation funds,

接著我發現，不只是退休基金，

it was banks, insurers and fund managers.

還有銀行、保險業者， 和基金經理人。

And then I realized it wasn't just Australia.

接著我發現，不只是在澳洲。

It was the entire global finance sector,

全球的金融部門都一樣，

completely tangled up with the tobacco industry.

完全和菸草產業糾纏在一起。

The industry that makes products that kill seven million people every year.

菸草產業的產品 每年會殺死七百萬人。

So I started discussing the issue with my superannuation fund,

所以我開始和我的退休基金 討論這個議題，

and I've been discussing it ever since.

從那之後我就一直在討論。

Finance leaders have many challenging issues to deal with, these days.

現今，金融領導者 有很多困難議題要處理。

So I suggest they adopt a framework

所以我建議他們採用一個架構，

that clearly articulates why it is reasonable

這架構能清楚明確地表達 為什麼對於香菸

to take a strong position on tobacco.

採取強勢的立場是合理的。

I suggest finance leaders ask a suite of three questions

我建議金融領導人，在把我們的錢 投資給任何一間公司時，

of any company in which they might invest our money.

都要問那家公司三個問題。

Question one:

問題一：

Can the product made by the company be used safely?

該公司所製造的產品 是否能被安全地使用？

"No" is the answer for tobacco companies.

如果是菸草公司， 答案就會是「不能」。

Zero is the only safe number of cigarettes for a human being.

對人類來說，唯一安全的 香菸數量就是零。

It could not be more black and white.

這是最黑白分明的了。

Question two:

問題二：

Is the problem caused by the company so significant on a global level

該公司所造成的問題， 是否對全球有很大的影響，

that it is subject to a UN treaty or convention?

到了會受到聯合國條約 或公約來限制的程度？

"Yes" is the answer for tobacco.

如果是菸草公司， 答案就會是「是」。

Indeed there is a UN tobacco treaty

聯合國的確有一條香菸條約，

that has been ratified by 180 countries.

已被 180 個國家正式批准。

The treaty was created

會創立這條條約，

because of the catastrophic global impact of tobacco.

就是因為香菸在全球 造成嚴重的衝擊。

The current forecast is that the world is on track

目前的預測是，若繼續這樣下去，

for one billion tobacco-related deaths this century.

這個世紀全世界就會有 十億人的死亡和香菸有關。

One billion deaths.

十億人的死亡。

There's only seven billion of us.

全球人口也才只有七十億。

Question three relates to the concept of engagement.

問題三和投入參與的概念有關。

Many financial organizations genuinely want to be good corporate citizens.

許多金融組織真的想要 當良好企業公民。

They want to use their shareholder power

他們想要用股東的力量，

to sit down with companies, engage with them,

和其他公司坐下來談如何合作，

and encourage them to do better things.

並鼓勵這些公司去做更好的事。

So the question is:

所以，問題三就是：

Can engagement with the company be an effective lever for change?

和該公司合作， 是否能夠有效地造成改變？

"No" is the answer for tobacco companies.

如果是菸草公司， 答案就會是「不能」。

Engagement with the tobacco industry is futile.

參與菸草公司是對社會無益的。

The only acceptable outcome would be

唯一能夠接受的成果就是

if tobacco companies ceased their primary business.

讓菸草公司停止其主要業務。

In fact, engagement with the tobacco industry

事實上，參與菸草產業

has never led to less human death.

絕對不可能降低人類死亡率。

When we consider that framework, three simple questions,

當我們去思考那個架構， 三個簡單的問題，

we can see that is reasonable and defensible

我們就能了解到， 採取強勢的立場，

to take a strong position and exclude investment in the tobacco industry.

將菸草公司排除在投資名單之外， 是合理且說得過去的。

In addition to the UN tobacco treaty,

除了聯合國的香菸條約，

there is, in fact, another global treaty that demands that we act on tobacco.

事實上，還有另一條全球條約 要求我們針對香菸採取行動。

In 2015, the UN adopted the Sustainable Development Goals.

2015 年，聯合國 採用了永續發展目標。

我們在談香菸，

Now, we're talking about tobacco,

and I know you're going to jump straight to number three:

我知道你們會直接跳到目標三： 良好的健康環境。

good health and well-being.

的確，若我們想要達成那個目標，

And indeed, ramping up tobacco control regulation

增加對香菸的管制是很重要的。

is essential if we're going to achieve that goal.

However, look a bit more deeply,

然而，再看深入一點，

and you will find that 13 of the 17 goals cannot be achieved

你們會發現，十七項目標中 有十三項都無法達成，

unless there is a major shake-up of the tobacco industry.

除非菸草產業有重大的改變。

Personally, my favorite goal is number 17:

我個人最喜歡的目標是第十七項：

partnerships for the goals.

永續發展的合作。

At present, we have the entire global health sector doing everything it can

目前，全球的健康部門都在盡全力

to help the tidal wave of patients suffering as a result of tobacco.

協助處理病人因為香菸 而受苦的浪潮。

But that said, in the past year alone, seven million people have died,

雖說如此，但單單在過去一年間， 就有七百萬人死亡，

so clearly, that is not enough.

所以，很顯然，我們做的還不夠。

We also have governments aligned on tobacco, 180 of them,

我們還有政府聯手對付香菸， 共有 180 個政府，

busily trying to implement the provisions of the UN tobacco treaty.

它們忙著試圖實行 聯合國香菸條約的條款。

But that, too, is not enough.

但，那樣還是不夠。

If the global finance sector continues to lend money to tobacco companies,

如果全球的金融部門 繼續借錢給菸草公司，

to invest in tobacco companies,

繼續投資菸草公司，

and to strive to profit from tobacco companies,

繼續努力從菸草公司獲益，

we are working against each other.

那麼我們就是在彼此對抗。

Now, if we are going to disrupt

如果我們要阻止

what doctors call "the global tobacco epidemic,"

醫生所謂的「全球香菸大流行」，

we need every sector of society to stand side by side

那麼我們就需要社會的 每一個部門同心協力，

and be part of the solution.

成為解決方案的一部分。

So I call on finance leaders

所以，我想請求金融的領導人，

to implement a framework to deal with sensitive issues.

實行一個架構， 來處理敏感的議題。

And I call on them to uphold global conventions.

我也想請求他們支持全球公約。

But in addition, there are business risks.

但，此外，還有商業風險存在。

Pure financial risks, associated with being invested in the tobacco industry

單純的財務風險， 和被投資到菸草產業有關的

over the long term,

長期風險，

and I ask finance leaders to consider them.

我想請求金融領導人 考量這些風險。

The first risk is that fewer and fewer people will smoke,

第一個風險是， 如果加強香菸的管制，

as a result of increasing tobacco regulation.

抽菸的人就會越來越少。

When these warnings were put on cigarette packets in Canada,

在加拿大，當這些警告文字 被加到香菸包裝上時，

[Tobacco can make you impotent]

【香菸會讓你陽痿】

the first response of smokers was to give them right back to the salespeople

抽菸者的第一個反應就是 把香菸直接還給銷售員，

and say, "Could you please just give me the ones that say they'll kill me?"

並說：「你能不能換給我 另一包寫著抽菸會致死的香菸？」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Regulation gets noticed, regulation reduces consumption,

管制會被注意到， 管制會減少消費，

and we have 180 countries committed to more regulation.

有 180 個國家 都承諾要做更多管制。

Let's talk about litigation and the risk that presents.

咱們來談談訴訟及會遇到的風險。

At present, it's the business model of the tobacco industry

當前，菸草產業的商業模式

that is being challenged.

正在受到挑戰。

Currently, the tobacco industry externalizes all of the health costs

目前，菸草產業將所有 和香菸相關的健康成本

associated with tobacco.

都向外丟給其他人。

Governments pay, communities pay, you pay, I pay.

由政府支付、由社區支付、 由你支付、由我支付。

The tobacco industry externalizes all those costs,

菸草產業將所有 這些成本都向外丟，

with an estimated one trillion US dollars per year.

估計這些成本的總額 是一年一兆美元。

Yet they internalize and privatize the profits.

但它們卻把利潤佔為私有。

In 2015, in Quebec province,

2015 年，在魁北克省，

the courts determined that the tobacco industry

法庭判定菸草產業

was indeed responsible for those health costs,

確實要為這些健康成本負責，

and ordered them to pay 15 billion US dollars.

並下令要它們支付 150 億美元。

That case is under appeal.

那個案件還在上訴中。

But it begs the question, why should any of us, in any country,

但它讓人不禁想問， 不論在哪個國家，為什麼我們

be paying for the costs of the tobacco industry?

要支付菸草產業的這些成本？

Let's move on to supply chain and the risk there.

咱們繼續來談談 供應鏈和那裡的風險。

It is not well known

並沒有很多人知道

that the tobacco industry significantly relies on child labor.

菸草產業非常依賴童工。

In March 2017, the International Labour Organization

2017 年三月，國際勞工組織

issued a report which stated:

提出一份報告，內容寫著：

"In tobacco-growing communities, child labor is rampant."

「在種植菸草的社區中， 童工非常猖獗。」

The US Department of Labor

美國勞工部

currently lists 16 countries that use children to produce tobacco leaf.

目前列出了十六個用童工 來生產菸草葉的國家。

Scrutiny of supply chains is intensifying,

對供應鏈的監督更加嚴密，

and that cannot continue to escape public attention.

讓那種現象無法不被公眾的注意。

Finally, there is also reputation risk to consider

最後，還要考量名聲風險，

for individuals and organizations that continue to maintain an affiliation

個人和組織若持續維持 和菸草產業聯手，

with the tobacco industry.

名聲會受影響。

In countless surveys,

在無數的調查中，

the tobacco industry ranks as the world's least reputable industry.

將全世界的產業排名， 菸草產業的名聲是最差的。

Let's just look at the impact on children.

咱們來看看它對於孩童的影響。

Globally, every single day,

全球，每一天，

it is estimated that 100,000 children start smoking.

估計有十萬名孩童開始抽菸。

That's enough children to fit inside the Melbourne Cricket Ground.

十萬名孩童足以塞滿 整個墨爾本板球場。

And most of those children are from the poorest communities on earth.

這些孩童大部分都是來自 世界上最貧窮的社區。

Here in Australia, the average age that people start smoking

在澳洲這裡，開始抽菸的平均年齡

is 16 years and two months.

是十六歲又兩個月。

They look pretty young to me, but the worst thing here

就我看來是太早了，但最糟的是，

is that while we don't have data from every country on earth,

雖然我們沒有世界上 每個國家的資料，

we believe that is the oldest age.

但我們相信，這數字 是各國中最年長的。

Everywhere else is younger.

所有其他國家都更年輕就開始。

Now for the good news.

還是有好消息。

Things are changing.

狀況正在改變。

The finance sector is coming to the party.

金融部門要來參一腳了。

After around 2,000 meetings with finance leaders,

我和金融領導人開了兩千多次會，

primarily in the cafés of Melbourne and Sydney

主要是在墨爾本、 雪黎、倫敦、巴黎、

and London and Paris and New York and all across the globe,

紐約，和全世界的咖啡廳， 開完這些會之後，

momentum, moving away from investment in the tobacco industry,

不要再投資菸草產業的這股勢力

is starting to snowball.

開始滾雪球。

Finance leaders are alarmed when they're presented with the facts,

金融領導人了解了 真相之後開始有警覺，

and overwhelmingly, they want to be part of the solution.

絕大多數的人 都希望參與解決方案。

Here, in Australia, we now have

在澳洲這裡，我們現在已經有

10,636,101 superannuation accounts

10,636,101 個退休帳戶，

that are tobacco-free.

都沒有投資香菸。

That one is mine, by the way.

順便一提，我的也是。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

There is still a lot of work to be done,

還需要做很多的努力，

but I've watched the conversation go from "Should we go tobacco-free?"

但我已經看到了對談從 「我們是否不要再投資菸業？」

to "Why haven't we done it yet?"

變成「我們為什麼還沒完成？」

In the past year alone,

光是去年，

major tobacco-free moves have been made by leading financial organizations

就有八個國家的 金融組織巨頭開始採取

in eight different countries.

脫離菸業的行動。

In Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Sweden,

這八國為澳洲、 紐西蘭、荷蘭、瑞典、

Denmark, France, Ireland and the USA.

丹麥、法國、愛爾蘭，以及美國。

By sovereign wealth funds, fund managers, pension funds,

參與的包括主權財富基金、 基金經理人、退休基金、

banks, insurers and reinsurers.

銀行、保險業者，及再保業者。

Since tobacco-free portfolios began,

從不投資菸草業的 投資組合開始後，

more than six billion dollars has been redirected

超過六十億美元已經 被轉移到其他地方，

away from investment in the tobacco industry.

不拿去投資菸草產業了。

The case study is well and truly proven.

個案研究是完善驗證過的。

When making the tobacco-free announcement in March this year,

AMP Capital（澳洲壽險集團）的 執行長在今年三月

the CEO of AMP Capital said,

宣佈不投資菸草業時，他說：

"We are not prepared to deliver investment returns

「我們不準備以不惜社會成本的代價

at any cost to society."

去追逐投資利潤的回報。」

And that is the question we need to ask ourselves.

那正是我們得要自問的問題。

Is there no baseline standard below which we will not sink

有沒有一個基線標準存在， 讓我們不能為了賺取利潤

to make profit?

而沉淪到標準之下？

Along the way, I've had a lot of help and incredible support.

一路上，我得到了 許多協助和大力支持。

Now, if you're trying to do something,

如果你試著想要做點什麼，

I highly recommend that you have a princess on your team.

我非常建議要在你的 團隊中納入一位公主。

Her Royal Highness, Princess Dina Mired,

迪納米雷德公主殿下

is the global ambassador for this work.

是這項工作的全球大使。

We also have a lord, a knight, a former premier,

我們也有一位主教、 一位爵士、一位前首相、

a former federal minister and a stack of CEOs.

一位前聯邦部長， 和一大堆的執行長。

But the capacity to change things

但若要造成改變，

does not rest exclusively with these highly influential people.

不能只靠這些有高度影響力的人。

The power to do that is with all of us.

我們每一個人都有 可以貢獻的力量。

Everyone here can be part of the solution.

這裡的每一個人都可以 為解決方案盡一份心力。

In fact, everyone here must be part of the solution.

事實上，這裡的每一個人 都必須要為解決方案盡一份心力。

Most people in this room own companies

這間房間中的大多數人擁有公司，

via their superannuation funds, their banks and their insurers.

透過他們的退休基金、銀行， 以及保險而擁有公司。

And it is time for us to ask them:

該是我們問他們這個問題的時候了：

Are they investing our money in companies that make products

他們是否將我們的錢 投資給那些製造出每年

that kill seven million people every year?

會殺害七百萬人的產品的公司？

It's your money.

那是你的錢。

It's my money, it's our money.

那是我的錢，那是我們的錢。

And that is a very reasonable question.

那是個非常合理的問題。

Pretty cramped up here,

這裡相當擁擠，

with seven million people beside me today.

今天有七百萬人在我旁邊。

But if we don't act now, and act together,

但如果我們現在 不採取行動，不一起行動，

we'll need to make way for one billion people

在這世紀結束之前，我們就得要

before the end of this century.

讓出空間給十億人。

And this is a very big stage.

這是個很大的舞台。

But there is no more room.

但沒有更多空間了。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）