Dear Facebook, this is how you're breaking democracy | Yael Eisenstat

114,945 views ・ 2020-09-24

TED


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翻译人员: Bill Fu 校对人员: psjmz mz
00:13
Around five years ago,
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大约五年前,
00:15
it struck me that I was losing the ability
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我突然发现我在丧失
00:17
to engage with people who aren't like-minded.
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与立场不同的人交流的能力。
00:20
The idea of discussing hot-button issues with my fellow Americans
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单是跟美国同胞讨论 争议性话题这个想法
00:24
was starting to give me more heartburn
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让我感到心累的程度,
00:27
than the times that I engaged with suspected extremists overseas.
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甚至就超过了我和海外可疑的 极端主义者有过的交流。
00:31
It was starting to leave me feeling more embittered and frustrated.
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这开始让我感到更加痛苦和沮丧。
00:35
And so just like that,
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于是就这样,
00:36
I shifted my entire focus
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我把我的焦点
00:38
from global national security threats
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从影响全球国家安全的威胁,
00:41
to trying to understand what was causing this push
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转移到了寻找那个导致
00:44
towards extreme polarization at home.
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国内民众两极化的原因上。
00:47
As a former CIA officer and diplomat
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作为一名前中情局警官和外交官,
00:50
who spent years working on counterextremism issues,
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我在解决反极端主义的问题上 有着多年的工作经验。
00:53
I started to fear that this was becoming a far greater threat to our democracy
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我开始担心,这对 我们国家的民主造成的威胁
00:57
than any foreign adversary.
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会超过来自国外对手的威胁。
00:59
And so I started digging in,
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于是我开始深究,
01:01
and I started speaking out,
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开始发声,
01:03
which eventually led me to being hired at Facebook
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后来脸谱网聘请了我,
01:06
and ultimately brought me here today
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也最终引领我来到了这里,
01:08
to continue warning you about how these platforms
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使我能继续警告各位, 这些平台在如何
01:11
are manipulating and radicalizing so many of us
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操控和极端化我们的思想,
01:15
and to talk about how to reclaim our public square.
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并谈谈我们应该如何 夺回自己的公共空间。
01:19
I was a foreign service officer in Kenya
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就在 911 事件发生的几年后,
01:21
just a few years after the September 11 attacks,
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我曾担任过肯尼亚外交官,
01:24
and I led what some call "hearts and minds" campaigns
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那时我在索马里的 边境领导了一个叫
01:27
along the Somalia border.
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“心灵与精神”的项目。
01:29
A big part of my job was to build trust with communities
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我的主要工作是与那些最容易
01:32
deemed the most susceptible to extremist messaging.
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被极端主义思想 影响的群体建立信任。
01:36
I spent hours drinking tea with outspoken anti-Western clerics
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我花了大量的时间与 直言不讳的反西方教士喝茶,
01:40
and even dialogued with some suspected terrorists,
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甚至跟疑似恐怖份子的人 进行过谈话,
01:43
and while many of these engagements began with mutual suspicion,
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虽然这些交谈都是从 互相怀疑开始的,
01:47
I don't recall any of them resulting in shouting or insults,
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他们却从来没有大喊 或说过任何辱骂的话,
01:50
and in some case we even worked together on areas of mutual interest.
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有些时候,我们甚至能在 共同感兴趣的领域一起合作。
01:56
The most powerful tools we had were to simply listen, learn
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我们拥有的最有效的工具 就是聆听、学习
02:00
and build empathy.
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还有建立同理心。
02:01
This is the essence of hearts and minds work,
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这就是“心灵与精神” 这份工作的核心,
02:05
because what I found again and again is that what most people wanted
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因为我多次发现, 他们大多数人想要的
02:08
was to feel heard, validated and respected.
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无非是被聆听、被认可, 还有被尊重。
02:12
And I believe that's what most of us want.
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我相信这也是我们 大多数人想要的。
02:14
So what I see happening online today is especially heartbreaking
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可如今,网络上 发生的一切却令我心碎,
02:18
and a much harder problem to tackle.
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也让我明白,这是一个 很难解决的问题。
02:20
We are being manipulated by the current information ecosystem
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我们正被目前的 信息网络操纵,
02:24
entrenching so many of us so far into absolutism
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陷入了绝对主义中,
02:28
that compromise has become a dirty word.
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在这里,“妥协”已经成为 一个肮脏的字眼。
02:31
Because right now,
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因为当今,
02:32
social media companies like Facebook
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类似于脸谱网的社交媒体公司
02:35
profit off of segmenting us and feeding us personalized content
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通过为我们提供 个性化的内容来获利,
02:38
that both validates and exploits our biases.
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而这些内容既认可, 也利用了我们的偏见。
02:42
Their bottom line depends on provoking a strong emotion
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他们的底线就是, 通过激起强烈的情绪
02:46
to keep us engaged,
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来让我们沉迷,
02:47
often incentivizing the most inflammatory and polarizing voices,
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持续强调那些煽性的, 十分两极化的声音,
02:52
to the point where finding common ground no longer feels possible.
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直到找到共同点变得不再可能。
02:56
And despite a growing chorus of people crying out for the platforms to change,
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虽然越来越多的人开始 要求这些平台做出改变,
03:00
it's clear they will not do enough on their own.
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但单靠它们是明显不够的。
03:04
So governments must define the responsibility
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所以,政府必须定义
03:07
for the real-world harms being caused by these business models
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这些对社会造成危害的商业模式 需承担什么样的责任,
03:11
and impose real costs on the damaging effects
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并让它们因严重损害
03:13
they're having to our public health, our public square and our democracy.
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我们的公共健康、公共空间, 还有我们的民主付出代价。
03:19
But unfortunately, this won't happen in time for the US presidential election,
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但不幸的是,在美国大选 之前这都不可能发生,
03:23
so I am continuing to raise this alarm,
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所以我只能继续发出警告,
03:26
because even if one day we do have strong rules in place,
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因为即使有一天 我们有了强有力的法律,
03:29
it will take all of us to fix this.
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还是需要大家一起来解决问题。
03:33
When I started shifting my focus from threats abroad
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当我的注意力从海外威胁
03:36
to the breakdown in civil discourse at home,
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转移到已然破碎的 国内民众对话时,
03:38
I wondered if we could repurpose some of these hearts and minds campaigns
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我曾想过,是否可以重新利用 “心灵与精神”这个项目
03:42
to help heal our divides.
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来缓解国内的分歧。
03:44
Our more than 200-year experiment with democracy works
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我们过去 200 多年的 民主实验之所以有效,
03:48
in large part because we are able to openly and passionately
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很大程度是因为我们 可以公开并且热情地
03:52
debate our ideas for the best solutions.
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讨论想法, 以找到最佳解决方案。
03:55
But while I still deeply believe
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我始终坚信,
03:56
in the power of face-to-face civil discourse,
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面对面的民间对话是有效的,
03:59
it just cannot compete
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但它确实难以对抗
04:00
with the polarizing effects and scale of social media right now.
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如今社交媒体带来的 两极分化的效应和规模。
04:04
The people who are sucked down these rabbit holes
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与我曾经合作过的 那些弱势群体相比,
04:07
of social media outrage
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那些沉陷于
04:08
often feel far harder to break of their ideological mindsets
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社交媒体上激进内容的人
04:12
than those vulnerable communities I worked with ever were.
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更难脱离他们的固有观念。
04:15
So when Facebook called me in 2018
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所以在 2018 年, 当脸谱网找到我,
04:17
and offered me this role
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并给我提供了这份
04:19
heading its elections integrity operations for political advertising,
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负责政治广告管理的工作时,
04:23
I felt I had to say yes.
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我觉得我必须答应。
04:25
I had no illusions that I would fix it all,
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我知道我可能 无法解决所有的问题,
04:27
but when offered the opportunity
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但有了这个可以
04:29
to help steer the ship in a better direction,
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引导民众的机会,
04:31
I had to at least try.
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我必须至少尝试一下。
04:34
I didn't work directly on polarization,
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虽然我们没有研究过两极分化,
04:36
but I did look at which issues were the most divisive in our society
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但是我确实研究过哪些问题 最容易引起社会分裂,
04:41
and therefore the most exploitable in elections interference efforts,
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在选举干扰中也最易被利用,
04:45
which was Russia's tactic ahead of 2016.
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这也是俄罗斯在 2016 年前的策略。
04:48
So I started by asking questions.
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所以我从提问开始。
04:50
I wanted to understand the underlying systemic issues
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我想找到导致这一切发生的
04:53
that were allowing all of this to happen,
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潜在的系统性问题,
04:56
in order to figure out how to fix it.
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以便找到解决的方法。
04:59
Now I still do believe in the power of the internet
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现在,我仍然相信互联网的力量
05:02
to bring more voices to the table,
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能让更多的声音参与进来,
05:04
but despite their stated goal of building community,
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尽管它们宣称的目标是建立社区,
05:07
the largest social media companies as currently constructed
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目前最大的 社交媒体公司的构建方式
05:11
are antithetical to the concept of reasoned discourse.
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与理性言论的概念 却是背道而驰的。
05:14
There's no way to reward listening,
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在一个把优化用户参与度
05:17
to encourage civil debate
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和用户增长量
05:19
and to protect people who sincerely want to ask questions
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作为衡量成功的两大指标的行业里,
05:22
in a business where optimizing engagement and user growth
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你没有办法奖励倾听、 鼓励民众讨论,
05:26
are the two most important metrics for success.
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你也没有办法去保护 那些诚恳提问的人。
05:29
There's no incentive to help people slow down,
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没有任何激励因素 去帮助人们慢下来,
05:32
to build in enough friction that people have to stop,
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没有去建立足够的摩擦 让人们不得不停下来,
05:36
recognize their emotional reaction to something,
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认识到自己 对某事的情绪化反应,
05:38
and question their own assumptions before engaging.
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并且在参与之前 质疑自己的假设。
05:42
The unfortunate reality is:
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令人遗憾的事实是:
05:44
lies are more engaging online than truth,
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在一个优化无摩擦的, 病毒式传播的世界里,
05:47
and salaciousness beats out wonky, fact-based reasoning
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网络上的谎言比真相更吸引人,
05:51
in a world optimized for frictionless virality.
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淫秽信息胜过了 基于事实的推理。
05:55
As long as algorithms' goals are to keep us engaged,
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只要算法的目标是保持我们的参与,
05:58
they will continue to feed us the poison that plays to our worst instincts
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它们就会继续“喂”迎合 我们最糟糕的本能
06:02
and human weaknesses.
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和人性弱点的毒药。
06:04
And yes, anger, mistrust,
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当然,愤怒、不信任、
06:08
the culture of fear, hatred:
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恐惧和仇恨的文化:
06:09
none of this is new in America.
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这些在美国都不是新事物。
06:12
But in recent years, social media has harnessed all of that
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但近年来,社交软件 充分利用了这一切,
06:16
and, as I see it, dramatically tipped the scales.
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并且在我看来, 还起到了决定性的作用。
06:19
And Facebook knows it.
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脸谱网也深谙这一点。
06:22
A recent "Wall Street Journal" article
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《华尔街日报》最近的一篇文章
06:23
exposed an internal Facebook presentation from 2018
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披露的一项脸谱网 2018 年的内部演示中,
06:28
that specifically points to the companies' own algorithms
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特别提到了该公司自己的算法
06:31
for growing extremist groups' presence on their platform
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让越来越多的极端组织信息 出现在其平台上,
06:35
and for polarizing their users.
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并导致了用户两极分化。
06:38
But keeping us engaged is how they make their money.
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但让我们参与其中 正是它们赚钱的方式。
06:42
The modern information environment is crystallized around profiling us
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现代信息环境是通过 我们的信息画像而构建的,
06:46
and then segmenting us into more and more narrow categories
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再将我们分割成 越来越细小的类别,
06:49
to perfect this personalization process.
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从而完善这个个性化的过程。
06:53
We're then bombarded with information confirming our views,
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然后,我们被可以证实 我们观点的信息狂轰滥炸,
06:56
reinforcing our biases,
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强化我们的偏见,
06:58
and making us feel like we belong to something.
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并且让我们感觉属于某类群体。
07:02
These are the same tactics we would see terrorist recruiters
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这些策略和那些 恐怖分子用于招募
07:05
using on vulnerable youth,
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弱势青少年的伎俩如出一辙,
07:07
albeit in smaller, more localized ways before social media,
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尽管是用比社交媒体更小、 更本土化的方式,
07:11
with the ultimate goal of persuading their behavior.
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但最终目标都是灌输某种行为。
07:15
Unfortunately, I was never empowered by Facebook to have an actual impact.
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不幸的是,我从未被脸谱网 授权去产生实质影响。
07:20
In fact, on my second day, my title and job description were changed
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事实上,在我工作的第二天, 我的头衔和具体工作就发生了变化,
07:24
and I was cut out of decision-making meetings.
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并且被排除在决策会议外。
07:27
My biggest efforts,
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我最大的努力,
07:28
trying to build plans
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试图制定计划,
07:29
to combat disinformation and voter suppression in political ads,
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以打击政治广告中的 虚假信息和投票权压制
07:33
were rejected.
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被拒绝了。
07:35
And so I lasted just shy of six months.
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所以我只坚持了 不到 6 个月就辞职了。
07:38
But here is my biggest takeaway from my time there.
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但这是我在这段期间最大的收获。
07:41
There are thousands of people at Facebook
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成千上万的人在脸谱网工作,
07:44
who are passionately working on a product
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充满热情的投入于这个
07:46
that they truly believe makes the world a better place,
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他们相信能将世界 变得更美好的产品,
07:50
but as long as the company continues to merely tinker around the margins
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但是,只要公司依然仅仅只是
07:53
of content policy and moderation,
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在内容政策和合理性的边缘试探,
07:56
as opposed to considering
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而不考虑
07:57
how the entire machine is designed and monetized,
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整个平台的设计和赚钱方式,
08:01
they will never truly address how the platform is contributing
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那它们永远不会真正解决 平台是如何助长
08:04
to hatred, division and radicalization.
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仇恨、分裂和激进这些问题的。
08:08
And that's the one conversation I never heard happen during my time there,
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而这也正是我在那里 从未听到过的对话,
08:12
because that would require fundamentally accepting
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因为那将会需要你从根本上接受
08:16
that the thing you built might not be the best thing for society
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你所创造的东西可能 不是对社会最有益的东西,
08:20
and agreeing to alter the entire product and profit model.
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并同意改变整个产品和盈利模式。
08:24
So what can we do about this?
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那么我们能做些什么呢?
08:27
I'm not saying that social media bears the sole responsibility
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我并不是说社交媒体 要为我们国家的现状
08:30
for the state that we're in today.
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承担唯一的责任。
08:32
Clearly, we have deep-seated societal issues that we need to solve.
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显然,我们有一些根深蒂固的 社会问题需要解决。
08:38
But Facebook's response, that it is just a mirror to society,
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但脸谱网的回应 只是社会的一面镜子,
08:42
is a convenient attempt to deflect any responsibility
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这是一种转移其平台
08:45
from the way their platform is amplifying harmful content
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放大有害言论,并将一些用户
08:49
and pushing some users towards extreme views.
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推向极端观点的责任的方便说辞。
08:53
And Facebook could, if they wanted to,
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当然,如果脸谱网 的确有这方面的主观意愿,
08:56
fix some of this.
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是可以解决其中一些问题的。
08:58
They could stop amplifying and recommending the conspiracy theorists,
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他们可以停止推荐和放大 阴谋理论家、
09:02
the hate groups, the purveyors of disinformation
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仇恨组织和 虚假信息散布者的影响,
09:04
and, yes, in some cases even our president.
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是的,在某些情况下, 甚至包括我们的总统。
09:08
They could stop using the same personalization techniques
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它们可以停止使用 与推销跑鞋同样的个性化推荐服务
09:12
to deliver political rhetoric that they use to sell us sneakers.
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来传递政治说辞。
09:16
They could retrain their algorithms
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它们可以重新修改算法,
09:18
to focus on a metric other than engagement,
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去专注于一个 非用户互动类的度量指标,
09:20
and they could build in guardrails to stop certain content from going viral
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也可以建立信息护栏, 防止某些内容在被审核之前
09:24
before being reviewed.
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像病毒一样被传播。
09:26
And they could do all of this
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他们可以做到所有这一切。
09:29
without becoming what they call the arbiters of truth.
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而不必成为他们所谓的 “真理仲裁者”。
09:33
But they've made it clear that they will not go far enough
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但是他们已经明确表示, 除非被强制这样做,
09:36
to do the right thing without being forced to,
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否则他们就不会 积极采取正确的行动,
09:39
and, to be frank, why should they?
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毕竟,坦白说, 他们为什么要这么做呢?
09:42
The markets keep rewarding them, and they're not breaking the law.
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市场一直在奖励他们, 他们也没有违法。
09:45
Because as it stands,
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因为就现在的情况而言,
09:47
there are no US laws compelling Facebook, or any social media company,
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美国并没有法律强制脸谱网 或者其他社交媒体公司
09:52
to protect our public square,
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去保护我们的公共广场、
09:54
our democracy
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民主,
09:55
and even our elections.
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甚至是我们的选举。
09:57
We have ceded the decision-making on what rules to write and what to enforce
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我们已经将制定和执行 哪些计划的决定权交给了
10:01
to the CEOs of for-profit internet companies.
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盈利性互联网公司的 首席执行官们。
10:05
Is this what we want?
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这是我们想要的吗?
10:07
A post-truth world where toxicity and tribalism
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一个有毒言论和部落主义
10:11
trump bridge-building and consensus-seeking?
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彻底压倒打造沟通桥梁 和追求共识的后真相世界?
10:14
I do remain optimistic that we still have more in common with each other
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我仍然乐观的认为,我们要比 现存的媒体和网络环境所描绘的彼此
10:18
than the current media and online environment portray,
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拥有更多的共同点,
10:22
and I do believe that having more perspective surface
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我也坚信相信,拥有更多视角
10:25
makes for a more robust and inclusive democracy.
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会让民主更加健康和包容,
10:29
But not the way it's happening right now.
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但不是以目前的方式。
10:32
And it bears emphasizing, I do not want to kill off these companies.
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需要强调的是, 我并不想搞垮这些公司。
10:36
I just want them held to a certain level of accountability,
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我只想让它们承担 一定程度的责任,
10:39
just like the rest of society.
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就像社会中的其他人一样。
10:42
It is time for our governments to step up and do their jobs
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我们的政府是时候站出来
10:46
of protecting our citizenry.
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做好保护我们公民的工作了。
10:48
And while there isn't one magical piece of legislation
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虽然还没有一项神奇的立法
10:51
that will fix this all,
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可以解决所有的问题,
10:53
I do believe that governments can and must find the balance
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但我的确相信, 政府可以,而且必须在
10:57
between protecting free speech
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保护自由言论和让这些平台
11:00
and holding these platforms accountable for their effects on society.
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为它们的社会影响负责之间找到平衡。
11:04
And they could do so in part by insisting on actual transparency
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他们可以通过保证 这些推荐引擎如何工作,
11:08
around how these recommendation engines are working,
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如何进行管理、 放大和定位的透明度
11:11
around how the curation, amplification and targeting are happening.
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来做到这一点。
11:16
You see, I want these companies held accountable
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我希望这些公司
11:19
not for if an individual posts misinformation
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不仅是对个人发布虚假信息
11:22
or extreme rhetoric,
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或者极端言论负责,
11:23
but for how their recommendation engines spread it,
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还要对他们的推荐引擎 如何传播这些信息,
11:27
how their algorithms are steering people towards it,
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他们的算法如何 引导人们使用这些信息,
11:30
and how their tools are used to target people with it.
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以及他们的工具 如何被用来针对这些人负责。
11:35
I tried to make change from within Facebook and failed,
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我试图从脸谱网内部 做出改变,但是我失败了,
11:39
and so I've been using my voice again for the past few years
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所以在过去几年, 我一直在用自己的声音
11:42
to continue sounding this alarm
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不断发出警告,
11:44
and hopefully inspire more people to demand this accountability.
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希望能激发更多的人 来要求这种责任。
11:48
My message to you is simple:
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我要传递给你们的信息很简单:
11:51
pressure your government representatives
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对你们的政府代表施压, 让他们站出来,
11:53
to step up and stop ceding our public square to for-profit interests.
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停止将我们的公共空间 拱手让给以营利为目的获利行为。
11:59
Help educate your friends and family
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帮助你的朋友和家人了解
12:01
about how they're being manipulated online.
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他们在网上是如何被操纵的。
12:04
Push yourselves to engage with people who aren't like-minded.
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推动自己和没有共同想法的人交流。
12:07
Make this issue a priority.
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把这个问题当作优先事项。
12:10
We need a whole-society approach to fix this.
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我们需要一个能动员 全社会的方法来解决它。
12:15
And my message to the leaders of my former employer Facebook is this:
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我对我的前雇主, 脸谱网的领导们想要说的是:
12:20
right now, people are using your tools exactly as they were designed
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现在,人们正在使用 你们设计好的工具
12:26
to sow hatred, division and distrust,
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传播仇恨、分裂和不信任,
12:29
and you're not just allowing it, you are enabling it.
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而你们不仅允许了, 而且还在加剧这种情况。
12:33
And yes, there are lots of great stories
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没错,在全球范围内
12:35
of positive things happening on your platform around the globe,
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你们的平台上发生了很多积极的事,
12:39
but that doesn't make any of this OK.
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但这并不意味着这一切 都是可以接受的。
12:42
And it's only getting worse as we're heading into our election,
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随着选举的临近, 情况越来越糟,
12:45
and even more concerning,
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更值得担忧的是,
12:47
face our biggest potential crisis yet,
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如果选举结果不被信任, 如果暴力事件爆发,
12:50
if the results aren't trusted, and if violence breaks out.
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那么迄今为止 最大的潜在危机将不可避免。
12:54
So when in 2021 you once again say, "We know we have to do better,"
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所以到 2021 年,当你们再说, “我们知道我们必须做得更好”时,
12:59
I want you to remember this moment,
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我想要你们记住现在这一刻,
13:02
because it's no longer just a few outlier voices.
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因为这再也不只是 一些局外人的声音。
13:05
Civil rights leaders, academics,
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民权领袖、学者、
13:07
journalists, advertisers, your own employees,
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记者、广告商和你们自己的员工
13:10
are shouting from the rooftops
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都会在屋顶上大声呼吁,
13:12
that your policies and your business practices
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你们的政策和商业行为
13:15
are harming people and democracy.
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一直都在危害人民和民主。
13:18
You own your decisions,
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决定权在你们手中,
13:21
but you can no longer say that you couldn't have seen it coming.
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但是你们再也不能说, 你们不可能预见这样的后果。
13:26
Thank you.
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谢谢。
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