How to reduce the wealth gap between Black and white Americans | Kedra Newsom Reeves

Transcriber: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz

翻译人员: dumpling king 校对人员: psjmz mz

As last recorded by the US Federal Government,

根据美国联邦政府的最新记录，

the median wealth for a white family in the United States was 171,000 dollars

美国白人家庭的平均财富 为17.1万美元，

and the median wealth for a Black family was just 17,000 dollars,

而美国黑人家庭的平均财富 为1.7万美元，

a 10x different over 150 years after the end of slavery.

在奴隶制终结一百五十年后 仍有近十倍的差异。

I think first we have to ask ourselves, what is wealth really?

我认为首先我们要问自己， 财富到底是什么？

Well, wealth is all of your assets, all of the things that you own,

财富是你的总资产， 你拥有的所有东西，

minus all of your liabilities.

减去你的债务。

Assets are things like your car, your house, your savings account,

资产是你的车、 你的房子、你的储蓄账户、

your checking account, your investments, if you own other properties,

你的活期账户、你的投资， 如果你还有其他财产的话，

your business.

你的生意也算在内。

Well, that gap, that 10x gap,

这个差距，十倍的差距

is partially because for many years,

部分是因为多年来，

decades in fact,

确切的说是十年来，

Black Americans were left off of that ladder

美国黑人被抛在了 那成功的阶梯之外

and didn't really have access to it.

并且实际上没有机会接触它。

Well, why are we talking about this now?

我们现在为什么要谈这个？

Well, in 2020, in the midst of a global pandemic and a looming recession,

在2020年，在全球大流行疫情 和隐现的经济衰退中，

inequities are really laid bare

在美国几乎所有系统中，

across nearly every system in the United States:

不平等是赤裸裸的：

health care, education, criminal justice and finance,

卫生保健、教育、刑事司法和金融，

and people were moved to take action online, in streets,

这迫使人们在网上、在街上、

in meetings at work, in corporate boardrooms.

在工作会议上、在公司董事会上 采取行动。

And I, as a consultant, started having conversations with clients

而我，作为一名顾问，开始与那些

that I thought I would never have.

预料之外的客户进行谈话。

I guess the question that I'd been asking myself is,

我想这个我一直在 问自己的问题是。

how do we make sure that in this moment, this results in action and progress

我们如何确保在这一刻， 这能带来行动和进步

that starts to close that wealth gap for Black versus white Americans?

去缩小美国黑人和 白人的贫富差距。

So who am I?

所以我是谁？

My name is Kedra Newsom Reeves.

我的名字是Kedra Newsom Reeves。

I am a consultant for banking institutions,

我是银行机构、

hedge funds, asset managers.

对冲基金、资产管理顾问。

But before any of that,

但在此之前，

I am a Black American who is the descendant of slaves.

我是一个美国黑人，是奴隶的后裔。

And when we talk about the wealth gap,

当我们讨论贫富差距时，

it's really important to understand the history,

了解它的历史是很重要的。

so I thought I'd tell a little story about a family, my family,

所以我想讲一个关于 家庭的小故事，我的家庭

and how policy intersects with wealth.

以及政策如何与财富交织。

So we'll start with my great-great-grandfather.

我们从我的曾曾祖父开始。

He was a man named Silas Newsom,

他名叫Silas Newsom。

and Silas was born a slave outside Nashville, Tennessee,

Silas出生在田纳西州纳什维尔 郊外的一个奴隶家庭，

on Newsom Station,

在Newsom站

where he and his family worked on a quarry.

他和他的家人在一个采石场工作。

He didn't own anything.

他一无所有。

He didn't own his home. He didn't own property.

他没有自己的房子。 他没有自己的财产。

He didn't really even own his own body,

他甚至都没有真正 拥有自己的身体、

his own labor, his children.

自己的工作、自己的孩子。

Any of those things, all of those things,

所有这些东西

were here to create wealth for someone else.

都是为了给别人创造财富。

So we believe that he was a servant

所以我们相信他在内战期间 为一位南方将军服务，

during the Civil War for a Confederate general

who was actually fighting to keep him enslaved,

这位将军让他成为奴隶而战，

so he really had no wealth, he had no control over his life.

所以他真的没有什么财富， 他也无法掌控自己的生活。

Well, at the end of slavery, there was a policy opportunity.

在奴隶制结束的时候， 有一个政策机遇。

There was a question:

一个问题出现了：

what do we do for the hundreds of years of slavery

我们要为这几百年的 奴役做些什么呢?

now that we are ending slavery and the country is coming together?

现在我们要结束奴隶制， 这个国家要团结起来了。

And there was a choice.

这里有个抉择。

We could make a settlement with the slaves,

我们可以和奴隶们达成协议

or we could make a settlement with the slave owners.

或者我们可以和奴隶主达成协议。

Well, the slaves had no power to advocate for themselves in that moment,

在那个时候，奴隶们 没有权利为自己辩护，

and the country had to be united,

而这个国家必须团结起来，

so the federal government decided to give that settlement to slave owners,

所以联邦政府决定把 这个协议给奴隶主，

essentially giving them money for the property that they had lost

也就是给他们钱 补偿他们在战争结束时

at the end of the war.

失去的财产。

And not their physical property, not their homes, but people,

这些财产不是他们的物质财产， 不是他们的房子，而是人，

the slaves that had provided free labor for years and decades.

那些多年来提供 免费劳动力的奴隶。

So Silas, at the end of the Civil War,

所以Silas，在内战结束后，

had no wealth.

没有任何财富，

He was free but had no wealth.

他自由了，但身无分文。

He became a sharecropper.

他成了一名佃农。

My great-grandfather Silas was born

而我的曾祖父Silas出生在

a number of years after the end of slavery,

奴隶制结束多年后。

and he was drafted to serve in World War I

他在第一次世界大战期间 被征召入伍，

along with 350,000 other Black American soldiers

与其他三十五万 美国黑人士兵一起

in segregated units.

在种族隔离的部队服役。

He served in the war.

When he came back to the United States,

当战争结束，他回到美国时，

at the end of the war, there was very anti-Black sentiment.

社会上有非常反黑人的情绪，

The economy was compressing, there were a lot of stressors,

当时经济处于紧缩状态， 有很多压力因素。

and Black people could not get land, they could not get loans for homes,

黑人得不到土地，也得不到房屋贷款，

they really could not acquire any credit to build wealth over time,

他们真的无法获得 任何信贷来积累财富。

so he also became a farmer.

所以他也成了一名农民。

And he had a son, also named Silas --

他有个儿子，也叫Silas

there are a lot of Silases in my family --

——我家有很多Silases——

my grandfather.

他是我祖父。

My grandfather Silas was also a soldier and fought in World War II.

我祖父Silas也是一名士兵， 参加过第二次世界大战。

After World War II,

第二次世界大战之后，

the US Federal Government passed the GI Bill,

美国联邦政府通过了 《退伍军人权利法案》

which provided support for veterans.

为退伍军人提供支持。

And the bill provided for building of hospitals,

以及有关医院建设的法案

student loans

助学贷款，

and, most importantly for wealth-building, low-interest home mortgages for veterans.

并且，最重要的是为退伍军人 提供积累财富的低息住房抵押贷款。

In the years following the war,

在战争结束的几年里，

the GI Bill accounted for four billion dollars of funding

《退伍军人权利法案》 为九百万退伍军人

to nine million veterans.

提供了四十亿美元的资金。

But Black veterans largely did not benefit.

但大部分的黑人老兵 并未从中受益。

So Silas, my grandfather, came back to Nashville, Tennessee,

于是，我的祖父Silas回到了 田纳西州的纳什维尔。

and he married my grandmother, whose name is Cinderella.

他娶了我的祖母， 她的名字叫Cinderella。

Yes, my grandmother's name was Cinderella.

没错，我祖母的名字 叫Cinderella（灰姑娘）。

And they had eight children.

他们有八个孩子

But they never bought a home.

但他们从没买过一间房子

And the highlight of their housing journey

他们住房之旅的高光

was moving into a new public housing project

就是和他们的孩子一起

with their children

进入一个新的公共住房项目，

and paying rent for that housing project,

并为这个公共住房项目付租金。

which in terms of the quality of housing was fantastic for them and a step up,

就住房质量而言，这对他们来说 是非常棒的一个进步，

but did not allow them to build wealth.

但这并不能让他们积累财富。

My father, another soldier,

我的父亲，又一个士兵，

a 20-year veteran of the United States Marines,

他在美国海军陆战队服役20年。

bought his first home in his early 50s,

在50岁出头时买了第一套房子，

but it took four generations for our family to move into homeownership

但是我们的家族花了四代人的时间 才拥有了自己的房子

and begin to build ownership and equity in a home.

并开始构建起房子的 所有权和产权。

That's one family's story, and I skipped a lot of things

这是一个家族的故事， 我跳过了很多东西，

that happened between the end of slavery and today:

这发生在奴隶制结束到今天之间：

redlining, housing discrimination before the Fair Housing Act in the 1970s,

在20世纪70年代《公平住房法案》出台之前， 住房歧视是红线，

the really important role that Black-owned banks played

黑人拥有的银行在 建立黑人社区当中

in building Black communities,

发挥了了重要的作用。

the Savings and Loan Crisis of the 1980s,

20世纪80年代的储蓄和贷款危机

which crushed a lot of Black banks,

压垮了很多黑人银行，

and the subprime crisis in 2008,

2008年的次贷危机

which stripped a lot of Black and brown homeowners of their homes.

让许多黑色和棕色的房主 失去了他们的房子。

There's a lot of history there,

这里有很长的历史，

but that story tells you a bit about how we get to this 10x gap

但这个故事告诉你 我们是如何造成今天

where we are today.

十倍的贫富差距的。

Now, certainly, as we think about the size of that gap,

现在，当然，当我们考虑 这个差距的大小时，

it is critical for the Federal Government to take a number of actions.

联邦政府采取的一系列 措施至关重要。

That said, financial institutions play a really important role

他们说，金融机构在提供信贷、 提供获得资本的途径

in providing access to credit, access to capital,

以建立社区

to build communities

并让社区繁荣之中

and allow Black communities to thrive.

扮演着非常重要的角色。

We have to be clear;

我们得说清楚：

managing 17,000 dollars better does not get us there.

更好地管理1.7万美元 并不能让我们实现这一目标。

Better education does not get us there.

更好的教育也不能让 我们实现这一目标。

Access to credit and capital are critical.

获得信贷和资本至关重要。

So I want to talk about four solutions today

所以在今天我想谈谈金融机构

that financial institutions can contribute to start to close the wealth gap.

可以帮助缩小贫富差距 的四种解决方法。

Number one is getting more people on the ladder,

第一是让更多的人有 通往成功的阶梯。

getting more people banked.

让更多的人获得银行服务。

We know today that about half of Black Americans

我们知道今天有一半的美国黑人

are un- or underbanked.

是unbanked或者underbanked的。

Unbanked means that you don't have a banking account.

unbanked意味着你没有银行账户。

Underbanked means that you have a bank account

Underbankded意味着你有银行账户，

but you use alternative services for check-cashing or payday lending

但你使用其他服务 兑现支票或发薪日贷款

or paying bills.

或者支付账单。

And that's not just expensive from a transaction perspective

不仅从交易的角度看起来， 你支付的费用是昂贵的；

in terms of the fees that you pay,

it's also expensive in terms of the time that you commit to paying a bill.

从你承诺支付账单所耗的的时间来看， 它也是昂贵的。

Think about how you pay your utility bill today.

想想今天你是怎么付水电费的，

It probably comes out of your checking account.

它可能来自你的支票账户。

You don't even think about it.

你甚至都无需考虑。

You set it up in advance, and it's automatic.

你提前设置好它，过程是自动的。

Well, if you're unbanked,

但如果你没有银行账户，

you are probably going to get a money order somewhere,

你可能会在什么地方 收到一张汇款单。

physically, a piece of paper.

实际上，是一张纸

You then travel to City Hall or your DMV

然后你去市政厅或者 你的车管所

to pay that bill.

支付这个账单。

About 40 percent of people who are unbanked

大约40%的人没有银行账户。

say they are unbanked because they think they don't have the minimum amount

说他们没有银行账户， 因为他们认为他们没有足够的钱

to really maintain a checking account.

来维持一个支票账户。

Well, that's just not true.

但这不是真实的。

In the last several years,

最近几年，

credit unions, community banks and major banking institutions

信用合作社、社区银行和主要银行机构

have created low-cost, no-minimum checking and savings account products

专为这一人群而设计了 低成本、不设最低限额的

specifically made for this population.

支票和储蓄账户产品。

So we have an issue with awareness.

所以我们在认知上有些问题。

Banks, community partners and others

银行、社区合作伙伴和其他

have to work together to increase the awareness of these products

必须共同努力在 需要他们的社区中

in communities that need them,

提高这些产品的知名度。

so that we can start to reduce the number of people

这样我们就可以减少那些

who are un- and underbanked

没有或者不能 使用银行账户的人，

and get them on the ladder that we talked about earlier.

让他们可以登上我们 提到的那个阶梯。

The challenge is about 28 percent of Black and Latinx families

有个挑战是大约有28%的 黑人和拉丁裔家庭

are credit-invisible,

是缺少信用的。

which means that you have a thin credit file or no credit file.

这意味着你有一个低信用档案 或没有信用档案。

And the way that credit works and creditworthiness assessments work

而信用和信用评估 的运作方式是

is to say, if you can prove

你能否证明

that you have paid credit back consistently previously,

你以前一直偿还贷款，

then I can lend you more credit.

这样我可以借你更多的贷款。

It's kind of a chicken or an egg situation.

这有点像先有鸡 还是先有蛋的问题。

The interesting thing is that banks and financial technology companies

有趣的是，银行和金融科技公司

have really innovated in recent years to use alternative data --

近年来确实有使用替代数据

cable bills,

——有线电视费、

utility bills,

物业账单、

rent payments, etc. --

租金等——

to show that you're able to consistently make payments.

证明你能够负的起款。

The additional challenge on this one, unlike the last one,

还有另一个挑战，与上一个 更多的是关于意识不同，

which was more about awareness,

is that you need to have regulatory support to do these things.

你需要有监管支持 来做这些事情。

You need to prove to regulators

你需要向监管机构证明

that you are able to fairly use alternative data

你能够公平的使用替代数据

to lend credit to marginalized groups.

向边缘化群体借贷。

What we need to see is, from the Federal Government

我们需要的是联邦政府

and the banking industry,

和银行机构

to come together to create innovation sandboxes

一起创造一种创新沙盒、

to start to use alternative data to expand to marginalized groups.

使用替代数据使业务 扩大到边缘群体。

Well, what about communities?

那么，社区呢？

Without community wealth,

没有社区的财富，

individual wealth, in a way, is on an island.

个人的财富，在某种程度上， 就是在一个孤岛上。

And if you go into most major cities in the United States

如果你去美国的大多数大城市，

to most communities of color,

去大多数有色人种的社区，

what you'll find is underinvested communities.

你看到的会是缺少资金的社区。

For every economic crisis, these communities have suffered severely.

每一次经济危机，这些社区 都会遭受重创。

For every economic boom, they have not benefited.

每一次经济爆炸， 他们都没有受益。

And so what we're seeing in a number of cities across the country,

所以我们在全国许多 城市看到的是：

and I'll use Chicago as an example,

以芝加哥为例，

is the partnerships occurring

在银行机构

between banking institutions,

和慈善家之间，

philanthropists,

合作正在发生。

the city and community leaders

城市和社区领导

to invest hundreds of millions of dollars

投资数亿美元

to build community resources

来建立社区资源

and communities that have historically been disinvested.

和历史上被削减投资的社区。

Lastly, we've got to talk about business,

最后，我们要谈谈生意上的事，

and not just small businesses.

不仅仅是小生意。

Now, when you have individual stability and a banking institution,

当您拥有个人稳定和银行机构时，

and you have access to credit, and when you have community wealth,

您可以获得信贷， 当您拥有社区财富时，

those are all fantastic things, but we need also job creation.

这些都是很棒的事情， 但我们还需要创造就业机会。

Take all of the new tech companies,

以所有的新科技公司为例，

and I say "new" because now they're not so new,

我说“新”是因为现在 它们已经不那么新了。

but take Facebook, Google, Amazon.

但以脸书，谷歌，亚马逊为例，

At some point, all of those companies were sole proprietorships

在某些节点，所有这些公司 都是独资企业，

with one employee

只有一个

or a few employees

或几个员工

that were building a technology that was not yet proven.

在开发一种尚未得到验证的技术。

What those companies received early on

这些公司在早期得到了

was venture capital money.

风险投资，

And when you look at venture capital today,

但看看现在的风险投资

only one percent of venture capital funds go to Black founders.

只有百分之一的风险投资资金 流向了黑人创始人。

So if Black entrepreneurs are largely shut out of those networks

所以如果黑人企业家在很大程度上 被这些网络拒之门外，

they're not able to grow,

他们就没有能力成长。

and the only way for that to change

要改变这种情况，

is from within the industry itself.

唯一的方法就是 从行业内部开始。

In this generation, we must not only be talking about thriving businesses

在这一代，我们不能只谈论 在黑人社区

in Black communities.

繁荣发展业务。

We must also be talking about seeing more Black-owned

我们还必须谈论看到更多的

and founded businesses going public.

黑人持有或者建立的企业公开上市。

Those are just four solutions.

这些只是四个解决方案，

There's many other things that can and should be done

还有很多其他事可以 而且应该被解决

to close the wealth gap.

以缩小贫富差距。

This gap is not new.

这种差距并不新鲜，

It was born and perpetuated by federal policy, social constructs

它是由联邦政策、社会结构、

and business practice over time,

商业惯例所产生和延续的，

and all of those things need to change

而所有这些东西都需要改变

to start to close the gap.

以开始缩小贫富差距。

Financial institutions play a really critical role

金融机构扮演着 非常关键的角色，

at the individual level, at the community level

不仅在个人层面 更在社区层面

and at the business level.

以及商业层面。

It's important to our families, it's important to our communities

这对我们的家庭很重要、 对我们的社区很重要、

and it's important to our economy.

也对我们的经济很重要。

Instead of talking about how the gap continues to grow,

与其谈论差距怎样会继续扩大，

let's begin to close the gap now.

不如现在就开始缩减这种差距。

Thank you.

感谢你的观看