A Safe Pathway to Resettlement for Migrants and Refugees | Becca Heller | TED

翻译人员: Fred Tsang 校对人员: Grace Man

It's an incredible honor to be here.

非常荣幸能够在此演讲。

And I've met so many wonderful people so far this week.

这周我认识了很多非常优秀的人。

And one of the things that I've been thinking about

但有一件事始终困扰着我：

is how, at the end of this week,

这周结束之后，

most of us are going to pack up our bags

我们之中的大多数收拾完行李

and go home.

就能轻松回家了。

Going home is a luxury that's not available to everyone.

但对一些人而言， 回乡已经成了一种奢望。

I think top of mind for a lot of people right now is the situation in Ukraine.

可能有很多人 会立刻联想到乌克兰。

Over four million people forced to flee not just their country,

仅仅六周， 就有超过 400 万人

but their home in six weeks.

被迫逃离祖国， 放弃自己的家园。

And that's just one of the major human migration events happening right now.

除此之外， 还有其他地区也面临人口大迁徙。

They may no longer be making headlines,

或许这些地区 不再出现在新闻头条中了，

but people are still trying to flee Syria,

但其实仍有很多人在竭力逃离， 比如叙利亚、

Afghanistan, Eritrea, and the list goes on.

阿富汗、厄利垂亚， 以及越来越多的国家。

People are forced to flee their homes for any number of reasons.

迫使人们背井离乡的因素有很多。

War, yes, of course, but also gender-based violence,

除了战争，也包括性别暴力，

politically sanctioned persecution,

和政治迫害，

and more and more due to climate change,

此外，气候移民也日益增加。

which estimates say could displace 150 million people in the coming years.

据估计，之后数年内， 将有 150 万人因气候变化而移民。

So if human migration is both inevitable and growing,

总之，既然移民大潮无法避免， 移民人数也在不断增加，

what are we, as a global community, doing to address it?

那么作为全球社区一员的我们 该怎么办呢？

Typically,

一般而言，

people attempting to seek safety in a country not their own

到他国寻求庇护的移民，

are forced to languish in dangerous situations for decades,

都将被迫在危险的环境中 煎熬数十年。

attempting to navigate the suffocating bureaucracy

他们必须设法从各国 令人窒息的官僚主义中弄清

used by different countries to determine who gets to be resettled and where.

关于移民的繁文缛节。

The United Nations is involved,

除了联合国以外，

and every country has its own immigration laws and restrictions.

各国也有其自己的 移民法案和限制。

And there are multiple interviews required

而且还需要多次面试，

and onerous documentation requests.

并提供繁琐的文件。

Not to mention the difficulty of shepherding your entire family

更不用说当你与家人不在一起， 受到创伤，

through this process

可支配的资源又很少的时候，

when you’ve been separated, traumatized

指导你的家庭完成整个过程 是多么的困难。

and have few resources at your disposal.

But here's the good news.

但这里有一个好消息。

It doesn't have to be this way.

它不该一定是这样的。

Because the same thing that is holding people back

因为阻碍人们前进的东西

can be used to help move them forward to safe refuge:

也可以用来帮助他们 走向安全的避难所：

the rule of law.

那就是法治。

The key is to get legal knowledge into the hands of those who need it most

关键是要把法律知识 送到最需要的人手中，

and give them a chance to use the law

让他们有机会利用法律

to open pathways to safety for themselves and their families.

为自己和家人打开安全之路。

Although there's an entire industry built around humanitarian aid

虽然已经有一个完整的行业 围绕人道主义援助和应对各种危机，

and response to various crises,

that aid typically does not include legal services.

但这种援助通常不包括法律服务。

Many people hire a smuggler to take them across a sea or a desert

许多人雇用偷渡者 带他们穿越海洋或沙漠，

because they don't even know that they qualify for a legal pathway.

因为他们甚至不知道 他们有资格获得合法的途径。

Others may know that they qualify

其他人可能知道他们合资格，

but may not know how to navigate the interviews and the paperwork.

但可能不知道如何处理 面试和相关文书。

That's why so many people end up stuck in camps for decades.

这就是为什么这么多人 最终被困在难民营几十年的原因。

They're in legal limbo.

他们在法律上处于迷茫状态。

In this scenario,

在这种情况下，

access to legal information and legal services

获得法律信息和法律服务

is just as crucial as access to food, clothing and shelter.

就像获得食物、衣服和住所一样重要。

And that's where we at the International Refugee Assistance Project, or IRAP,

而这正是我们 国际难民援助项目（IRAP）

come in.

介入的地方。

First, IRAP utilizes technology through a digital platform

首先， IRAP 通过利用数字平台，

to make these laws and processes more accessible.

使这些法律和程序更容易获得。

We give refugees access to timely, accurate

我们让难民获得及时、准确

and culturally relevant information about their legal rights and options.

和文化上相关的信息， 以了解他们的法律权利和选项。

IRAP also provides direct legal services both on the ground and remotely

IRAP 还与训练有素的 一线难民服务组织网络、

in partnership with a trained network

无偿律师和 其他值得信赖的法律倡导者合作，

of front line refugee-serving organizations, pro-bono attorneys

and other trusted legal advocates.

在当地和远程提供直接法律服务。

And finally, as we walk side by side with our clients,

最后，当我们与客户 并肩走过这些过程的每一步时，

through every step of these processes,

we're able to identify systemic issues that we can use the law to address

我们才能够发现系统性的问题， 我们可以利用法律来解决它们，

and ultimately change for the better.

并最终改变现状。

It's these individual cases that illuminate opportunities

正是这些个案照亮了

for broader systemic reform.

更广泛的系统性改革的机会。

Let me give you a case example so you can see what I mean.

让我给你们一个案例， 以便你们能明白我的意思。

Aaron and Miriam.

亚伦（Aaron） 和 米丽安（Miriam），

Not their real names.

并不是她们的真名。

We had to change them for safety reasons,

为了安全起见， 我们不得不使用化名，

and you'll see why in a second.

你马上就会明白其中的原因。

Aaron and Miriam are brother and sister.

亚伦和米丽安是兄妹。

They were separated from their mother when they were all forced to flee

在他们还是孩子的时候，他们就 不得不逃离厄立特里亚，

from their home in Eritrea when they were children.

而且是和母亲分开逃离。

The kids ended up in a refugee camp in Sudan,

最后孩子们到了 苏丹的一个难民营里，

and their mother ended up in Germany.

而他们的母亲则到了德国。

And in today's dysfunctional system of refugee resettlement,

而在今天 功能失调的难民安置系统中，

this type of family separation happens all the time.

这种类型的家庭分离一直在发生。

And typically what would happen

通常发生的情况是，

is either that the kids spend decades stuck in the camp

要么孩子们在难民营里呆了几十年，

or that their mother would be forced to hire a smuggler

要么他们的母亲被迫雇用人蛇，

to take them on a dangerous journey across the Mediterranean

带着他们踏上 穿越地中海的危险旅程，

just so she could be with them again.

来与她能再次团聚。

These are both terrible options.

这些都是可怕的选项。

But luckily for Aaron and Miriam,

但幸运的是，亚伦和米丽安的 一些工作人员

some of the staff in the camp have been trained by IRAP

已经接受了 IRAP 的培训，

to identify cases eligible for family reunification,

以确定符合家庭团聚的案例，

which is one type of resettlement pathway.

这是一种重新安置的途径。

So we filed the application to Germany.

于是我们向德国提出了申请。

So far so good.

到目前为止还不错。

Until the German government denied the application

直到德国政府拒绝了这一申请，

because Aaron and Miriam didn't have passports,

因为亚伦和米丽安没有护照，

which they couldn't get

他们无法得到护照，

because the Eritrean government considered them to be traitors for fleeing.

是因为厄立特里亚政府认为 他们是逃亡的叛徒。

So approaching the embassy to get passports

因此，去大使馆申请护照

would have put their lives in even more danger.

会使他们的生命面临更大的危险。

IRAP flagged this as a wrongful, systemic barrier,

IRAP 代表这个家庭 在德国法院打了官司，

fought the case in German court on the family's behalf and won.

指出这对难民来说一个错误的、 系统性的障碍，并打赢了官司。

(Applause)

（掌声）

And I am so happy to tell you

我非常高兴地告诉你们，

that Aaron and Miriam were reunited with their mother in Germany

亚伦和米丽安已经在 2021 年 6 月 在德国与他们的母亲团聚了。

in June of 2021.

(Applause)

（掌声）

This is a joyful story of family reunification

这是一个由法律倡导促成的

that legal advocacy made possible.

家庭团聚的快乐故事。

But there's something else at play here that I really want you to see.

但是，我真的希望你们还能 从这个故事里看到其他一些事情。

And it involves one of my favorite words in the English language:

这就要说道在英语中 我最喜欢的一个词：

precedent.

判例（precedent）。

Yes, I am a legal nerd.

是的， 我是一个法律呆子。

This is my favorite word, precedent.

这是我最喜欢的词，判例。

By bringing the case in court,

通过向法院提起诉讼，

IRAP began to establish a precedent to ease the passport requirement,

IRAP 建立一个判例，

不仅为亚伦和米丽安，

而且为其他成千上万处于类似情况的 难民儿童放宽护照要求。

not just for Aaron and Miriam,

but for thousands of other refugee children in similar situations.

When legal service providers walk side by side with our clients

当法律服务提供者与我们的客户

through every step of these immigration processes,

并肩走过这些移民程序的每一步时，

we're able to identify the obstacles that are preventing people

我们就能够确定

阻碍人们达到安全处境的障碍。

from reaching safety.

Do that often enough,

经常这样做之后，

and you start to see patterns in the obstacles.

你就会开始看到这些障碍中的模式。

And when we find a pattern,

当我们发现一种模式时，

we can advocate to change the underlying law

我们可以倡导改变

that's creating the obstacle in the first place.

最初造成障碍的基础法律 。

It's the patterns that allow us to open pathways

正是这些模式使我们能够为

to resettlement at scale.

大规模的重新安置打开通道。

This was all put to the test in Afghanistan.

这一切都在阿富汗得到了检验。

For the past 20 years,

在过去的 20 年里，

thousands of Afghans have worked in essential and lifesaving jobs

数以千计的阿富汗人代表美国政府

on behalf of the US government.

从事基础性及拯救生命的工作。

They've been interpreters,

他们曾是口译员、

truck drivers and computer scientists.

卡车司机和计算机科学家。

And because of their US affiliation,

而由于他们与美国的关系，

the Taliban has spent those same 20 years

塔利班也花了这 20 年时间

trying to track them down and kill them.

试图追踪并杀死他们。

So all the way back in 2009, Congress,

因此，早在 2009 年，美国国会

in response to this very real threat,

为了应对这一非常真实的威胁，

created a special visa program for Afghan allies of the United States.

为美国的阿富汗盟友 创建了一个特别签证计划。

The purpose of the visa was to provide those whose lives were in imminent danger

该签证的目的 是为那些性命处于紧迫危险中的人

with quick resettlement to the US.

提供快速重新安置到美国的机会。

But at IRAP,

但在 IRAP，

we knew that this program was broken.

我们知道这个项目是失败的。

We knew this because we were helping more than 1,000 Afghans

我们知道这一点，因为我们当时 正在帮助 1000 多名阿富汗人

try to navigate this visa process,

and we began to see a pattern.

尝试办理这个签证， 我们开始看到一个模式。

It was taking on average more than four years

美国政府签发这些“紧急”签证

for the US government to issue these "urgent" visas.

平均需要四年多的时间。

Which meant that our allies and their families

这意味着我们的盟友和他们的家人

were at risk of Taliban assassination

面临着被塔利班暗杀的风险，

because the US couldn't stamp their passports quickly enough.

只因为美国 无法快速在他们的护照上盖章。

So in response,

因此，作为回应，

we gathered our knowledge from all of these cases,

我们收集了所有这些案件的资料，

filed a class action lawsuit,

提起了集体诉讼，

and in 2020, we won.

在 2020 年，我们赢了。

(Applause)

（掌声）

A court ordered the US government to process these backlog applications

法院命令美国政府及时地处理

in a timely fashion,

这些积压的申请，

treating our clients' cases with the urgency

以形势所需的紧迫性

that the situation warranted.

对待我们客户的案件。

Now, as you all well know,

现在，你们都知道的，

the US withdrawal from Afghanistan has created a whole new level of chaos.

美国从阿富汗撤军 已经造成了一个全新的混乱局面。

But our model has allowed us to continue utilizing technology

但我们的模式使我们 能够继续利用技术，

to get crucial llegal information into the hands of our allies

将关键的法律信息送到

who have not yet been able to flee.

尚未能逃离的盟友手中。

We're still in court and in the halls of Congress,

我们仍然在法庭上 和国会大厅里，

demanding their urgent evacuation and protection.

要求他们提供紧急疏散和保护。

And we're going to keep looking for obstacles to take down

我们将继续寻找可以拆除的障碍，

and using the law to empower refugees,

并利用法律赋予难民权力，

just like we always have,

就像我们一直以来所做的那样，

because that is the best way to get these folks to long-lasting safety.

因为这是让这些人 获得长期安全的最佳途径。

(Applause)

（掌声）

The last thing I'll say is this.

我要说的最后一件事是这个。

When faced with the reality that human movement is in fact inevitable,

当面对实际上不可避免的 人口迁徙这一现实时，

countries have two choices.

各国有两个选择。

They can build walls and prisons

他们可以建造围墙和监狱，

and separate children from their parents,

将儿童与他们的父母分开，

or they can create fair and transparent legal systems

也可以建立公平 和透明的法律制度，

that facilitate safe

促进安全和有组织的 移民和安置方案。

and organized migration and resettlement.

Functional rights-based legal systems help everybody.

以权利为基础的有效的法律体系 可以帮助所有人。

But unfortunately,

但不幸的是，

there are those who find it more advantageous to demonize migrants

有些人认为将移民妖魔化，

and politicize refugee crises

将难民危机政治化，

than to make serious plans to address global migration in a safe,

比制定认真的计划，以安全、有序和 有尊严的方式处理全球移民问题

orderly and dignified way.

更加有利。

Through this work,

通过这项工作，

I have met so many people who embody the traits that we praise

我遇到了很多人， 他们体现了我们所称赞的

in entrepreneurs and thought leaders.

企业家和思想领袖的特质。

It takes tenacity, creativity and bravery

要让自己和家人 到一个新的国家重新开始生活，

to get yourself and your family to a new country

需要坚韧不拔的精神、 创造力和勇气。

to begin your life over again.

In my opinion, countries should be competing for refugees.

在我看来， 各国应该争夺难民。

But at the very least,

但至少，

everyone should have a safe place to call home

每个人都应该有一个安全的地方 可以称之为家，

and a safe way to get there.

并有安全的方式到达那里。

I wish all of you a safe journey home.

我祝愿你们所有的人 都能平安到家。

And thank you.

谢谢大家。

(Applause and cheers)

(掌声和欢呼)