Nabiha Saklayen: Could you recover from illness ... using your own stem cells? | TED
71,434 views ・ 2021-11-26
请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
翻译人员: psjmz mz
校对人员: Helen Chang
00:13
You're sitting in the doctor's office
waiting for test results.
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你坐在医生办公室等待测试结果。
00:18
She comes in and says,
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她进来说,
00:20
"You have Parkinson's disease."
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“你有帕金森氏综合症。”
00:23
Your heart sinks, and you think about
everything that will go wrong:
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你心里一沉,想到了
将要变糟的所有事情:
00:26
you'll be unable to walk, unable to feed
yourself, your hands trembling, drooling,
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你不能走路,不能自己吃饭,
你的手颤颤巍巍,流着口水,
00:33
unable to swallow.
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无法吞咽。
00:35
But before you say anything, she says,
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但在你开口前,她说,
00:38
"Not to worry, we'll put
in an order for your cells today."
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“不要担心,我们今天就订购你的细胞。”
00:43
You come back a week later,
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你一周之后回来,
00:45
and a surgeon transplants
brand new neurons into your brain.
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外科医生将全新的神经元
移植到你的大脑中。
00:51
You just received an on-demand
functional cure for Parkinson's,
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你刚刚接受了一个
帕金森的按需功能治疗,
00:56
made from your cells.
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取自你的细胞。
01:01
It sounds like science fiction,
but in the future,
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这听起来像科幻,但在将来,
01:04
we will all have the option of having
our stem cells banked ahead of time
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我们都可以选择提前
将干细胞储藏起来,
01:09
so that any time you need new neurons,
new muscle cells, new skin cells,
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这样任何时候你需要新的神经元、
新的肌肉细胞、新的皮肤细胞时,
01:14
they'd be generated from this bank.
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它们都可以从这个银行中生产出来。
01:17
And because they're
100 percent your cells,
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并且由于它们100%是你的细胞,
01:21
your immune system is extremely unlikely
to reject or attack those cells.
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你的免疫系统不会排斥
或攻击这些细胞。
01:26
In fact, the body has no idea
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事实上,身体不知道
01:29
that these cells were
actually made in a cell factory.
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这些细胞其实是在细胞工厂制造的。
01:35
All of this is possible
because of a breakthrough
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这一切成为可能
是因为生物学、激光物理学
和机器学习交叉领域的突破。
01:37
at the intersection of biology,
laser physics and machine learning.
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01:42
We'll start with biology.
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我们从生物学开始。
01:44
The human body is an absolute miracle.
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人类身体绝对是个奇迹。
01:47
Trillions of cells are working
in synchronicity
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数以亿计的细胞同步工作
01:51
to pump blood, secrete dopamine
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以输送血液,分泌多巴胺
01:53
and let me see and speak to you right now.
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让我现在得以看见并为你们演讲。
01:56
But as we age, our cells age, too.
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但随着年龄渐长,
我们的细胞也会变老。
02:00
That's why our skin starts to sag,
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于是我们的皮肤开始松弛,
02:03
our cartilage wears away,
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我们的软骨磨损掉,
02:05
and your five-mile run
might turn into a 20-minute walk.
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你5英里的跑步可能会
变成20分钟的步行。
02:09
Yes, we're all getting older.
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是的,我们所有人都会变老。
02:11
Our bodies are ticking time bombs.
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我们的身体就像定时炸弹。
02:14
But stem cells could offer a solution,
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但干细胞可以提供解法,
02:18
because one stem cell can become
almost any cell in your body.
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因为一个干细胞能够成为
你身体的几乎任何细胞。
02:24
My grandma passed away
due to diabetes in 2012.
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我奶奶2012年因糖尿病去世。
02:27
If the technology
were available at the time,
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如果当时技术成熟,
02:30
we could have used her stem cells
to generate new pancreatic cells,
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我们就可以使用她的
干细胞来生成胰腺,
02:35
and it could have cured her.
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就可以治愈她。
02:38
Now, unfortunately, stem cells
are notoriously difficult to engineer.
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现在,不幸的是,干细胞是
出了名地难以制造。
02:43
One fundamental problem
relates to how they're made,
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一个根本的问题
跟它们如何制造有关,
02:46
which involves taking
a patient's blood cells
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这涉及到取下病人的血液细胞
02:49
and adding chemicals to those blood cells
to turn them into stem cells.
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加入化学物质来把它们变成干细胞。
02:53
Now, during this chemical process,
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在这个化学过程中,
02:55
you never end up with
a perfect set of stem cells.
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你基本不可能得到
一套完美的干细胞。
02:58
In fact, you get a very messy plate
of cells going in different directions --
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实际是,你会得到一盘
非常杂乱的不同方向的细胞
03:03
towards the eye, brain, liver --
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——向眼睛、大脑、肝脏发展的细胞——
03:06
and every random cell must be removed.
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这些随机的细胞必须被移除掉。
03:10
Until recently, the main way
to remove cells was by hand.
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直到最近,移除这些细胞的方法是人工。
03:18
I remember the first time I visited
the Harvard Stem Cell Institute.
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我还记得第一次造访
哈佛干细胞研究所时。
03:22
I watched a highly skilled scientist
sitting at a bench looking at stem cells,
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我看到一位技术高超的科学家
坐在长凳上观察干细胞,
03:26
evaluating them one at a time
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一次一个地评估它们
03:28
and removing the unwanted cells by hand.
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并手工移除不需要的细胞。
03:32
It's a slow, tedious
and artisanal process,
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这是个缓慢、乏味和手工的过程,
03:35
which is why generating
a personalized stem cell bank today
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所以今天制作一个
客制化的干细胞银行
03:40
costs about one million dollars.
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耗费达100万美元。
03:43
Now, using a donor's stem cells
is much cheaper,
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如今,使用捐赠者的干细胞要更便宜,
03:48
but your immune system will likely
attack or reject those cells
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但你的免疫系统可能会
攻击和排斥这些细胞,
03:52
unless you take immunosuppressants,
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除非你服用免疫抑制剂,
03:54
which, unfortunately, is not an option
for a lot of people,
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不幸的是,这对很多人不可选,
03:58
especially the elderly.
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尤其对于老年人。
04:00
To avoid this problem,
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要避免这个问题,
04:01
some scientists are banking stem cells
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一些科学家存储来自具有
04:04
from individuals with the most
common genetic backgrounds.
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最通用遗传背景个体的干细胞。
04:08
Here in the US,
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在美国,
04:10
let's say we made a cell bank
with 100 of the most common cell lines.
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假设我们用100个最常见的
细胞系做了一个细胞库。
04:15
It could work for about
75 percent of Caucasians,
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它对75%的白种人有效,
04:18
50 percent of African Americans.
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对50%的非裔美国人有效。
04:20
But it gets harder.
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但这变得愈来愈困难。
04:23
My cofounder is Filipina-Mexican,
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我的联合创始人是
菲律宾-墨西哥人,
04:26
and it's unclear if she would
be ever covered by a bank.
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她能不能被这个银行覆盖
仍然不清楚。
04:31
And regardless,
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不管怎样说,
04:32
if you could choose between using
a stranger's cells versus your own,
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如果在陌生人
和自己的细胞上有得选,
04:39
wouldn't you choose your own?
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为什么不选自己的?
04:43
Personalized stem cells
are our opportunity
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客制化的干细胞是我们制造
04:45
to make medicines that truly work
for me, for you and everyone.
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能够真正对我、对你和每个人
有效的药物的机会。
04:52
And in order to make this process of stem
cell production affordable and scalable,
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要让干细胞生产过程的
费用可承受和规模化,
04:57
we have to automate it.
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我们需要自动化这个过程。
04:59
Different people are taking
different approaches to doing that,
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不同的人正在用不同的方法去实现,
05:02
and I decided to use physics.
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我决定使用物理方法。
05:06
Since childhood, I've been
a die-hard physics fan,
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从孩提时代开始,我就是个铁杆物理迷。
05:09
gazing at the stars,
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仰望星空,
05:11
daydreaming about space travel.
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做着太空旅行的白日梦。
05:14
Thanks, Mom, for not thinking I was weird!
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感谢母亲,没觉得我是个怪胎。
05:17
My family moved around a lot,
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我家庭经常搬迁,
05:19
from Saudi Arabia to Germany
to Sri Lanka to Bangladesh,
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从沙特阿拉伯到德国,
从斯里兰卡到孟加拉国,
05:23
and each time, I had to learn
new languages and cultures.
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每次,我都要学习新的语言和文化。
05:28
Eventually, I fell in love with physics
because it was a universal language
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最终,我爱上物理学,因为它是
05:32
that I didn't have to relearn every time.
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不需要我每次都学习的通用语言。
05:35
When I started my PhD,
I joined a laser physics lab,
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当我读博士时,
我加入激光物理实验室,
05:39
because lasers are the coolest.
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因为激光是最酷的。
05:42
But I also decided to dabble in biology.
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但我也决定涉足生物学。
05:46
I started using lasers
to engineer human cells,
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我开始使用激光来设计人类细胞,
05:50
and when I talked to biologists
about it, they were amazed.
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当我和生物学家谈这个时,
他们感到惊讶。
05:55
Here's why: scientists are always looking
for ways to make biology more precise.
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原因在于:科学家一直在寻找
让生物学更精确的方法。
06:00
Sometimes cell culture
can feel a lot like cooking:
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有时候细胞培养像烹饪:
06:04
take some chemicals, put it in a pot,
stir it, heat it, see what happens,
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取一些化学物质,放进锅里,搅拌,
加热,看看会发生什么,
06:09
try it all over again.
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一次次尝试。
06:10
In contrast, lasers are so precise,
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相比之下,激光是如此精确,
06:13
you can target one cell in millions
at precise intervals --
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你可以在精确的时间间隔里
瞄准数百万个细胞中的任何一个,
06:17
every second, every minute,
every hour -- you name it.
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一秒内、一分内、
一小时内,你说了算。
06:21
I realized that instead of doing
this tedious process of stem cell culture
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我意识到与其手工去做这个乏味的
06:25
by hand,
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干细胞培养过程,
06:26
we could use lasers to remove
the unwanted cells.
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我们可以使用激光来移除
不需要的细胞。
06:30
And to automate the entire process,
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要自动化整个过程,
06:32
we decided to use machine learning
to identify those unwanted cells
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我们决定使用机器学习
来识别不需要的细胞
06:37
and zap them.
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并杀死它们。
06:38
Algorithms today are great at finding
useful information and images,
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今天的算法在寻找有用的
信息和图像方面做得很好,
06:42
making this a perfect use case
for machine learning.
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令这成为机器学习的
一个完美使用场景。
06:46
Here's how it works:
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这是工作的原理:
06:48
Take some blood cells,
put it in a cassette.
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取一些血液细胞,放在卡盒里。
06:50
Add chemicals to those blood cells to turn
them into stem cells like always.
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往血液细胞中加入化学物质
让它们像往常一样变成干细胞。
06:54
Now, instead of having a human
look for those unwanted cells
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现在,跟过去人工寻找不需要的细胞
06:59
and remove them by hand,
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并手动移除掉不同的是,
07:01
the machine identifies the unwanted cells
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机器识别出不需要的细胞
07:04
and zaps them with a laser.
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并用激光杀死它们。
07:08
As you can see, this entire process
happens by machine.
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你可以看到,这整个流程
都是机器操作的。
07:12
The computer decides when
and how often to print the cells
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机器决定打印细胞的时间和频率
07:16
and uses a fully automated system
to run the process.
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并使用全自动系统来运行这个过程。
07:21
After repeated pruning,
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经过反复修剪后,
07:23
you end up with a perfect culture
of your stem cells,
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你得到你自己的完美干细胞培养物,
07:26
ready to be banked and used at any time.
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随时可以存入银行并使用。
07:30
In the future, we're going to have
stem cell farms
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在未来,我们将会拥有干细胞农场,
07:34
with stacks and stacks of hundreds
and then eventually millions of cassettes,
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那里有一叠又一叠的,成百上千的,
最终是数百万的卡盒,
07:38
each cassette a personalized
bank for one human.
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每个盒子是一个人的客制化银行。
07:41
Nurses will take a sample
of your cord blood right at birth
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护士会在你出生时采集脐带血样本
07:45
and ship it off for cultivation,
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然后运去培育,
07:47
so that for the rest of your life,
your stem cells are on file, banked,
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这样在你的余生中,你的干细胞
都会被存档,储存起来,
07:51
ready to go, should any
medical need arise.
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随时准备使用,假设有任何医疗需要。
07:54
Let's say you develop heart disease.
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我们假设说你患上了心脏疾病,
07:56
Your doctor can order up new heart cells.
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你的医生可以订购新的心脏细胞。
07:58
Hair loss. They can order up new hair.
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秃头,他们可以订购新的头发。
08:02
The most immediate application
of this technology is for implants.
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这个技术最快的应用是移植。
08:06
Dr. Kapil Bharti's research
at the National Eye Institute
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Kapil Bharti 博士
在国家眼科研究所的研究
08:09
has informed a breakthrough clinical trial
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对干细胞治疗失明
08:12
for a stem cell derived
therapy for blindness.
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有突破性的临床试验。
08:15
As the process becomes cheaper,
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随着整个过程变得便宜,
08:17
scientists can run larger and larger
clinical trials at scale
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科学家可以进行
越来越大规模的临床试验
08:21
to develop new treatments
that don't exist today,
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去开发今天不存在的治疗方法,
08:25
because what costs
one million dollars today
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因为今天耗费100万美元的东西
08:29
will soon be less than 50,000,
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很快将会少于5万美元,
08:31
and then even cheaper with time.
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并且随着时间将进一步下降。
08:35
Now, it gets even more
interesting than that.
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现在,事情变得比那更有趣了。
08:40
And perhaps you have longevity in mind.
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也许你想要长寿。
08:43
That is certainly a possibility.
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这当然是可能的。
08:45
In the future, we might use
these exact same stem cell banks
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将来,我们可以使用这些
同样的干细胞银行
08:49
to generate entire new organs,
new tissues, new skin ...
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来生产全新的器官、组织、新的皮肤…
08:54
New bone, teeth, anyone?
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新的骨头、牙齿。有人需要吗?
09:01
This technology also has the potential
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这个技术也具有革命性
09:04
to revolutionize
personalized pharmaceuticals.
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客制化药品的潜力。
09:07
Today, taking medicine is,
to some degree, trial and error.
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今天,服药在某种程度上
是一种试错法。
09:10
You don't really know
if the drug is going to work for you
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你并不确切知道这个药物
是不是对你有效,
09:13
until you put it in your body.
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直到把它服入体内。
09:16
But what if we had a miniature
human replica of you with your cells --
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但如果我们有一个里面
有你细胞的微型人体复制品,
09:23
eye cells, brain cells, heart cells,
muscle cells, blood cells --
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——眼睛细胞、大脑细胞、心脏细胞、
肌肉细胞、血液细胞——
09:29
on a chip?
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在一个芯片上。
09:31
A miniature human replica of you.
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你的微型人体复制品。
09:35
We could take the drugs, test
them on the cells in the lab first
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我们可以测试药物,首先在实验室里
在细胞上测试它们
09:38
to see how it works.
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看是否有效。
09:39
If it works, fantastic.
Go ahead and take the drug.
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如果有效,那很好。
下一步就是服药。
09:42
If it doesn't, pharmacists can
order up custom drugs just for you.
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如果无效,药剂师可以为你定制药物。
09:49
This has been the hope and dream
of scientists for decades.
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这是科学家数十年来的希望和梦想。
09:53
With this technology,
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通过这种技术,
09:55
we can finally realize
the true potential of stem cells:
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我们可以最终实现干细胞的真正潜力:
10:00
on-demand functional cures
made from your cells.
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来自你的细胞的按需功能治疗方法。
10:05
Cures that your body won't reject.
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你的身体不会排斥的治疗方法。
10:08
Cures that truly work for everyone.
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真正适合每个人的治疗方法。
10:15
The future of regenerative medicine
is 100 percent personalized,
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未来的再生医学100%是客制化的,
10:21
and it's a lot closer than you think.
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这比你想象的要近得多。
10:24
Thank you.
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谢谢。
10:26
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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