Nabiha Saklayen: Could you recover from illness ... using your own stem cells? | TED

71,604 views ใƒป 2021-11-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:13
You're sitting in the doctor's office waiting for test results.
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ืืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื•ืคืื” ื•ืžื—ื›ื” ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.
00:18
She comes in and says,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืื•ืžืจืช,
00:20
"You have Parkinson's disease."
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โ€œื™ืฉ ืœืš ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ.โ€
00:23
Your heart sinks, and you think about everything that will go wrong:
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ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœืš ืฆื•ื ื—, ื•ืืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉืชื‘ืฉ:
00:26
you'll be unable to walk, unable to feed yourself, your hands trembling, drooling,
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื™ ืœืœื›ืช, ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžืš, ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืจื•ืขื“ื•ืช, ืืช ืžืจื™ื™ืจืช,
00:33
unable to swallow.
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ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื‘ืœื•ืข.
00:35
But before you say anything, she says,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืžืฉื”ื•, ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช,
00:38
"Not to worry, we'll put in an order for your cells today."
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โ€œืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื™, ื ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœืšโ€.
00:43
You come back a week later,
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ืืช ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
00:45
and a surgeon transplants brand new neurons into your brain.
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ื•ืžื ืชื— ืžืฉืชื™ืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœืš.
00:51
You just received an on-demand functional cure for Parkinson's,
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ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ืชืจื•ืคื” ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืœืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื”,
00:56
made from your cells.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœืš.
01:01
It sounds like science fiction, but in the future,
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
01:04
we will all have the option of having our stem cells banked ahead of time
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคืงื™ื“ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“
01:09
so that any time you need new neurons, new muscle cells, new skin cells,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:14
they'd be generated from this bank.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืคืงื• ืžื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ื–ื”.
01:17
And because they're 100 percent your cells,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื 100 ืื—ื•ื– ืชืื™ื ืฉืœืš,
01:21
your immune system is extremely unlikely to reject or attack those cells.
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ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืชื“ื—ื” ืื• ืชืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:26
In fact, the body has no idea
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’
01:29
that these cells were actually made in a cell factory.
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ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืชืื™ื.
01:35
All of this is possible because of a breakthrough
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš
01:37
at the intersection of biology, laser physics and machine learning.
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ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื•ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
01:42
We'll start with biology.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:44
The human body is an absolute miracle.
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ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื ืก ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
01:47
Trillions of cells are working in synchronicity
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ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชืื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ
01:51
to pump blood, secrete dopamine
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ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ื“ื, ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ,
01:53
and let me see and speak to you right now.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
01:56
But as we age, our cells age, too.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื, ื’ื ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื.
02:00
That's why our skin starts to sag,
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื“ืœื“ืœ,
02:03
our cartilage wears away,
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ื”ืกื—ื•ืก ืฉืœื ื• ื ืฉื—ืง,
02:05
and your five-mile run might turn into a 20-minute walk.
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ื•ืจื™ืฆืช 6 ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ 20 ื“ืงื•ืช.
02:09
Yes, we're all getting older.
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ื›ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื.
02:11
Our bodies are ticking time bombs.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืคืฆืฆืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืงืชืงืช.
02:14
But stem cells could offer a solution,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืคืชืจื•ืŸ,
02:18
because one stem cell can become almost any cell in your body.
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ื›ื™ ืชื ื’ื–ืข ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื.
02:24
My grandma passed away due to diabetes in 2012.
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ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™ ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืžืกื•ื›ืจืช ื‘-2012.
02:27
If the technology were available at the time,
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ืื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช,
02:30
we could have used her stem cells to generate new pancreatic cells,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ืœื‘ืœื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
02:35
and it could have cured her.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืคื ืื•ืชื”.
02:38
Now, unfortunately, stem cells are notoriously difficult to engineer.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข.
02:43
One fundamental problem relates to how they're made,
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืื—ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
02:46
which involves taking a patient's blood cells
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ืฉื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืชืื™ ื“ื ืžืžื˜ื•ืคืœ
02:49
and adding chemicals to those blood cells to turn them into stem cells.
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ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืœืชืื™ ื“ื ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื›ื ืœืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข.
02:53
Now, during this chemical process,
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ื”ื–ื”,
02:55
you never end up with a perfect set of stem cells.
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
02:58
In fact, you get a very messy plate of cells going in different directions --
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฆืœื—ืช ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ื ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื --
03:03
towards the eye, brain, liver --
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ื›ื‘ื“ --
03:06
and every random cell must be removed.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืชื ืืงืจืื™.
03:10
Until recently, the main way to remove cells was by hand.
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ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืชืื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“.
03:18
I remember the first time I visited the Harvard Stem Cell Institute.
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“.
03:22
I watched a highly skilled scientist sitting at a bench looking at stem cells,
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ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข,
03:26
evaluating them one at a time
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ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“
03:28
and removing the unwanted cells by hand.
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ื•ืžืกื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื“ื ื™ืช.
03:32
It's a slow, tedious and artisanal process,
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ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื˜ื™, ืžื™ื™ื’ืข ื•ืœื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™,
03:35
which is why generating a personalized stem cell bank today
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื ืง ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื•ื
03:40
costs about one million dollars.
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ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
03:43
Now, using a donor's stem cells is much cheaper,
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:48
but your immune system will likely attack or reject those cells
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืชืชืงื•ืฃ ืื• ืชื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:52
unless you take immunosuppressants,
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ืืœื ืื ืชื™ื˜ืœื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื›ืื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
03:54
which, unfortunately, is not an option for a lot of people,
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ืฉืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:58
especially the elderly.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื.
04:00
To avoid this problem,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•,
04:01
some scientists are banking stem cells
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
04:04
from individuals with the most common genetic backgrounds.
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ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:08
Here in the US,
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘,
04:10
let's say we made a cell bank with 100 of the most common cell lines.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ื‘ื ืง ืชืื™ื ืขื 100 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:15
It could work for about 75 percent of Caucasians,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 75 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื,
04:18
50 percent of African Americans.
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50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
04:20
But it gets harder.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:23
My cofounder is Filipina-Mexican,
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ืช-ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ืช
04:26
and it's unclear if she would be ever covered by a bank.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืง.
04:31
And regardless,
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ,
04:32
if you could choose between using a stranger's cells versus your own,
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
04:39
wouldn't you choose your own?
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ื”ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื›ื?
04:43
Personalized stem cells are our opportunity
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
04:45
to make medicines that truly work for me, for you and everyone.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื.
04:52
And in order to make this process of stem cell production affordable and scalable,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘,
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™.
04:57
we have to automate it.
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04:59
Different people are taking different approaches to doing that,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
05:02
and I decided to use physics.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
05:06
Since childhood, I've been a die-hard physics fan,
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ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
05:09
gazing at the stars,
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ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
05:11
daydreaming about space travel.
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ื—ื•ืœืžืช ื‘ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืžืกืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
05:14
Thanks, Mom, for not thinking I was weird!
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ืชื•ื“ื”, ืืžื, ืฉืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื–ืจื”!
05:17
My family moved around a lot,
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”,
05:19
from Saudi Arabia to Germany to Sri Lanka to Bangladesh,
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ืžืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืœืกืจื™ ืœื ืงื” ืœื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ,
05:23
and each time, I had to learn new languages and cultures.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
05:28
Eventually, I fell in love with physics because it was a universal language
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืชืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืคื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช
05:32
that I didn't have to relearn every time.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
05:35
When I started my PhD, I joined a laser physics lab,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื™, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ,
05:39
because lasers are the coolest.
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ื›ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื.
05:42
But I also decided to dabble in biology.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ื’ื ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
05:46
I started using lasers to engineer human cells,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืชืื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
05:50
and when I talked to biologists about it, they were amazed.
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ื•ื›ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ื”ื ื ื“ื”ืžื•.
05:55
Here's why: scientists are always looking for ways to make biology more precise.
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ื›ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
06:00
Sometimes cell culture can feel a lot like cooking:
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืชืจื‘ื™ืช ืชืื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ:
06:04
take some chemicals, put it in a pot, stir it, heat it, see what happens,
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ืงื—ื• ื›ืžื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื, ืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกื™ืจ, ืขืจื‘ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื, ื—ืžืžื• ืื•ืชื, ื•ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”,
06:09
try it all over again.
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ื ืกื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื‘.
06:10
In contrast, lasers are so precise,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื,
06:13
you can target one cell in millions at precise intervals --
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชื ืื—ื“ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื --
06:17
every second, every minute, every hour -- you name it.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืงื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” -- ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•.
06:21
I realized that instead of doing this tedious process of stem cell culture
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื™ื™ื’ืข ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื™ืช ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
06:25
by hand,
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ื™ื“ื ื™ืช,
06:26
we could use lasers to remove the unwanted cells.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื.
06:30
And to automate the entire process,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™,
06:32
we decided to use machine learning to identify those unwanted cells
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืชืื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื
06:37
and zap them.
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ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชื.
06:38
Algorithms today are great at finding useful information and images,
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ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
06:42
making this a perfect use case for machine learning.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
06:46
Here's how it works:
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“:
06:48
Take some blood cells, put it in a cassette.
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ืงื—ื• ื›ืžื” ืชืื™ ื“ื, ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงืกื˜ื”.
06:50
Add chemicals to those blood cells to turn them into stem cells like always.
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ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืœืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข, ื›ืžื• ืชืžื™ื“.
06:54
Now, instead of having a human look for those unwanted cells
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื
06:59
and remove them by hand,
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ื•ื™ืกื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื™ื“ื ื™ืช,
07:01
the machine identifies the unwanted cells
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื
07:04
and zaps them with a laser.
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ื•ื”ื•ืจืกืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ.
07:08
As you can see, this entire process happens by machine.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
07:12
The computer decides when and how often to print the cells
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžืชื™ ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื
07:16
and uses a fully automated system to run the process.
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
07:21
After repeated pruning,
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ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ื–ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ,
07:23
you end up with a perfect culture of your stem cells,
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื›ื,
07:26
ready to be banked and used at any time.
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืงื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื•ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช.
07:30
In the future, we're going to have stem cell farms
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื•ืช ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
07:34
with stacks and stacks of hundreds and then eventually millions of cassettes,
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ืขื ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ื•ืื– ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืงืกื˜ื•ืช,
07:38
each cassette a personalized bank for one human.
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ื›ืœ ืงืกื˜ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื ืง ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“.
07:41
Nurses will take a sample of your cord blood right at birth
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ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืงื—ื• ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”
07:45
and ship it off for cultivation,
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ื•ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืจื‘ื™ืช,
07:47
so that for the rest of your life, your stem cells are on file, banked,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื, ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชื•ื™ืงื™ื, ืžื•ืคืงื“ื™ื,
07:51
ready to go, should any medical need arise.
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ืจืคื•ืื™.
07:54
Let's say you develop heart disease.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื—ืœืช ืœื‘.
07:56
Your doctor can order up new heart cells.
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ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืชืื™ ืœื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
07:58
Hair loss. They can order up new hair.
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ื”ืชืงืจื—ื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
08:02
The most immediate application of this technology is for implants.
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ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืชืœื™ื.
08:06
Dr. Kapil Bharti's research at the National Eye Institute
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ืžื—ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“โ€œืจ ืงืืคื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™
08:09
has informed a breakthrough clinical trial
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ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื™ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš
08:12
for a stem cell derived therapy for blindness.
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข.
08:15
As the process becomes cheaper,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:17
scientists can run larger and larger clinical trials at scale
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”
08:21
to develop new treatments that don't exist today,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
08:25
because what costs one million dollars today
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ื™ื•ื
08:29
will soon be less than 50,000,
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ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-50,000,
08:31
and then even cheaper with time.
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ื•ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
08:35
Now, it gets even more interesting than that.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
08:40
And perhaps you have longevity in mind.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืœื›ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื.
08:43
That is certainly a possibility.
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ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช.
08:45
In the future, we might use these exact same stem cell banks
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
08:49
to generate entire new organs, new tissues, new skin ...
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืจืงืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืขื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ...
08:54
New bone, teeth, anyone?
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ืขืฆื ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžื™ืฉื”ื•?
09:01
This technology also has the potential
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ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ
09:04
to revolutionize personalized pharmaceuticals.
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ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
09:07
Today, taking medicine is, to some degree, trial and error.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”.
09:10
You don't really know if the drug is going to work for you
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ืืชื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื
09:13
until you put it in your body.
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ืขื“ ืฉืชื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
09:16
But what if we had a miniature human replica of you with your cells --
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืขืชืง ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื›ื, ืขื ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื --
09:23
eye cells, brain cells, heart cells, muscle cells, blood cells --
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ืชืื™ ืขื™ืŸ, ืชืื™ ืžื•ื—, ืชืื™ ืœื‘, ืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ, ืชืื™ ื“ื --
09:29
on a chip?
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ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘?
09:31
A miniature human replica of you.
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ื”ืขืชืง ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื›ื.
09:35
We could take the drugs, test them on the cells in the lab first
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
09:38
to see how it works.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
09:39
If it works, fantastic. Go ahead and take the drug.
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ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™. ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”.
09:42
If it doesn't, pharmacists can order up custom drugs just for you.
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ืื ืœื, ืจื•ืงื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
09:49
This has been the hope and dream of scientists for decades.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
09:53
With this technology,
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ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
09:55
we can finally realize the true potential of stem cells:
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข:
10:00
on-demand functional cures made from your cells.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
10:05
Cures that your body won't reject.
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ื™ื“ื—ื”.
10:08
Cures that truly work for everyone.
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื.
10:15
The future of regenerative medicine is 100 percent personalized,
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ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื•ื 100 ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
10:21
and it's a lot closer than you think.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
10:24
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
10:26
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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