Nabiha Saklayen: Could you recover from illness ... using your own stem cells? | TED

71,604 views

2021-11-26 ใƒป TED


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Nabiha Saklayen: Could you recover from illness ... using your own stem cells? | TED

71,604 views ใƒป 2021-11-26

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sieun Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์‹ค์— ์•‰์•„์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์™€ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
โ€œํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ ๋ณ‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
00:13
You're sitting in the doctor's office waiting for test results.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์ด ์ฟต ๋‚ด๋ ค์•‰๊ณ  ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ด ๋– ์˜ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
She comes in and says,
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๊ฑท์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ํ˜ผ์ž ๋ฐฅ๋„ ๋จน์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ 
00:20
"You have Parkinson's disease."
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์†์ด ๋–จ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์นจ์„ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ผํ‚ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:23
Your heart sinks, and you think about everything that will go wrong:
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00:26
you'll be unable to walk, unable to feed yourself, your hands trembling, drooling,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
โ€œ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•ด ๋†“์„๊ฒŒ์š”.โ€
00:33
unable to swallow.
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00:35
But before you say anything, she says,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋’ค์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ ,
์™ธ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ์ƒˆ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
"Not to worry, we'll put in an order for your cells today."
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ˜• ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
You come back a week later,
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00:45
and a surgeon transplants brand new neurons into your brain.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:51
You just received an on-demand functional cure for Parkinson's,
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๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š”
๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์€ํ–‰์— ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ
00:56
made from your cells.
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01:01
It sounds like science fiction, but in the future,
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์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ์ƒˆ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ, ๊ทผ์œก ์„ธํฌ, ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ
01:04
we will all have the option of having our stem cells banked ahead of time
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์€ํ–‰์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ 100% ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ผ์„œ
01:09
so that any time you need new neurons, new muscle cells, new skin cells,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:14
they'd be generated from this bank.
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01:17
And because they're 100 percent your cells,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์€ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด
01:21
your immune system is extremely unlikely to reject or attack those cells.
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์„ธํฌ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
In fact, the body has no idea
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™,
01:29
that these cells were actually made in a cell factory.
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๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ์ ์—์„œ ๋ŒํŒŒ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:35
All of this is possible because of a breakthrough
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์›Œ์š”.
01:37
at the intersection of biology, laser physics and machine learning.
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์„ธํฌ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•ด์„œ
01:42
We'll start with biology.
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ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:44
The human body is an absolute miracle.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
01:47
Trillions of cells are working in synchronicity
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ด ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
to pump blood, secrete dopamine
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:53
and let me see and speak to you right now.
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์—ฐ๊ณจ์ด ์ ์  ๋‹ณ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ 
01:56
But as we age, our cells age, too.
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5๋งˆ์ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 20๋ถ„ ๊ฑท๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
That's why our skin starts to sag,
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๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋Š™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
our cartilage wears away,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์€ ์งธ๊น๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œํ•œํญํƒ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
and your five-mile run might turn into a 20-minute walk.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
Yes, we're all getting older.
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์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์„ธํฌ๋“  ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
02:11
Our bodies are ticking time bombs.
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02:14
But stem cells could offer a solution,
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์ œ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” 2012๋…„ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
because one stem cell can become almost any cell in your body.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด
ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์ƒˆ ์ทŒ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
02:24
My grandma passed away due to diabetes in 2012.
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์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
If the technology were available at the time,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•…๋ช…์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
we could have used her stem cells to generate new pancreatic cells,
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02:35
and it could have cured her.
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด์„œ
02:38
Now, unfortunately, stem cells are notoriously difficult to engineer.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
One fundamental problem relates to how they're made,
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์ด ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
02:46
which involves taking a patient's blood cells
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
and adding chemicals to those blood cells to turn them into stem cells.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚œ์žกํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด
๋ˆˆ, ๋‡Œ, ๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
Now, during this chemical process,
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02:55
you never end up with a perfect set of stem cells.
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02:58
In fact, you get a very messy plate of cells going in different directions --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
์•„์ฃผ ์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€๋„, ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์€
03:03
towards the eye, brain, liver --
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03:06
and every random cell must be removed.
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์†์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
03:10
Until recently, the main way to remove cells was by hand.
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์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฒค์น˜์— ์•‰์•„
์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
03:18
I remember the first time I visited the Harvard Stem Cell Institute.
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์›์น˜ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
I watched a highly skilled scientist sitting at a bench looking at stem cells,
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์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜๊ณต์—…์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
evaluating them one at a time
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03:28
and removing the unwanted cells by hand.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๋œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ์€ํ–‰์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š”
์•ฝ 100๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
It's a slow, tedious and artisanal process,
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03:35
which is why generating a personalized stem cell bank today
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๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ž์˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋ฉด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
costs about one million dollars.
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03:43
Now, using a donor's stem cells is much cheaper,
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๋ฉด์—ญ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
but your immune system will likely attack or reject those cells
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
03:52
unless you take immunosuppressants,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ
03:54
which, unfortunately, is not an option for a lot of people,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ์๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
especially the elderly.
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04:00
To avoid this problem,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ
04:01
some scientists are banking stem cells
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์„ธํฌ ์€ํ–‰์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
04:04
from individuals with the most common genetic backgrounds.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ 100๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์ธ์˜ ์•ฝ 75%,
04:08
Here in the US,
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04:10
let's say we made a cell bank with 100 of the most common cell lines.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ 50%์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
It could work for about 75 percent of Caucasians,
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์ œ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฐฝ์—…์ž๋Š” ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€๊ณ„ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์€ํ–‰์—์„œ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ง€์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
50 percent of African Americans.
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04:20
But it gets harder.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
04:23
My cofounder is Filipina-Mexican,
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๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์„ธํฌ ํ˜น์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:26
and it's unclear if she would be ever covered by a bank.
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04:31
And regardless,
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:32
if you could choose between using a stranger's cells versus your own,
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๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๋œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ €, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ์ž์—๊ฒŒ
ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
wouldn't you choose your own?
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04:43
Personalized stem cells are our opportunity
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์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์„
04:45
to make medicines that truly work for me, for you and everyone.
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์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ž๋™ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:52
And in order to make this process of stem cell production affordable and scalable,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์€
๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
04:57
we have to automate it.
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์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์ •๋ง ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
Different people are taking different approaches to doing that,
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๋ณ„์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ณต์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:02
and I decided to use physics.
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์—„๋งˆ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์ค˜์„œ ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ์š”!
05:06
Since childhood, I've been a die-hard physics fan,
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์ €ํฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
gazing at the stars,
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์‚ฌ์šฐ๋”” ์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„์—์„œ ๋…์ผ๋กœ, ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ๋กœ์š”.
05:11
daydreaming about space travel.
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05:14
Thanks, Mom, for not thinking I was weird!
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์ด์‚ฌํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ €๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
My family moved around a lot,
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05:19
from Saudi Arabia to Germany to Sri Lanka to Bangladesh,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋น ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ผ์„œ ๋งค๋ฒˆ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:23
and each time, I had to learn new languages and cultures.
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๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
05:28
Eventually, I fell in love with physics because it was a universal language
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์ €๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ
๋ ˆ์ด์ €๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
05:32
that I didn't have to relearn every time.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—๋„ ์†์„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:35
When I started my PhD, I joined a laser physics lab,
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์ €๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
05:39
because lasers are the coolest.
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05:42
But I also decided to dabble in biology.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ž ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์›Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
I started using lasers to engineer human cells,
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:50
and when I talked to biologists about it, they were amazed.
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๊ฐ€๋” ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์ด ์š”๋ฆฌ์™€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
Here's why: scientists are always looking for ways to make biology more precise.
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ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณจ๋ผ์„œ ๋ƒ„๋น„์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ 
์ €์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ , ๋ฐ์šฐ๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:00
Sometimes cell culture can feel a lot like cooking:
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์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•ด์„œ
06:04
take some chemicals, put it in a pot, stir it, heat it, see what happens,
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์„ธํฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ
๋งค์ดˆ, ๋งค๋ถ„, ๋งค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ค€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
try it all over again.
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06:10
In contrast, lasers are so precise,
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06:13
you can target one cell in millions at precise intervals --
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์ด ์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์†์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:17
every second, every minute, every hour -- you name it.
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๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์›์น˜ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
I realized that instead of doing this tedious process of stem cell culture
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์ด ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ž๋™ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
์›์น˜ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
by hand,
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06:26
we could use lasers to remove the unwanted cells.
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06:30
And to automate the entire process,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐ ํƒ์›”ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
06:32
we decided to use machine learning to identify those unwanted cells
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
and zap them.
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06:38
Algorithms today are great at finding useful information and images,
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์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด ์นด์„ธํŠธ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ธํฌ์— ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๋Š˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
06:42
making this a perfect use case for machine learning.
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06:46
Here's how it works:
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์ด์ œ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ
06:48
Take some blood cells, put it in a cassette.
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์›์น˜ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
06:50
Add chemicals to those blood cells to turn them into stem cells like always.
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:54
Now, instead of having a human look for those unwanted cells
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๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
and remove them by hand,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
the machine identifies the unwanted cells
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07:04
and zaps them with a laser.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‡„ํ•  ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:08
As you can see, this entire process happens by machine.
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์™„์ „ ์ž๋™ํ™”๋œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
The computer decides when and how often to print the cells
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๊ฐ€์ง€์น˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ 
07:16
and uses a fully automated system to run the process.
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์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
After repeated pruning,
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ๋†์žฅ์—๋Š”
07:23
you end up with a perfect culture of your stem cells,
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์นด์„ธํŠธ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ, ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์—ฌ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
07:26
ready to be banked and used at any time.
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ํ•œ ์นด์„ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๋œ ์€ํ–‰์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
In the future, we're going to have stem cell farms
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ๋Œ€ํ˜ˆ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์„œ
07:34
with stacks and stacks of hundreds and then eventually millions of cassettes,
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07:38
each cassette a personalized bank for one human.
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๋‚จ์€ ํ‰์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค€๋น„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
Nurses will take a sample of your cord blood right at birth
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์˜ํ•™์  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก์š”.
07:45
and ship it off for cultivation,
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:47
so that for the rest of your life, your stem cells are on file, banked,
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์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํƒˆ๋ชจ๋ผ๋ฉด ์ƒˆ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
ready to go, should any medical need arise.
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07:54
Let's say you develop heart disease.
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์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ์— ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
Your doctor can order up new heart cells.
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๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์นดํ•„ ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
07:58
Hair loss. They can order up new hair.
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์‹ค๋ช… ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
08:02
The most immediate application of this technology is for implants.
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ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
Dr. Kapil Bharti's research at the National Eye Institute
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๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋” ์ €๋ ดํ•ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ ์  ๋” ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด์„œ
08:09
has informed a breakthrough clinical trial
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08:12
for a stem cell derived therapy for blindness.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
As the process becomes cheaper,
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์™œ๋‚˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์งœ๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์ด
08:17
scientists can run larger and larger clinical trials at scale
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๊ณง ์˜ค๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ดํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
08:21
to develop new treatments that don't exist today,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋” ์ €๋ ดํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
because what costs one million dollars today
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์ด์ œ, ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
will soon be less than 50,000,
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08:31
and then even cheaper with time.
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์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
Now, it gets even more interesting than that.
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์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ์€ํ–‰์—์„œ
08:40
And perhaps you have longevity in mind.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ๊ธฐ, ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
That is certainly a possibility.
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08:45
In the future, we might use these exact same stem cell banks
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์ƒˆ ๋ผˆ, ์น˜์•„, ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“ ์š”.
08:49
to generate entire new organs, new tissues, new skin ...
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š”
08:54
New bone, teeth, anyone?
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ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
This technology also has the potential
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๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ์•ฝ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—†๋Š”์ง€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
09:04
to revolutionize personalized pharmaceuticals.
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09:07
Today, taking medicine is, to some degree, trial and error.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๋ชจํ˜•์„,
09:10
You don't really know if the drug is going to work for you
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
09:13
until you put it in your body.
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๋ˆˆ ์„ธํฌ, ๋‡Œ ์„ธํฌ, ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ, ๊ทผ์œก ์„ธํฌ, ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ
09:16
But what if we had a miniature human replica of you with your cells --
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์นฉ ์œ„์— ์‹ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
eye cells, brain cells, heart cells, muscle cells, blood cells --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์†Œํ˜• ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ๋จผ์ € ์‹œํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
on a chip?
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ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ด๋„ค์š”, ๊ฐ€์„œ ์•ฝ์„ ๋“œ์„ธ์š”.
09:31
A miniature human replica of you.
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์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•ฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งž์ถค ์•ฝ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
We could take the drugs, test them on the cells in the lab first
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09:38
to see how it works.
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09:39
If it works, fantastic. Go ahead and take the drug.
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์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ํฌ๋ง์ด์ž ๊ฟˆ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
If it doesn't, pharmacists can order up custom drugs just for you.
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ,
๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
This has been the hope and dream of scientists for decades.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ˜• ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด์ฃ .
09:53
With this technology,
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09:55
we can finally realize the true potential of stem cells:
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
on-demand functional cures made from your cells.
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์ง„์ • ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
Cures that your body won't reject.
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์žฌ์ƒ ์˜ํ•™์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š”
10:08
Cures that truly work for everyone.
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100% ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
The future of regenerative medicine is 100 percent personalized,
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
10:21
and it's a lot closer than you think.
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10:24
Thank you.
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10:26
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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