How to Build for Human Life on Mars | Melodie Yashar | TED

78,823 views ・ 2022-10-04

TED


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翻译人员: Yip Yan Yeung 校对人员: Grace Man
00:04
Let's imagine together we've gone on an eight-month journey
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我们一起来想象一下, 我们踏上了长达八个月的旅途,
00:09
and arrived to the planet Mars.
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来到了火星。 没错,就是火星。
00:12
Yes, Mars.
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00:15
Somehow we'll have to figure out
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我们得搞明白
00:17
how to build protective and durable structures
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如何建造耐久的防护建筑,
00:20
to shield us against solar radiation,
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保护我们免受太阳辐射、
00:23
galactic cosmic rays and extreme temperatures swings.
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宇宙射线和温度剧变的伤害。
00:29
On a Mars mission, there's only so much that we can bring with us from Earth.
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探索火星之时, 我们能从地球带走的东西十分有限。
00:33
And it's prohibitively expensive
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将成吨的建筑材料发射升空,
00:35
to launch tons and tons of construction materials into space.
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价格十分高昂。
00:41
So to realize a pioneering habitat
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如果我们想要 找到一个全新的栖息地,
00:46
that progressively grows,
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让其逐渐发展、
00:49
adapts and expands into a permanent outpost,
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调整、扩张成一个永久基地,
00:54
we have to think differently about how we build.
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我们需要在建造方式上 “不同凡想”。
00:59
These habitats and the robots that build them
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这些新家园和建造它们的机器人
01:02
will enable humanity to thrive off-world.
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可以让人类的繁荣延伸至宇宙。
01:08
I am a space architect.
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我是一名太空建筑师。
01:11
I design and conceive habitats supporting human exploration in deep space,
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我设计规划我们未来的栖息地, 让人类可以探索外太空,
01:17
like on the surface of Mars.
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比如火星表面。
01:19
Not only do I design spaces for optimal crew health and performance,
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我不仅会为乘组的健康 和状态设计最佳空间,
01:25
but I also investigate what these habitats are
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还会研究这些栖息地是什么,
01:28
and how they're going to be built.
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如何建造。
01:31
Now, Mars is so far from us
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火星与我们相隔“千”里,
01:35
that communications delays can take up to 22 minutes
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与地球之间的单程
通信延迟可达 22 分钟。
01:40
one way to or from Earth.
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01:43
And what that means is that we can't rely on real-time telerobotics
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这就意味着, 我们无法使用实时遥控机器人,
01:47
controlled by people on Earth
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由地球上的人员操控,
01:50
to supervise what happens in construction on Mars
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监控火星上的施工进程,
01:53
or for that matter, to supervise anything that happens
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或者监控我们探索火星时 发生的任何事。
01:57
when we're exploring the planet.
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01:59
But if we leverage autonomous robotics,
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但是如果我们考虑使用自主机器人,
02:04
we'll send 3D printers and other construction robots
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就可以把 3D 打印机 和其他工程机器人先送过去,
02:07
to build protective habitats and shelters
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在人员抵达之前,
02:12
before the crew even arrives.
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建造防护设施和住所。
02:16
So how exactly would 3D printers build a habitat on Mars?
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3D 打印机 如何在火星上创造家园呢?
02:22
Well, first we have to figure out what these structures are made out of.
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首先,我们得搞清楚 这些建筑都由什么材料构成。
02:27
Just like early civilizations, will use in situ regolith,
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如同早期文明会 利用原有的风化层,
02:32
commonly known as dirt,
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即我们熟知的“泥土”,
02:34
and other resources that are local and indigenous to the planet,
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以及该星球其他的本地原生资源,
02:38
including water,
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包括水,
02:39
and possibly combine them with additives and binders
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也许加上一些从地球带来的 添加剂和粘合剂,
02:43
that we bring from Earth
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02:45
to engineer high-performance construction materials.
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由此制造出高性能建筑材料。
02:50
Our goal when we're designing these habitats
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我们设计栖息地的目标是
02:52
is to introduce an airtight structure
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设计出一种可以承受 内部增压的密闭结构,
02:55
that can withstand internal pressurization,
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02:58
which is what will allow people to live
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让人类可以在可呼吸、 温和的内部环境中生存。
03:00
in a breathable and temperate environment on the inside.
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03:06
The robots that we deploy on Mars
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我们部署在火星上的机器人
03:08
will need to perceive and interpret the complexity of a construction site
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必须监测、解析 建筑工地上的复杂情况,
03:13
in order to sequence and choreograph different types of tasks.
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然后进行不同任务的排序和协调。
03:17
These tasks will include prospecting Mars and surveying for a site to build,
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这些任务包括勘探火星、 选择建设地点、
03:22
collecting raw materials,
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收集原材料、
03:23
processing those materials and maneuvering them around.
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处理材料、运输材料。
03:28
Some of these bots might resemble the character Wall-E,
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有些机器人可能会 长得像瓦力(Wall-E),
03:31
except, you know, not so cute.
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但是没有那么可爱。
03:34
Once the site has been excavated and foundations are printed,
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工地动工、地基设计完成之后,
03:38
these structures are manufactured layer by layer by layer.
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这些结构就会被 一层一层地搭建起来。
03:42
And as construction progresses,
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随着项目进展,
03:45
prebuilt and preintegrated hardware
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预先建造和组装的硬件,
03:47
like airlocks or life support equipment brought from Earth
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如从地球带来的 气密舱和救生设备,
03:51
are inserted into the print
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会被纳入建筑设计,
03:54
until finally they're sealed at various connection points.
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直至被安装固定在 不同的连接点上。
04:00
To do more than just survive in space,
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我们要做的不仅仅是 在太空中活下来,
04:03
we need to create environments that positively contribute to well-being
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还要创造在未来岁月中
04:08
for months and years into the future.
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对健康有益的环境。
04:11
And as more civilian astronauts travel to space,
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越来越多的平民航天员 会进入太空,
04:16
it's important that our environments
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意味着我们的环境必须
04:17
are more than the tightly packed mechanical interiors
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达到比国际空间站的 紧凑机械内设
04:21
of the International Space Station,
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更高的水准,
04:23
which today represents the state of the art
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如今,国际空间站代表着
04:26
for long-duration human life in space.
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人类在太空中 长时间生活的最佳环境。
04:30
We also want to incorporate practical architectural elements
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我们还想加入一些实用建筑元素,
04:33
such as access to natural light through windows and greenery.
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比如透过窗户的自然光源和绿化。
04:37
These were features that were missing aboard the space station
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这些都是空间站在首次发射时
04:40
when it was first commissioned,
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没有设计的功能,
04:42
but which we know are critical to positive psychological functioning
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但是我们都知道它们 对人类积极的心理功能
04:46
and well-being.
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和健康都是至关重要的。
04:48
For long duration missions in deep space,
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航天员在外太空执行 长时间的太空任务,
04:51
it's important that crew members feel less like they're living in a machine
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我们不能让他们感觉 生活在一个机器里,
04:56
and more like they're living in a home.
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而是应该让他们有家的感觉。
05:01
There are other ways of approaching habitat construction on Mars.
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我们还有其他办法 解决火星上的家园建设问题。
05:05
Hard-shell or inflatable structures
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硬壳或充气结构
05:08
may not provide the radiation protection that we need,
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可能无法提供我们所需的 防辐射保护层,
05:11
and living underground in lava tubes
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住在地下的熔岩管道里
05:13
doesn't quite support direct surface exploration on the planet.
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不太利于我们对 星球表面的直接探索。
05:18
And also, why would you travel for eight months to live underground?
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而且你花了八个月来到这里, 难道还要住在地下吗?
05:23
Designing structures in space is all about mitigating risks
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设计太空中的结构 关键在于减少风险,
05:27
and the habitats that we create will need to be the most durable
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我们建设的栖息地必须是 有史以来最耐久、
05:31
and the most resilient structures ever conceived.
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最坚韧的建筑。
05:35
Future off-world surface habitats
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未来外太空表面上的建筑
05:37
will be self-regulating and self-maintained structures
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一定会有自我调节、 自主修复的功能,
05:41
to support the crew members while they're there,
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在人员到来时提供支持,
05:45
but also to operate autonomously when they are not.
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在人员离开时自主运行。
05:50
Before we send anyone to Mars,
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在我们把人送上火星之前,
05:52
we need data to answer some very key questions
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我们需要一些数据来 回答几个关于
05:55
about human health, safety,
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人类健康和安全的关键问题,
05:57
and to validate each of these construction activities.
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还要验证每一个建设项目。
06:01
Fortunately for us, we have a testbed and a proving ground
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幸运的是, 我们有一个离地球近得多的
06:04
much, much closer to Earth.
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试验台和试验场。
06:07
That's our own Moon.
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那就是我们的月球。
06:09
Today we're working with NASA
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我们现在正与美国国家 航空航天局(NASA)合作,
06:11
to demonstrate how we'll 3D-print infrastructure
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证明如何 3D 打印出基建,
06:13
like landing pads, roadways and eventually habitats
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如停机坪、道路和直接建在
06:18
directly on the lunar surface.
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月球表面的住所。
06:21
The Moon is a critical pit stop to refuel, resupply
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月球是一个关键的停靠站, 提供燃料补给,补充供给,
06:26
and serve as a general platform for vehicles traveling to deep space,
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为飞向外太空的航天器 提供一个通用平台,
06:30
and we'll use the technologies establishing a permanent human presence
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我们将利用科技让人类 永久存续于月球表面之上,
06:35
on the Moon to travel to, from and operate on the surface of Mars.
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穿梭于月球和火星之间, 并在火星表面进行工程。
06:42
What else are we doing to advance the viability of 3D printing
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我们还做了一些什么, 提高在太空中
使用 3D 打印施工的可行性呢?
06:47
for building in space?
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06:49
Well, for one thing,
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首先,
06:50
we can demonstrate that 3D-printed structures
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我们可以证明 3D 打印的建筑
06:53
can support people in a mission-like environment
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可以支持人类在地球上的 类似环境中执行任务,
06:56
right here on Earth,
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06:58
and use data from those experiments to set standards and requirements
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利用这些实验的数据 为未来的火星任务
07:02
for future Mars missions.
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设定标准和要求。
07:04
This is what we did in designing and building Mars Dune Alpha,
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我们在设计建造阿尔法火星山丘 (Mars Dune Alpha)时
就是这么做的,
07:09
a 3D-printed analog habitat at the Johnson Space Center in Houston,
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阿尔法火星山丘是一个 3D 打印的模拟栖息地,
建于休斯顿 林登·约翰逊航天中心。
07:14
referred to as the Crew Health and Performance Exploration Analog --
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项目名为 “乘员健康和性能探索模拟”
(CHAPEA, Crew Health and Performance Exploration Analog),
07:19
that's a really long name, I know --
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这名字太长了,没错,
07:20
this structure will house four volunteer crew members
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这个设施将容纳四名乘员志愿者,
07:24
simulating a one-year mission to Mars,
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模拟为期一年的火星任务,
07:26
including a 20-minute communications delay.
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包括 20 分钟的通信时延。
07:29
The first mission is kicking off later this year,
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第一个任务将于今年稍晚时启动,
07:32
but you could actually apply to be a crew member in this habitat
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但是有朝一日, 你真的可以申请成为
07:36
sometime in the future.
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这个栖息地的一位乘员。
07:38
Or if you're not so inclined,
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如果你比较勉强,
07:39
you can suggest it to someone else in the name of research.
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你也可以以研究的名义 把它推荐给别人。
07:42
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
07:44
If you're one of the chosen few,
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如果你成为了入选的天之骄子,
07:46
you'll be sharing 1700 square feet of living and working areas
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你将与另外三人共享 1700 平方英尺的生活和工作空间,
07:50
with three others, and that includes an aeroponic garden for plant growth,
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包括种植用的气培花园、
07:55
a communications area, an exercise room,
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交流空间、健身房、
07:58
as well as individual crew cabins that are very cozy,
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非常舒适的独立座舱,
08:01
just six by 12 feet.
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面积为 6 × 12 英尺。
08:04
Some of you may be thinking,
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有些人可能会想:
08:07
"Well, building in space,
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“嗯,太空施工,
08:09
this is a topic pretty far removed from our day-to-day lives.
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与我们的日常生活 风马牛不相及。
08:14
How might it impact what we do on Earth today?
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怎么会影响我们现在 在地球上做的事呢?”
08:18
In my experience, designing for an extreme environment
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凭我的经验, 为极端环境做设计,
08:22
that is the most restrictive and that presents the most constraints,
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这种环境限制很多,条件严苛,
08:29
and which literally no human has ever gone before,
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以前从未有任何人类涉足于此,
08:34
is what gives us the best chances of creatively engineering solutions
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但是,正是这样的环境 给了我们一个绝佳机会,
08:38
to problems here on Earth
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让我们可以巧妙地解决地球上
08:40
that seem completely beyond our grasp today.
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一些目前看似超出 我们能力范围的问题。
08:43
Problems like housing solutions for the chronically homeless
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比如为长期流浪者提供住房问题,
08:48
or hurricane and disaster relief housing.
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飓风、救灾临时住所。
08:51
Or rethinking sustainable practices within construction overall,
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重新考虑施工过程中的 可持续实践,
08:56
which, according to the UN,
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据联合国,
08:58
is responsible for up to 30 percent of carbon emissions worldwide.
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占据了全球碳排放的近 30%。
09:04
The autonomous technologies that we develop for building in space
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我们为太空施工开发的自主技术
09:09
redound to us on Earth.
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也可以让地球上的人们受益。
09:11
They feed back and pay dividends to how we reimagine
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这些技术反馈、助益我们
09:16
and reconceive construction happening today.
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重新构建、设想当今的施工过程。
09:21
The fact of the matter is that the most habitable planet
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重要的是最适合居住的星球
09:26
is the one we live on right now.
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就是我们现在身处的星球。
09:30
I don't like treating space like it's a lifeboat for humanity
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我不想把太空看作人类的救生船,
09:34
from an ailing planet Earth.
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逃离病危的地球。
09:38
We can either solve for how to build smarter and more sustainably today,
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我们现在得解决如何更智慧、 更可持续地进行建设,
09:43
or we'll have to think about designing for survival on an Earth more extreme
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或者思考如何在未来更极端、 陌生的地球上
09:48
and more foreign than any of us have ever known.
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为生存做计划。
09:51
And this to me cannot be the primary reason or driver
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对我来说,这不应该是我们
09:56
why we explore and venture into deep space.
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探索深入外太空的主要理由和驱动。
10:02
It's been over 50 years
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人类飞越地球轨道
10:06
since any human has traveled outside of Earth's orbit.
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已经过去了超过 50 年的时间。
10:11
Things are about to change.
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该发生一些改变了。
10:14
We will develop a permanent Moon base, and we will build autonomously on Mars.
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我们将建设一个永久的月球基地, 并在火星上自主建设。
10:20
We are on the cusp of seeing radical transformation
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巨变近在眼前,
10:24
and how we build on Earth and how we push past limits
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我们将改变地球上的建设方式, 如何超越极限,
10:30
to a new frontier of human exploration in space.
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到达人类太空探索的新境界。
10:35
Thank you so much.
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谢谢大家。
10:36
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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