How to Build for Human Life on Mars | Melodie Yashar | TED

譯者: 麗玲 辛 審譯者: 柏陞 郭

Let's imagine together we've gone on an eight-month journey

一起來想像我們經歷了八個月的旅程，

and arrived to the planet Mars.

來到火星。

Yes, Mars.

沒錯，就是火星。

Somehow we'll have to figure out

現在我們必須想辦法

how to build protective and durable structures

建造耐用的防護設施，

to shield us against solar radiation,

保護我們免受太陽輻射、宇宙射線

galactic cosmic rays and extreme temperatures swings.

和極端的溫差。

On a Mars mission, there's only so much that we can bring with us from Earth.

在火星任務中，我們只能從地球 帶去一些東西，

And it's prohibitively expensive

因為得花驚人的費用

to launch tons and tons of construction materials into space.

才能把好幾噸重的建材送到太空。

So to realize a pioneering habitat

為了要建造一個開創性的居所，

that progressively grows,

逐步擴增、改良，

adapts and expands into a permanent outpost,

並發展成永久的前哨站，

we have to think differently about how we build.

我們必須在建築工法上有創新的想法。

These habitats and the robots that build them

有了這些居所及建造的機器人，

will enable humanity to thrive off-world.

人類就可以在外太空蓬勃發展。

I am a space architect.

我是太空建築師，

I design and conceive habitats supporting human exploration in deep space,

我構想、設計太空居所， 協助人類探索更深遠的宇宙，

like on the surface of Mars.

例如火星表面。

Not only do I design spaces for optimal crew health and performance,

我不僅設計讓太空人 保持最佳健康狀態和表現的空間，

but I also investigate what these habitats are

也研究這些建築的構造

and how they're going to be built.

以及建造方法。

Now, Mars is so far from us

火星離我們如此遙遠，

that communications delays can take up to 22 minutes

單程往返地球的通訊

one way to or from Earth.

至多要延遲 22 分鐘才能抵達。

And what that means is that we can't rely on real-time telerobotics

這表示我們不能依賴 由地球上即時操控的遠程機器人

controlled by people on Earth

to supervise what happens in construction on Mars

監管火星上的建造工程

or for that matter, to supervise anything that happens

或是探索行星的事務。

when we're exploring the planet.

But if we leverage autonomous robotics,

但如果我們利用自主機器人呢？

we'll send 3D printers and other construction robots

我們將 3D 列印器 和其他建築機器人送上火星，

to build protective habitats and shelters

在太空人到達前， 建造好保護性的居所和避難處。

before the crew even arrives.

So how exactly would 3D printers build a habitat on Mars?

究竟 3D 列印機如何 在火星上打造居所呢？

Well, first we have to figure out what these structures are made out of.

首先，我們要先解決這些房屋結構 要由什麼建材蓋成的？

Just like early civilizations, will use in situ regolith,

就像早期文明一樣，我們 將使用風化層，俗稱塵土，

commonly known as dirt,

and other resources that are local and indigenous to the planet,

和其他在火星的本地資源，包含水，

including water,

and possibly combine them with additives and binders

接著可能與由地球帶來的 添加劑和黏合劑混合，

that we bring from Earth

to engineer high-performance construction materials.

製造高性能的建造材料。

Our goal when we're designing these habitats

設計這些居所時，我們的目標是建造

is to introduce an airtight structure

一個足以承受內部加壓的密閉式結構。

that can withstand internal pressurization,

which is what will allow people to live

這樣人類能夠生活在可自由呼吸 且舒適的環境裡。

in a breathable and temperate environment on the inside.

The robots that we deploy on Mars

我們部署在火星上的機器人

will need to perceive and interpret the complexity of a construction site

必須要能認知、理解建築工地的複雜性，

in order to sequence and choreograph different types of tasks.

以便安排、編程不同類型的任務。

These tasks will include prospecting Mars and surveying for a site to build,

這些任務包括 探測火星、勘查建築區域，

collecting raw materials,

以及蒐集、處理並搬運那些原料。

processing those materials and maneuvering them around.

Some of these bots might resemble the character Wall-E,

這些機器人 可能有點像電影角色瓦力，

except, you know, not so cute.

但並沒有那麼可愛。

Once the site has been excavated and foundations are printed,

待建築工地挖掘完 地基也印製好後，

these structures are manufactured layer by layer by layer.

再將這些結構逐層堆疊上去。

And as construction progresses,

而隨著建設的推進，

prebuilt and preintegrated hardware

從地球上運來的先行製作、 組裝好的硬體結構，

like airlocks or life support equipment brought from Earth

如密封艙或維生設備 會被安裝在打好的地基上，

are inserted into the print

until finally they're sealed at various connection points.

最後在不同的連結點密封起來。

To do more than just survive in space,

我們不僅只要在太空中生存，

we need to create environments that positively contribute to well-being

我們要創造可以居住幾個月，

for months and years into the future.

甚至好幾年的健康生活環境。

And as more civilian astronauts travel to space,

隨著越來越多平民到太空旅行，

it's important that our environments

我們的環境不應該

are more than the tightly packed mechanical interiors

像國際太空站內壅擠的座艙，

of the International Space Station,

which today represents the state of the art

而是要以最新技術為人類 長期停留太空做準備。

for long-duration human life in space.

We also want to incorporate practical architectural elements

我們也希望融入實用的建築元素，

such as access to natural light through windows and greenery.

例如，由窗戶透進自然光以及綠化。

These were features that were missing aboard the space station

這些是首次使用太空站時所忽略的，

when it was first commissioned,

but which we know are critical to positive psychological functioning

但我們現在知道這些特色 對正向心理功能和健康很重要。

and well-being.

For long duration missions in deep space,

在進行外太空的長期任務時，

it's important that crew members feel less like they're living in a machine

應該讓太空人不覺得居住在機器裏，

and more like they're living in a home.

而是像生活在家裡。

There are other ways of approaching habitat construction on Mars.

火星上的居所還有其他解決方案， 如硬殼建築或充氣結構，

Hard-shell or inflatable structures

may not provide the radiation protection that we need,

但這些可能無法提供我們 所需的輻射防護。

and living underground in lava tubes

而住在地下的熔岩管內，

doesn't quite support direct surface exploration on the planet.

太空人就不太能直接勘查行星表面，

And also, why would you travel for eight months to live underground?

況且，經歷八個月的旅程去到火星， 為什麼要去住在地底下？

Designing structures in space is all about mitigating risks

設計太空建築，重點都在於降低風險，

and the habitats that we create will need to be the most durable

我們建造的居所必須是

有史以來最耐用及 最有彈性的結構。

and the most resilient structures ever conceived.

Future off-world surface habitats

未來的太空表層居所 會是自我管理、維護的建築，

will be self-regulating and self-maintained structures

to support the crew members while they're there,

當太空人在的時候，保護他們，

but also to operate autonomously when they are not.

太空人不在時，建築則會自動運作。

Before we send anyone to Mars,

在我們派任何人去到火星前，

we need data to answer some very key questions

我們需要數據來解答有關健康、安全等

about human health, safety,

至關重要的問題，

and to validate each of these construction activities.

也需要證實這些建築工法是否有效。

Fortunately for us, we have a testbed and a proving ground

幸運的是，我們有個離 地球很近的實驗場，

much, much closer to Earth.

That's our own Moon.

那就是我們的月球。

Today we're working with NASA

現在我們跟美國國家航空暨太空總署 （NASA）一起合作

to demonstrate how we'll 3D-print infrastructure

示範我們如何直接在月球表面

like landing pads, roadways and eventually habitats

用 3D 列印出像停機坪、車道、 還有居所這類基礎設施。

directly on the lunar surface.

The Moon is a critical pit stop to refuel, resupply

月球是很重要的加油、補給的中繼站，

and serve as a general platform for vehicles traveling to deep space,

同時也為遠征的太空船提供 一個公共的停靠站，

and we'll use the technologies establishing a permanent human presence

我們會運用這些科技在月球上 打造一座持續運作、

on the Moon to travel to, from and operate on the surface of Mars.

供人類往返月球和長期居住的駐地。

What else are we doing to advance the viability of 3D printing

我們還做了那些事推展 3D 列印 在太空建築的可行性呢？

for building in space?

Well, for one thing,

嗯，有這麼一件事

we can demonstrate that 3D-printed structures

我們可以在地球上直接展示：

can support people in a mission-like environment

3D 列印建築在 類似太空任務的環境裏支援人類，

right here on Earth,

and use data from those experiments to set standards and requirements

而且我們可以使用這些實驗數據

設立未來火星任務的標準及規定。

for future Mars missions.

This is what we did in designing and building Mars Dune Alpha,

這就是我們在設計、建造 「火星山丘一號」所做的事，

a 3D-printed analog habitat at the Johnson Space Center in Houston,

這是位於休士頓詹森太空中心的 3D 列印模擬居所，

referred to as the Crew Health and Performance Exploration Analog --

我們稱它為「探索太空人健康和 表現的模擬計畫」。

that's a really long name, I know --

名字很長，我知道。

this structure will house four volunteer crew members

這個建築會容納四位自願參與成員，

simulating a one-year mission to Mars,

模擬在火星生活一年的任務，

including a 20-minute communications delay.

包括 20 分鐘的通訊延遲。

The first mission is kicking off later this year,

第一次的任務在今年稍後展開，

but you could actually apply to be a crew member in this habitat

未來你也可以申請 成為這個居所的成員。

sometime in the future.

Or if you're not so inclined,

或者，如果不太有興趣，

you can suggest it to someone else in the name of research.

你也能以研究名義，推薦給某個人。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

If you're one of the chosen few,

如果你是少數被挑中的組員之一， 你會和另外三個人共享

you'll be sharing 1700 square feet of living and working areas

1700 平方英呎（約 48 坪） 生活及工作區域，

with three others, and that includes an aeroponic garden for plant growth,

包括以氣耕栽種植物的菜園，

a communications area, an exercise room,

通訊區，健身房，

as well as individual crew cabins that are very cozy,

以及十分舒適的個人艙房， 6 X 12 英呎大小（二坪）。

just six by 12 feet.

Some of you may be thinking,

你可能會想問：

"Well, building in space,

「嗯，在太空蓋房子

this is a topic pretty far removed from our day-to-day lives.

感覺跟我們日常生活毫不相干。

How might it impact what we do on Earth today?

這對現在在地球的我們有什麼影響?

In my experience, designing for an extreme environment

就我的經驗，

為最嚴酷、充滿阻礙

that is the most restrictive and that presents the most constraints,

且至今無人到達的極端環境設計建築，

and which literally no human has ever gone before,

is what gives us the best chances of creatively engineering solutions

給了我們最好的機會 去發揮創意、找到方法

to problems here on Earth

解決現今地球上我們似乎 能力不及的問題。

that seem completely beyond our grasp today.

Problems like housing solutions for the chronically homeless

像是長期遊民的房屋方案，

or hurricane and disaster relief housing.

颶風、天災受災戶臨時住所，

Or rethinking sustainable practices within construction overall,

或者重新思考建造房屋的永續作法，

which, according to the UN,

根據聯合國統計，

is responsible for up to 30 percent of carbon emissions worldwide.

建築過程佔了多達 30% 全球碳排放量。

The autonomous technologies that we develop for building in space

而我們在太空建築裡研發的自動技術

redound to us on Earth.

也會對在地球的我們有好處。

They feed back and pay dividends to how we reimagine

這些技術有助於我們重新想像、 重新認知現有的建造過程，

and reconceive construction happening today.

對未來大有助益。

The fact of the matter is that the most habitable planet

事實上，最適合人居住的星球是

is the one we live on right now.

我們現在居住的地球。

I don't like treating space like it's a lifeboat for humanity

我不希望把太空當成人類的救生船，

from an ailing planet Earth.

用來逃離生病的地球。

We can either solve for how to build smarter and more sustainably today,

我們可以現在想辦法用更聰明、 永續的方式蓋房子，

or we'll have to think about designing for survival on an Earth more extreme

不然我們就得思考如何為更極端、 更陌生的地球

and more foreign than any of us have ever known.

設計生存方案。

And this to me cannot be the primary reason or driver

對我而言，這不能成為我們探索太空的

why we explore and venture into deep space.

主要原因或動機。

It's been over 50 years

距離人類初次離開地球軌道

since any human has traveled outside of Earth's orbit.

已經超過 50 年了。

Things are about to change.

現在情況即將改變。

We will develop a permanent Moon base, and we will build autonomously on Mars.

我們會在月球建立永久基地， 也會在火星上用自動技術做同樣的事。

We are on the cusp of seeing radical transformation

我們正位在事情急遽變化的轉捩點。

and how we build on Earth and how we push past limits

不論是我們在地球上的建築方式 或者我們如何開拓極限，

to a new frontier of human exploration in space.

在太空探索人類的邊疆。

Thank you so much.

十分感謝。

(Applause)

(掌聲)