How to Harness the Ancient Partnership between Forests and Fungi | Colin Averill | TED

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom

So we know forests play an essential role in regulating the Earth's climate.

Znamo da šume igraju ključnu ulogu u regulaciji klime na zemlji.

However, most of what we know about those forests

Međutim, veći deo onoga što zamo o šumama

is actually based on things we can measure aboveground.

je zapravo zasnovan na stvarima koje možemo da merimo iznad zemlje.

So historically, ecologists like myself would come to this place,

Istorijski gledano, ekolozi poput mene bi došli na ovo mesto

and we’d count the number of tree stems we’d find.

i brojali bismo stabla drveća koja zateknemo.

We’d identify which species they are,

Identifikovali bismo kojoj vrsti pripadaju,

and today we’d probably remotely sense features of this forest canopy from space.

a trenutno bismo verovatno iz daljine opažali odlike šumske krošnje iz svemira.

And all of this absolutely makes sense.

I sve ovo skroz ima smisla.

Aboveground is where photosynthesis happens.

Iznad zemlje se dešava fotosinteza.

Photosynthesis is how carbon and energy enter forests.

Fotosintezom ugljenik i energija prodiru u šume.

Photosynthesis is how trees can remove carbon dioxide

Putem fotosinteze drveće uklanja ugljen-dioksid

from the atmosphere.

iz atmosfere.

However, we also know most trees are limited in some way,

Međutim, znamo i da je većina drveća ograničena na neki način

by soil resources like water or nutrients.

resursima iz zemljišta, poput vode ili hranljivih tvari.

And to access those resources, trees have to build roots.

A kako bi pristupilo tim resursima, drveće mora da razvija korenje.

And trees build an incredible amount of roots.

Drveće razvija neverovatnu količinu korenja.

So in some forests, there can be as much or more biomass belowground,

Te u nekim šumama imamo istu količinu ili više biomase pod zemljom,

in root structures,

u korenskim strukturama,

as aboveground, in stems and leaves.

nego nad zemljom, u stablima i lišću.

Decades of research have now made very clear

Decenije istraživanja su trenutno izričite

that belowground ecology --

da je ispodpovršinska ekologija -

so what’s going on in the soil -- is really essential to understanding

dakle, ono što se dešava u zemljištu - istinski krucijalna za razumevanje

how these forest systems work.

kako šumski sistemi funkcionišu.

However, if you follow these root systems all the way out to their terminal ends,

Međutim, ako pratite ove sisteme korenja skroz do njihovih krajnjih završetaka,

the finest tips in the root system,

najfinijih vrhova korenskog sistema,

and you look closely -- I mean super closely,

i pažljivo se zagledate - mislim baš pažljivo,

like, you’re going to need a microscope closely --

kao, biće vam potreban mikroskop, toliko pažljivo -

you discover a place where the tree stops being a plant,

otkrićete mesto gde drvo prestaje da bude biljka

and starts becoming a fungus.

i postaje gljiva.

So most trees on Earth form a partnership,

Većina drveća na zemlji obrazuje partnerstvo,

or what scientists call symbiosis,

ili ono što naučnici nazivaju simbiozom,

with mycorrhizal fungi.

sa mikorizalnim gljivama.

So this, in my opinion,

Ovo je, po mom mišljenju,

is one of the most remarkable images ever captured of these organisms.

jedna od najizvanrednijih slika ovih organizama ikad zabeležena.

So in the background, at the top,

U pozadini, na vrhu,

you can see this dense network of fungal hyphae.

vidite gustu mrežu gljivičnih hifa.

These are essentially like roots, but for fungi, instead of plants.

To je u suštini poput korenja, ali za gljive, ne za biljke.

And in the foreground,

A u pročelju

you can see these incredible, multinucleated fungal spores,

vidite ove izvanredne, višejedarske gljivične spore,

which look totally unreal, but absolutely are.

koje izgledaju skroz nestvarno, ali su apsolutno stvarne.

These are the reproductive structures of the fungus.

To su reproduktivne strukture gljiva.

These have the potential to become entirely new fungal networks.

Imaju potencijal da postanu potpuno nove mreže gljiva.

Mycorrhizal fungi are essential

Mikorizalne gljive su ključne

to how basically all plants access limiting soil resources.

za to kako u suštini sve biljke pristupaju ograničenim zemljišnim resursima.

There's actually evidence

Zapravo postoji dokaz

that when plants first made the evolutionary transition

da kada su biljke prvi put napravile evolutivni prelaz

from living in water to living on land,

od života u vodi do života na kopnu,

they evolved this symbiosis before they even evolved roots.

evoluirale su ove simbioze pre nego što su čak evoluirale korenje.

And so this partnership between forests and their fungi is ancient,

Te je ovo partnerstvo između šuma i njihovih gljiva drevno,

and it stretches back hundreds of millions of years.

i seže stotinama miliona godina unazad.

However, these roots don't have to be just fungi.

Međutim, ovo korenje ne moraju da budu samo gljive.

They can also be, for instance, bacteria.

Mogu da budu i, primera radi, bakterije.

So these circular structures in this root network

Ove kružne strukture u mreži korenja

are called root nodules.

se nazivaju korenski čvorovi.

They house symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Oni su dom za simbiotske bakterije koje vrše fiksaciju azota.

And what these bacteria do

Ono što ove bakterije rade

is actually convert nitrogen gas in the atmosphere

je da zapravo pretvaraju azot iz atmosfere

into plant-usable forms,

u oblike korisne za biljke,

and in turn, they nurture plant growth.

a zauzvrat, pospešuju rast biljke.

And the complexity of soil biology just keeps going.

A složenost biologije zemljišta se samo nastavlja.

So these root symbionts are embedded in an even more complex network

Ovi korenski simbioti su ugrađeni u još složenije mreže

of free-living bacterial and fungal decomposers,

slobodnih bakterija, gljivičnih dekompozitora,

and archaea and protists,

arheja i protista,

microscopic soil animals, viruses ...

mikroskopskih životinja iz tla, virusa...

The biodiversity of soil communities is astonishing.

Biodiverzitet društava u zemljištu je zapanjujući.

We now know a handful of soil

Sada znamo da pregršt zemlje

can easily contain over 1,000 coexisting microbial species.

s lakoćom može da sardži preko 1 000 koegzistirajućih mikrobskih vrsta.

And so all of this, this is the soil microbiome.

Dakle, sve ovo, ovo je zemljišni mikrobiom.

This is the forest microbiome, this is the ecosystem microbiome.

Ovo je šumski mikrobiom, ovo je mikrobiom ekosistema.

So breakthroughs in DNA sequencing technology

Nova otkrića u tehnologiji sekvenciranja DNK

have finally turned the lights on belowground.

su konačno osvetlila podzemlje.

DNA has allowed us to see these microbial communities

DNK nam je omogućila da vidimo ove mikrobske zajednice

in unprecedented detail,

do nezabeleženih detalja,

and, only recently, at unprecedented scales.

a, tek nedavno, i u nezabeležnim razmerama.

Yet despite these breakthroughs,

Ipak, uprkos ovim otkrićima,

I'd argue we still don't know the answers to seemingly simple questions, like this:

tvrdio bih da i dalje ne znamo odgovore na naoko jednostavna pitanja, poput:

"What does a healthy forest microbiome look like?"

„Kako izgleda zdrav šumski mikrobiom?”

We're far closer to answering a question like this for people

Daleko smo bliže da odgovorimo na ovo pitanje u vezi s ljudima

than we are for plants.

nego u vezi s biljkama.

The Human Microbiome Project has really led in this area.

Projekat ljudskog mikrobioma uistinu predvodi u ovoj oblasti.

So the human body is a microbial ecosystem.

Dakle, ljudsko telo je mikrobski ekosistem.

Each of us houses an incredibly biodiverse community of bacteria in our gut,

Svako od nas pohranjuje neverovatno bioraznoliko društvo bakterija u crevima,

and that has a profound impact on our health.

a to ima istinski uticaj na naše zdravlje.

This was discovered by medical microbiologists

Ovo su otkrili medicinski mikrobiolozi

using DNA sequencing to characterize which bacteria

upotrebom sekvenciranja DNK kako bi odredili koje bakterije

live in hundreds of people's bodies.

žive u stotinama ljudskih tela.

And importantly, also noting health features of those same people.

I što je još važnije, istovremeno beležeći zdravstvene odlike tih istih ljudi.

So, are they sick? And if so, with what?

Jesu li bolesni? Ako jesu, od čega?

What's their blood pressure, their digestive health,

Kakav im je krvni pritisak, digestivno zdravlje,

their mental health?

mentalno zdravlje?

And by combining all of that information,

I kombinovanjem svih tih informacija,

those microbiologists could begin to identify

mikrobiolozi su mogli da započnu identifikaciju

combinations of bacteria linked to health and disease.

kombinacija bakterija povezanih sa zdravljem i bolešću.

And these analyses became a road map

A te analize su postale mapa

for the development of human microbiome transplant therapies,

za razvoj terapija transplantacije ljudskog mikrobioma,

which is essentially ecosystem restoration,

a to je u suštini obnova ekosistema,

but for your gut microbiome.

samo za vaš crevni mikrobiom.

And these therapies are now on the road to market

A ove terapije su trenutno u fazi izlaska na tržište

to treat some of these diseases today.

kako bi lečile neke od današnjih bolesti.

And so drawing from this work, my team asked,

Inspirisana ovim radom, moja ekipa se zapitala:

"What would it look like

„Kako bi izgledalo

to take the Human Microbiome Project approach,

uzeti pristup iz Projekta ljudskog mikrobioma,

but apply it to the forest?”

ali primeniti ga na šumu?”

What could we discover about the forest carbon cycle?

Šta bismo mogli otkriti o ugljeničnom ciklusu šume?

Could we identify places

Da li bismo mogli da odredimo mesta

where we could actually do belowground microbial restoration,

gde bismo zapravo mogli da obavimo obnovu mikrobioma pod zemljom,

and, in the process, combat climate change?

i usput se suprotstaviti klimatskim promenama?

Over the past three years,

Tokom protekle tri godine,

we’ve been working with forest scientists across Europe

radili smo sa šumarskim naučnicima širom Evrope

to do exactly that.

kako bismo baš to uradili.

In each of these locations,

Na svakoj od ovih lokacija,

scientists have been documenting forest health for decades.

naučnici decenijama dokumentuju zdravlje šume.

And so, we asked our forest research partners

Pa smo upitali naše partnere, šumarske istraživače,

to go out to each of these forests

da pođu do svih ovih šuma

and collect a small sample of soil,

i sakupe mali uzorak zemljišta,

which they then shipped back to our lab in Zurich

koje su potom slali nazad u našu laboratoriju u Cirihu

so we could extract and sequence DNA,

kako bismo mogli da izdvojimo i sekvenciramo DNK,

which allowed us to understand which microorganisms,

a to nam je omogućilo da razumemo koji mikroorganizmi,

and particularly fungi,

a naročito gljive,

live in each of these forests.

žive u svakoj od ovih šuma.

And then finally, we used statistics and machine learning

A onda smo naposletku koristili statistiku i mašinsko učenje

to relate which microorganisms live in a forest

kako bismo povezali mikroorganizme koji žive u šumi

to a really important forest health metric:

sa istinski važnom metrikom zdravlja šume:

tree growth rate

stopom rasta drveta

and carbon-capture rate aboveground.

i stopom hvatanja ugljenika nad zemljom.

Now, once we controlled for the environmental drivers of tree growth --

Čim smo izvršili kontrolu uslova iz okoline koji podstiču rast drveća -

so how warm and wet each of these places is,

dakle, koliko je toplo i vlažno svako od ovih mesta,

as well as other variables we know control background site fertility --

kao i druge varijable za koje znamo da kontrolišu okolnu plodnost mesta -

we discovered that particularly which fungi colonize

otkrili smo da tačno koje gljive kolonizuju

the roots of these trees

korenje ovog drveća

is linked to threefold variation in how fast these trees grow,

je povezano sa trostrukom varijacijom u rastu ovog drveća,

how fast they remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

koliko brzo uklanja ugljen-dioksid iz atmosfere.

So put another way,

Drugim rečima,

these correlations imply that you could have two pine forests,

ove korelacije nagoveštavaju da možete da imate dve borove šume,

sitting side by side,

jednu pored druge,

experiencing the same climate, growing in the same soils.

koje imaju istu klimu, rastu u istom zemljištu.

But if one of them was colonized

Ako jednu pak kolonizuje

by the right community of fungi on its roots,

odgovarajuća zajednica gljiva u njenom korenu,

it could be growing up to three times as fast as that adjacent forest.

mogla bi da raste i do tri puta brže od susedne šume.

And furthermore, these patterns were not driven

Dodatno, ove obrasce ne pokreće

by the presence of particularly high-performing species or strains,

prisustvo naročitih blagorodnih vrsta ili sojeva,

but instead, they were driven by biodiverse and completely different

naprotiv, pokreću ih bioraznolika i potpuno različita

communities of fungi.

društva gljiva.

And so these fungal signatures are super exciting to us

Stoga su nam izuzetno uzbudljive ove oznake gljiva

because they imply an opportunity to manage,

jer nagoveštavaju priliku da se bavimo

and in many cases, actually rewild the forest fungal microbiome.

i u mnogim slučajevima, nanovo prirodno obnovimo gljivični mikrobiom šume.

So, for example, can we reintroduce fungal biodiversity

Na primer, možemo li da uvedemo gljivični biodiverzitet

into a managed timber forestry landscape?

u pejzaž na kome se obavlja industrijsko krčenje šume?

And in the process, can we make those trees grow faster?

I usput, možemo li da podstaknemo to drveće da brže raste?

Can we make them capture more carbon in their tree stems and in their soils?

Možemo li ga navesti da hvata više ugljenika u stablima i zemljištu?

Can we rewild the soil and combat climate change?

Možemo li da obnovimo zemljište i suprotstavimo se klimatskim promenama?

And these aren't just rhetorical questions --

A ovo nisu tek retorička pitanja -

we've actually started doing this.

zapravo smo započeli s radom.

So this is one of our field trials in Wales, in the United Kingdom.

Ovo je jedno od naših terenskih ispitivanja

u Velsu, u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu.

It’s run in collaboration with the charity there

Sprovodi se u saradnji sa tamošnjom dobrotvornom organizacijom

called the Carbon Community.

nazvanom Ugljenična zajednica.

It’s 28 acres, or 11 hectares,

Radi se o 28 jutara ili 11 hektara,

and it's set up as a block-randomized controlled trial.

i postavljeno je kao kontrolisani eksperiment blokiranja.

This is analogous to how you would run a drug trial,

Analogno je tome kako biste sprovodili kliničko ispitivanje,

but in this case, it's for trees instead of people.

ali u ovom slučaju, radi se o drveću, a ne ljudima.

And here, we do a pretty straightforward experiment.

A ovde izvodimo prilično prost eksperiment.

We either plant trees, business as usual --

Sadimo drveće na uobičajen način -

which is just direct planting of seedlings into the ground --

a to je prosto direktna sadnja sadnica u zemlju -

or we plant trees, and at the moment of planting,

ili sadimo drveće, i u trenutku sadnje,

we add a small handful of soil.

dodamo malenu pregršt zemlje.

But it's not just any soil.

Ne radi se pak o bilo kakvoj zemlji.

It's soil sourced from a forest

Radi se o zemlji uzetoj iz šume

our analyses have identified as harboring potentially high-performing fungi.

za koju su naše analize odredile da gaji potencijalno blagorodne gljive.

So since we reintroduced microbial biodiversity

Otkad smo nanovo uveli mikrobiomski biodiverzitet

into some of these sites,

na neka od ovih mesta,

we've observed that where we actually did that,

zabeležili smo da tamo gde smo to zapravo uradili,

we've been able to accelerate tree growth and carbon capture in tree stems

bili smo u stanju da ubrzamo rast drveća i hvatanje ugljenika u stablima

by 30 to 70 percent, depending on the tree species.

za 30 do 70 procenta, u zavisnosti od vrste drveta.

Or put another way --

Ili, drugim rečima -

where we manipulated and rewilded the invisible microbiology of this place,

gde smo intervenisali i obnovili nevidljivu mikrobiologiju mesta,

we’ve begun to change how that entire place works.

počeli smo da menjamo celokupno funkcionisanje tog mesta.

Now it's important to emphasize

Važno je naglasiti

that we're really excited about these findings,

da smo zaista uzbuđeni zbog ovih otkrića,

but we also understand they're still early.

ali takođe razumemo da je još uvek rano.

Želimo da vidimo još mnogo ispitivanja većih razmera na terenu

We want to see many more large-scale field trials

and many more locations with many more years of data.

i na još mnogo lokacija sa podacima iz više godina.

However, beyond just these carbon and climate outcomes,

Međutim, mimo ishoda u vezi sa ugljenikom i klimom,

I think the most exciting thing here

smatram da je najuzbudljivije od svega

is that we can actually do this with wild and native and biodiverse

to što možemo ovo da obavimo sa divljom, autohtonom i bioraznolikom

combinations of microorganisms.

kombinacijom mikroorganizama.

And while we pointed this approach at forestry,

I, iako smo ovaj pristup usmerili na šumarstvo,

in principle, this kind of science has the potential to generalize

u suštini, ovaj vid nauke ima potencijal da bude uopšten

to all of our managed landscapes.

na sve naše obradive pejzaže.

We can begin asking questions like,

Možemo da počnemo postavljati pitanja:

"What does a healthy agricultural microbiome look like?"

„Kako izgleda zdrav poljoprivredni mikrobiom?”

Thinking across both food and forest agriculture.

Razmišljajući o poljoprivrednom uzgoju i hrane i šuma.

And there's reason to think a biodiversity-first approach

I s pravom možemo smatrati da bi davanje prvenstva biodiverzitetu

may be particularly powerful here.

moglo da bude izuzetno moćno ovde.

And that’s because the history of agriculture

A to je tako jer je istorija poljoprivrede

has been an exercise in reductionism.

bila vežba iz redukcionizma.

We've identified high-performing plant species,

Odredili smo blagorodne vrste biljaka,

and then strains,

a potom sojeve,

and then we’ve selectively bred them,

i zatim smo ih selektivno odgajali,

and now we genetically modify them.

a sada ih genetski modifikujemo.

And finally, we plant those organisms out in vast monocultures.

I naposletku, sadimo ove organizme u ogromne monokulture.

So a single plant species as far as you can see.

Dakle, samo jedna vrsta biljke dokle vam pogled seže.

And to be clear,

I, čisto da se zna,

this has produced very productive agroecosystems.

ovo je proizvelo veoma plodne agroekosisteme.

But it's also produced ecosystems

Međutim, proizvelo je i ekosisteme

we’re coming to understand are remarkably fragile.

za koje počinjemo da uviđamo da su izuzetno krhki.

Systems increasingly sensitive to extreme climate events,

Sisteme sve osetljivije na ekstremne klimatske događaje,

novel pathogens.

nove patogene.

Systems incredibly reliant on chemical inputs,

Sisteme neverovatno zavisne od hemijskih dodataka,

we're coming to understand have really serious externalities.

za koje počinjemo da uviđamo da imaju zaista ozbiljne posledice.

So we now have the data, computational tools

Sada imamo podatke, proračunske alate

and the ecological theory to start going the other way,

i teoriju ekologije da se počnemo kretati u suprotnom smeru,

to lean into biodiversity and complexity.

da se oslanjamo na biodiverzitet i složenost.

And once we do, the question really becomes,

A kad to uradimo, pitanje zaista postaje

by rewilding our soils,

obnavljajući naša zemljišta,

can we make our managed food and forest landscapes

možemo li pretvoriti naše obradive pejzaže za uzgoj hrane i šuma

reservoirs of belowground biodiversity?

u rezervoare ispodpovršinskog biodiverziteta?

And in the process,

I usput,

can we enhance yields and carbon capture

možemo li uvećati prinose, hvatanje ugljenika

and all the other services we ask of these ecosystems?

i sve druge usluge koje tražimo od naših ekosistema?

I think there's a lot of reason to be incredibly hopeful here.

Smatram da ovde ima mnogo razloga za optimizam.

And I think we also shouldn't be so surprised

I smatram da ne bi trebalo da budemo toliko iznenađeni

that these microscopic organisms have the potential

što ovi mikroskopski organizmi imaju potencijal

for such enormous, ecosystem-scale effects.

za tako ogromne efekte u razmerama ekosistema.

And that’s because we’ve known now, really for a long time,

A tako je jer sada znamo, uistinu već dugo vremena,

that forests are fungi.

da šume čine gljive.

And they’re incredibly biodiverse communities of bacteria and archaea

A one su neverovatno bioraznolika društva bakterija, arheja,

and protists and microscopic soil animals and viruses.

protista, mikroskopskih zemljišnih životinja i virusa.

Soil is the literal foundation of terrestrial ecosystems,

Zemljište je bukvalno temelj kopnenih ekosistema,

and the microbial life that inhabits soil

a mikrobski život koji naseljava zemljište

represents some of the most complex and biodiverse

predstavlja neke od najsloženijih i najbioraznolikijih

communities of life on Earth.

živih zajednica na zemlji.

For the first time,

Prvi put,

DNA sequencing is turning the lights on belowground.

DNK sekvenciranje osvetljava podzemlje.

It’s allowing us to see these organisms in unprecedented detail

Omogućuje nam da vidimo ove organizme do nezabeležnih detalja

and at unprecedented scales.

i u nezabeležnim razmerama.

Imagine studying plant biology,

Zamislite da izučavate biologiju biljaka,

but you never really knew if you're looking at a sequoia tree

ali nikad zaista ne znate da li gledate drvo sekvoje

or a sphagnum moss.

ili mahovinu sfagnum.

And then, all of a sudden, you did.

A onda, iznenada, saznate.

That's what's happening right now in global environmental microbiology.

To se upravo dešava u globalnoj ekološkoj mikrobiologiji.

And so we should expect this revolution

Stoga bi trebalo da očekujemo revoluciju

in our understanding of these microscopic organisms,

u našem razumevanju ovih mikroskopskih organizama,

and particularly fungi,

a naročito gljiva,

to transform how we understand and how we manage our ecosystems

kako bismo preoblikovali to kako razumemo i bavimo se našim ekosistemima

in a foundational way.

na temeljan način.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Cheers and applause)

(Klicanje i aplauz)