How to Harness the Ancient Partnership between Forests and Fungi | Colin Averill | TED

34,995 views

2023-01-24 ใƒป TED


New videos

How to Harness the Ancient Partnership between Forests and Fungi | Colin Averill | TED

34,995 views ใƒป 2023-01-24

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hyeryung Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:08
So we know forests play an essential role in regulating the Earth's climate.
0
8756
5480
์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ์ˆฒ์ด ํฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋‹ค๋“ค ์ž˜ ์•„์‹œ์ฃ .
00:14
However, most of what we know about those forests
1
14236
2360
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
00:16
is actually based on things we can measure aboveground.
2
16596
3160
๋•… ์œ„์—์„œ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
So historically, ecologists like myself would come to this place,
3
20596
3600
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ € ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์ž๋Š” ์ˆฒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฐ€์„œ
00:24
and weโ€™d count the number of tree stems weโ€™d find.
4
24196
2680
๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์ธ์ง€ ์„ธ๊ณ 
00:26
Weโ€™d identify which species they are,
5
26876
2080
์–ด๋–ค ์ข…์ธ์ง€ ์ผ์ผ์ด ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
and today weโ€™d probably remotely sense features of this forest canopy from space.
6
28956
4880
ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์›๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆฒ์˜ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
And all of this absolutely makes sense.
7
33876
2360
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํƒ€๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
Aboveground is where photosynthesis happens.
8
36276
3440
๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ๋•… ์œ„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
00:39
Photosynthesis is how carbon and energy enter forests.
9
39756
4040
๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ํƒ„์†Œ์™€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ˆฒ์œผ๋กœ ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด์ž
00:43
Photosynthesis is how trees can remove carbon dioxide
10
43796
4000
์ˆฒ์ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
from the atmosphere.
11
47796
1560
00:49
However, we also know most trees are limited in some way,
12
49356
2720
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ† ์–‘ ์ž์› ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:52
by soil resources like water or nutrients.
13
52116
2160
00:54
And to access those resources, trees have to build roots.
14
54276
3240
๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž์›์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
00:57
And trees build an incredible amount of roots.
15
57516
2920
๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ป—์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ฃ .
01:01
So in some forests, there can be as much or more biomass belowground,
16
61116
4080
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ˆฒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋•… ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰์ด
์ค„๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์žŽ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋•… ์œ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋•…์† ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
in root structures,
17
65236
1160
01:06
as aboveground, in stems and leaves.
18
66396
1840
01:08
Decades of research have now made very clear
19
68916
2200
์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ํ™•์‹คํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฑด
01:11
that belowground ecology --
20
71116
1880
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋•…์† ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„, ์ฆ‰, ํ† ์–‘์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ
01:13
so whatโ€™s going on in the soil -- is really essential to understanding
21
73036
4120
์ „์ฒด ์ˆฒ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
how these forest systems work.
22
77156
2240
01:19
However, if you follow these root systems all the way out to their terminal ends,
23
79436
4200
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋•…์† ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์ญ‰ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋ฉด
01:23
the finest tips in the root system,
24
83636
2480
๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๋๋ถ€๋ถ„์€,
01:26
and you look closely -- I mean super closely,
25
86156
2280
์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ž์„ธํžˆ, ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด
01:28
like, youโ€™re going to need a microscope closely --
26
88476
2600
01:31
you discover a place where the tree stops being a plant,
27
91116
3280
์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:34
and starts becoming a fungus.
28
94396
2200
๊ท ๋ฅ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
So most trees on Earth form a partnership,
29
96636
3000
์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์™€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋„์šฐ๋ฉฐ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
or what scientists call symbiosis,
30
99676
2440
01:42
with mycorrhizal fungi.
31
102156
1800
๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ โ€˜๊ณต์ƒโ€™์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃ .
01:44
So this, in my opinion,
32
104476
1280
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์ด ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
is one of the most remarkable images ever captured of these organisms.
33
105756
3920
01:49
So in the background, at the top,
34
109676
1600
๋’ค์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฌผ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” โ€˜๊ท ์‚ฌโ€™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
you can see this dense network of fungal hyphae.
35
111316
2640
01:53
These are essentially like roots, but for fungi, instead of plants.
36
113996
3440
๊ท ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ฃ .
01:57
And in the foreground,
37
117916
1160
์•ž์ชฝ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋‘ฅ๊ทผ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹คํ•ต ํฌ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
you can see these incredible, multinucleated fungal spores,
38
119076
3880
02:02
which look totally unreal, but absolutely are.
39
122996
2440
๊ผญ ๊ฐ€์งœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
These are the reproductive structures of the fungus.
40
125996
2680
์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ท ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ์‹ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ
02:08
These have the potential to become entirely new fungal networks.
41
128716
3960
๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ท ๋ฅ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฌผ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:12
Mycorrhizal fungi are essential
42
132676
1720
๊ท ๊ทผ๊ท ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
02:14
to how basically all plants access limiting soil resources.
43
134436
4040
์‹๋ฌผ์ด ํ•œ์ •๋œ ํ† ์–‘ ์ž์›์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
There's actually evidence
44
139196
1320
์‹๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฌผ์†์—์„œ ์œก์ง€๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:20
that when plants first made the evolutionary transition
45
140516
2680
02:23
from living in water to living on land,
46
143196
2840
02:26
they evolved this symbiosis before they even evolved roots.
47
146076
3880
๊ท ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ณต์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฑด ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทธ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
And so this partnership between forests and their fungi is ancient,
48
149956
3400
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ˆฒ๊ณผ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š”
02:33
and it stretches back hundreds of millions of years.
49
153396
2680
์ˆ˜์–ต ๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์˜จ ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:36
However, these roots don't have to be just fungi.
50
156876
2760
๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ท ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ธ๊ท  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
They can also be, for instance, bacteria.
51
159676
2480
02:42
So these circular structures in this root network
52
162196
3080
๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฌผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๋™๊ทธ๋ž€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ โ€˜๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌํ˜นโ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..
02:45
are called root nodules.
53
165276
1560
02:46
They house symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
54
166836
3320
๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌํ˜น ์•ˆ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ์†Œ ๊ณ ์ • ์„ธ๊ท ์€
02:50
And what these bacteria do
55
170156
1760
๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์˜ ์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ด ๊ทธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
is actually convert nitrogen gas in the atmosphere
56
171956
3280
02:55
into plant-usable forms,
57
175276
2200
์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ์ฃ .
02:57
and in turn, they nurture plant growth.
58
177476
2160
์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ† ์–‘ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์€ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๊ณ„์† ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
And the complexity of soil biology just keeps going.
59
180116
3200
03:03
So these root symbionts are embedded in an even more complex network
60
183316
3640
์ด ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์ƒ์ฒด๋Š” ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์ฃ .
03:06
of free-living bacterial and fungal decomposers,
61
186996
3000
๋…๋ฆฝ ์ƒํ™œ ์„ธ๊ท ๊ณผ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์ž,
03:09
and archaea and protists,
62
189996
1440
๊ณ ์„ธ๊ท ๋ฅ˜์™€ ์›์ƒ์ƒ๋ฌผ, ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ํ† ์–‘ ๋™๋ฌผ, ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค...
03:11
microscopic soil animals, viruses ...
63
191476
2880
03:14
The biodiversity of soil communities is astonishing.
64
194996
2680
ํ† ์–‘ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
We now know a handful of soil
65
198276
2320
์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
can easily contain over 1,000 coexisting microbial species.
66
200596
4840
ํ™ ํ•œ ์คŒ ์•ˆ์— ๊ณต์ƒ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฒœ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„์š”.
03:25
And so all of this, this is the soil microbiome.
67
205876
3920
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ† ์–‘ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
This is the forest microbiome, this is the ecosystem microbiome.
68
209836
3400
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ˆฒ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์ด๊ณ  ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
So breakthroughs in DNA sequencing technology
69
213956
2920
์ด์ œ DNA ์„œ์—ด ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํš๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ
03:36
have finally turned the lights on belowground.
70
216916
2880
๋“œ๋””์–ด ๋•…์† ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
DNA has allowed us to see these microbial communities
71
220316
2680
DNA ๋•๋ถ„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ „์—” ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
03:43
in unprecedented detail,
72
223036
1800
๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฑ๋‚ฑ์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
and, only recently, at unprecedented scales.
73
224876
2880
03:48
Yet despite these breakthroughs,
74
228556
1840
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์–ด๋„
03:50
I'd argue we still don't know the answers to seemingly simple questions, like this:
75
230436
5440
์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์€ ์•„์ง ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:55
"What does a healthy forest microbiome look like?"
76
235916
3200
โ€œ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ˆฒ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ๊นŒ?โ€
03:59
We're far closer to answering a question like this for people
77
239156
2920
์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์€ ์‹๋ฌผ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋จผ์ € ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
than we are for plants.
78
242116
1480
04:03
The Human Microbiome Project has really led in this area.
79
243636
3280
์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:06
So the human body is a microbial ecosystem.
80
246916
3040
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชธ์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
Each of us houses an incredibly biodiverse community of bacteria in our gut,
81
249996
4320
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์†์—๋Š” ๋†€๋ž๋„๋ก ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
04:14
and that has a profound impact on our health.
82
254356
2880
์ด๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
This was discovered by medical microbiologists
83
257276
2440
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
04:19
using DNA sequencing to characterize which bacteria
84
259756
2960
์ง€์›์ž ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ชธ์† ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด
04:22
live in hundreds of people's bodies.
85
262756
2080
DNA ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
And importantly, also noting health features of those same people.
86
264876
3120
ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€์›์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ผผ๊ผผํžˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:28
So, are they sick? And if so, with what?
87
268556
2040
์•„ํ”ˆ ๊ณณ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์•„ํ”„๋ฉด ์™œ ์•„ํ”ˆ์ง€,
04:30
What's their blood pressure, their digestive health,
88
270596
2480
ํ˜ˆ์••์€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€์ง€, ์†Œํ™”๋Š” ์ž˜๋˜๋Š”์ง€, ์ •์‹  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์€ ์–ด๋–ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค์š”.
04:33
their mental health?
89
273116
1200
์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ํ›„
04:34
And by combining all of that information,
90
274356
2240
04:36
those microbiologists could begin to identify
91
276636
2240
๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ
04:38
combinations of bacteria linked to health and disease.
92
278916
3000
์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
And these analyses became a road map
93
282636
2040
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
04:44
for the development of human microbiome transplant therapies,
94
284716
3680
์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ์ด์‹ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ฒญ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:48
which is essentially ecosystem restoration,
95
288436
2240
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ํšŒ๋ณต์—๋„ ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ฃ .
04:50
but for your gut microbiome.
96
290676
1880
04:52
And these therapies are now on the road to market
97
292596
2560
์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ณง ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•ด์„œ
๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
to treat some of these diseases today.
98
295156
2520
04:57
And so drawing from this work, my team asked,
99
297716
2240
์ด ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
"What would it look like
100
299956
1640
โ€œ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„
05:01
to take the Human Microbiome Project approach,
101
301596
3080
05:04
but apply it to the forest?โ€
102
304716
1920
์ˆฒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ?โ€
05:07
What could we discover about the forest carbon cycle?
103
307076
2880
์ˆฒ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ˆœํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:10
Could we identify places
104
310676
1320
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋•…์† ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ 
05:12
where we could actually do belowground microbial restoration,
105
312036
3760
05:15
and, in the process, combat climate change?
106
315796
2640
๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์‹ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:18
Over the past three years,
107
318436
1280
์ง€๋‚œ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
05:19
weโ€™ve been working with forest scientists across Europe
108
319716
2600
์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
to do exactly that.
109
322316
1360
05:23
In each of these locations,
110
323676
1360
๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ
05:25
scientists have been documenting forest health for decades.
111
325076
3120
์ˆฒ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
And so, we asked our forest research partners
112
328236
2560
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€ํƒํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:30
to go out to each of these forests
113
330836
1840
๊ฐ์ž ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์ˆฒ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ํ™ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
05:32
and collect a small sample of soil,
114
332716
2320
05:35
which they then shipped back to our lab in Zurich
115
335036
2640
05:37
so we could extract and sequence DNA,
116
337716
2880
ํ™ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์—์„œ DNA๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:40
which allowed us to understand which microorganisms,
117
340596
2440
์–ด๋–ค ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค, ํŠนํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ท ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€
05:43
and particularly fungi,
118
343076
1480
05:44
live in each of these forests.
119
344556
1840
๊ทธ ์ˆฒ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:46
And then finally, we used statistics and machine learning
120
346436
2680
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
05:49
to relate which microorganisms live in a forest
121
349156
2680
์ˆฒ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ˆฒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
to a really important forest health metric:
122
351876
2720
05:54
tree growth rate
123
354596
1320
๋•… ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ํƒ„์†Œ ํฌ์ง‘๋ฅ ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:55
and carbon-capture rate aboveground.
124
355916
2400
05:58
Now, once we controlled for the environmental drivers of tree growth --
125
358676
3480
์ผ๋‹จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์š”์ธ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
so how warm and wet each of these places is,
126
362156
2440
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:04
as well as other variables we know control background site fertility --
127
364636
4720
์ˆฒ์˜ ์˜จ๋„์™€ ์Šต๋„๋„ ์ˆฒ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
we discovered that particularly which fungi colonize
128
369356
2800
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ท ๋ฅ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํ™œ๋™ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
06:12
the roots of these trees
129
372156
1320
06:13
is linked to threefold variation in how fast these trees grow,
130
373516
4080
๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์†๋„, ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์†๋„๊ฐ€
06:17
how fast they remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
131
377596
3720
๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
So put another way,
132
381316
1840
๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•ด์„œ,
06:23
these correlations imply that you could have two pine forests,
133
383156
2960
์ด ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด
06:26
sitting side by side,
134
386156
1720
์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉด, ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ์†Œ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์ˆฒ์ด ๊ธฐํ›„์™€ ํ† ์–‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๊ฐ™์„ ๋•Œ
06:27
experiencing the same climate, growing in the same soils.
135
387916
3560
06:31
But if one of them was colonized
136
391476
1640
๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๊ท ๋ฅ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ˆฒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ˆฒ๋ณด๋‹ค
06:33
by the right community of fungi on its roots,
137
393116
2520
06:35
it could be growing up to three times as fast as that adjacent forest.
138
395636
4680
์„ธ ๋ฐฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ž€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
And furthermore, these patterns were not driven
139
400956
3360
๋”์šฑ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€
์™•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ • ๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:44
by the presence of particularly high-performing species or strains,
140
404356
4080
06:48
but instead, they were driven by biodiverse and completely different
141
408436
3280
๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:51
communities of fungi.
142
411756
1680
๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
And so these fungal signatures are super exciting to us
143
413996
4240
๊ท ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน์ง•์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
because they imply an opportunity to manage,
144
418236
2600
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ์ˆฒ์˜ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ์„
07:00
and in many cases, actually rewild the forest fungal microbiome.
145
420876
4800
์ž์—ฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:06
So, for example, can we reintroduce fungal biodiversity
146
426476
4640
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„์—… ํ˜„์žฅ์—
07:11
into a managed timber forestry landscape?
147
431156
2720
๊ท ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:13
And in the process, can we make those trees grow faster?
148
433916
2880
๋˜ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:16
Can we make them capture more carbon in their tree stems and in their soils?
149
436796
3960
๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์ค„๊ธฐ์™€ ํ† ์–‘์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:21
Can we rewild the soil and combat climate change?
150
441396
3360
ํ† ์–‘์„ ์ž์—ฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ค ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:25
And these aren't just rhetorical questions --
151
445196
2120
ํ—ˆํ™ฉ๋œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
07:27
we've actually started doing this.
152
447316
1880
07:29
So this is one of our field trials in Wales, in the United Kingdom.
153
449236
3440
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด๊ณณ์€ ์˜๊ตญ ์›จ์ผ์Šค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹คํ—˜ ํ˜„์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
Itโ€™s run in collaboration with the charity there
154
452676
2240
โ€˜ํƒ„์†Œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜„์ง€ ์ž์„  ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:34
called the Carbon Community.
155
454916
1640
07:36
Itโ€™s 28 acres, or 11 hectares,
156
456596
2720
์ด๊ณณ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์€ 28์—์ด์ปค ์ฆ‰, 11ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด์ธ๋ฐ
07:39
and it's set up as a block-randomized controlled trial.
157
459316
2880
๊ตฌ์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ๋Œ€์กฐ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
This is analogous to how you would run a drug trial,
158
462196
2960
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์‹œํ—˜๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ๋ฐ
07:45
but in this case, it's for trees instead of people.
159
465156
3000
์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ˆฒ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:48
And here, we do a pretty straightforward experiment.
160
468196
3120
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
We either plant trees, business as usual --
161
471356
2440
ํ‰์†Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ™์— ์”จ๋ฅผ ๋ฟŒ๋ ค์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:53
which is just direct planting of seedlings into the ground --
162
473836
3080
07:56
or we plant trees, and at the moment of planting,
163
476956
2920
ํ˜น์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํ™ ํ•œ ์คŒ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
we add a small handful of soil.
164
479876
2640
08:03
But it's not just any soil.
165
483476
2120
์ด๊ฑด ๋ณดํ†ต ํ™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ˆฒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ํ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
It's soil sourced from a forest
166
485636
2200
์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์™•์„ฑํ•œ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์ˆฒ์ด์ฃ .
08:07
our analyses have identified as harboring potentially high-performing fungi.
167
487876
4840
08:13
So since we reintroduced microbial biodiversity
168
493636
5000
๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‹œํ—˜ ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—
ํ† ์–‘ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ด๋ ค ๋ณธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:18
into some of these sites,
169
498636
1600
08:20
we've observed that where we actually did that,
170
500276
2640
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
we've been able to accelerate tree growth and carbon capture in tree stems
171
502956
4160
๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†๋„์™€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์ค„๊ธฐ์— ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์–‘์ด
08:27
by 30 to 70 percent, depending on the tree species.
172
507156
3400
๋‚˜๋ฌด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 30~70% ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
Or put another way --
173
510996
1560
๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ
08:32
where we manipulated and rewilded the invisible microbiology of this place,
174
512596
5120
๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ๋ ค๋†“์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ
08:37
weโ€™ve begun to change how that entire place works.
175
517716
3240
์ „์ฒด ์ˆฒ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
Now it's important to emphasize
176
521716
2640
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
08:44
that we're really excited about these findings,
177
524356
2280
์•„์ง์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ƒ์กฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
but we also understand they're still early.
178
526676
2400
08:49
We want to see many more large-scale field trials
179
529076
2400
์•„์ง ๋” ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋” ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:51
and many more locations with many more years of data.
180
531516
3120
๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋” ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:55
However, beyond just these carbon and climate outcomes,
181
535236
3560
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํƒ„์†Œ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ณด๋‹ค
08:58
I think the most exciting thing here
182
538796
1840
๋” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์€
09:00
is that we can actually do this with wild and native and biodiverse
183
540636
3440
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์—ฐ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ
09:04
combinations of microorganisms.
184
544116
2280
๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
And while we pointed this approach at forestry,
185
546436
2280
์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ž„์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์—๋งŒ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ท„์ง€๋งŒ
09:08
in principle, this kind of science has the potential to generalize
186
548716
3920
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
to all of our managed landscapes.
187
552676
1880
09:14
We can begin asking questions like,
188
554916
1680
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
"What does a healthy agricultural microbiome look like?"
189
556596
3000
โ€œ์‹๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ˆฒ์˜ ๋†์—…์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ
09:19
Thinking across both food and forest agriculture.
190
559596
3840
๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋†์—… ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ผ๊นŒ?โ€
09:23
And there's reason to think a biodiversity-first approach
191
563476
3080
์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์•ž์„ธ์šด ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ถ„๋ช… ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ํด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
may be particularly powerful here.
192
566596
2240
09:28
And thatโ€™s because the history of agriculture
193
568876
2160
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋†์—…์€ ํ™˜์›์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•ด์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
09:31
has been an exercise in reductionism.
194
571076
2440
09:33
We've identified high-performing plant species,
195
573916
2360
ํšจ์œจ ๋†’์€ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ข…์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ
09:36
and then strains,
196
576276
1160
09:37
and then weโ€™ve selectively bred them,
197
577436
1800
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
and now we genetically modify them.
198
579236
2000
09:41
And finally, we plant those organisms out in vast monocultures.
199
581236
3600
๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
So a single plant species as far as you can see.
200
584876
2440
๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋งŒ ์‹ฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:47
And to be clear,
201
587996
1880
์ด๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋†์—… ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
this has produced very productive agroecosystems.
202
589916
3120
09:53
But it's also produced ecosystems
203
593876
1640
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
weโ€™re coming to understand are remarkably fragile.
204
595556
3440
๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด์— ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ฃ .
09:59
Systems increasingly sensitive to extreme climate events,
205
599036
3040
10:02
novel pathogens.
206
602116
1560
10:03
Systems incredibly reliant on chemical inputs,
207
603676
2760
ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์— ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์š”์ธ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
we're coming to understand have really serious externalities.
208
606476
3640
10:10
So we now have the data, computational tools
209
610116
2920
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋„๊ตฌ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:13
and the ecological theory to start going the other way,
210
613036
3240
์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ์ด๋ก ๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
to lean into biodiversity and complexity.
211
616276
2360
์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
10:18
And once we do, the question really becomes,
212
618676
2160
์ผ๋‹จ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
by rewilding our soils,
213
620836
2200
โ€œํ† ์–‘์„ ์ž์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋‚ด์„œ
10:23
can we make our managed food and forest landscapes
214
623036
3480
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ˆฒ ์ง€ํ˜•์„
10:26
reservoirs of belowground biodiversity?
215
626516
2600
๋•…์† ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
10:29
And in the process,
216
629516
1160
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํƒ„์†Œ ํฌ์ง‘๋ฅ ,
10:30
can we enhance yields and carbon capture
217
630716
2040
10:32
and all the other services we ask of these ecosystems?
218
632756
3040
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋” ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?โ€
10:36
I think there's a lot of reason to be incredibly hopeful here.
219
636876
3360
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์•„์ฃผ ํฌ๋ง์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
And I think we also shouldn't be so surprised
220
640236
2480
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒŒ
10:42
that these microscopic organisms have the potential
221
642756
2840
์ด ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€
์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
for such enormous, ecosystem-scale effects.
222
645636
2440
10:48
And thatโ€™s because weโ€™ve known now, really for a long time,
223
648116
4800
์ด๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ
์ˆฒ๊ณผ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์•Œ์•„ ์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
that forests are fungi.
224
652956
2160
10:55
And theyโ€™re incredibly biodiverse communities of bacteria and archaea
225
655156
4480
์ˆฒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กญ๊ณ  ์‹ ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
and protists and microscopic soil animals and viruses.
226
659636
3200
์„ธ๊ท , ๊ณ ์„ธ๊ท , ์›์ƒ์ƒ๋ฌผ, ๋ฏธ์„ธ ํ† ์–‘ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋“ค.
11:03
Soil is the literal foundation of terrestrial ecosystems,
227
663596
4200
ํ† ์–‘์€ ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
and the microbial life that inhabits soil
228
667836
2120
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ† ์–‘์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
11:09
represents some of the most complex and biodiverse
229
669996
3240
์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š”
11:13
communities of life on Earth.
230
673236
1960
์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
For the first time,
231
675796
2040
์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ
11:17
DNA sequencing is turning the lights on belowground.
232
677876
3640
DNA ์„œ์—ด ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋•…์† ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
Itโ€™s allowing us to see these organisms in unprecedented detail
233
681876
3680
์ด์ œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ „์— ์—†๋˜ ์ •๊ตํ•จ๊ณผ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ
11:25
and at unprecedented scales.
234
685596
2360
๋•…์† ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
Imagine studying plant biology,
235
688636
3400
์‹๋ฌผ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
11:32
but you never really knew if you're looking at a sequoia tree
236
692076
3360
์„ธ์ฟผ์ด์•„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์™€ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
11:35
or a sphagnum moss.
237
695476
1360
11:38
And then, all of a sudden, you did.
238
698716
2320
์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
11:42
That's what's happening right now in global environmental microbiology.
239
702156
4480
์ง€๊ตฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
And so we should expect this revolution
240
706636
2720
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ
11:49
in our understanding of these microscopic organisms,
241
709396
2480
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋„ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
and particularly fungi,
242
711916
2040
11:53
to transform how we understand and how we manage our ecosystems
243
713996
4240
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ
์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
in a foundational way.
244
718276
1680
12:01
Thank you.
245
721036
1160
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
(Cheers and applause)
246
722236
4680
(ํ™˜ํ˜ธ)(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7