You Deserve the Right to Repair Your Stuff | Gay Gordan-Byrne | TED

Prevodilac: Stefan Vesić Lektor: Milenka Okuka

I am a repair geek.

Ja sam zaluđenik za popravljanje stvari.

I grew up fixing things with my dad; it was what we did.

Odrasla sam popravljajući stvari sa svojim tatom. To je bilo nešto naše.

We fixed our TV, we fixed our refrigerator,

Popravljali smo naš televizor, frižider,

we fixed stuff that didn't need fixing.

popravljali smo stvari za koje to nije bilo potrebno.

We fixed our Volkswagen Beetle.

Popravljali smo i našu folksvagen „bubu”.

In our home,

U našoj kući,

if something broke, we took it as an opportunity to have fun.

svaki kvar bio je prilika da se zabavljamo.

We loved the idea and the challenge of bringing things back to life.

Obožavali smo ideju i izazov vraćanja stvari u život.

And I still love that feeling,

I još uvek volim taj osećaj

which to me is just thrilling.

koji za mene predstavlja čisto uzbuđenje.

I did it recently.

Skoro sam popravljala nešto.

My laptop was overheating,

Moj laptop se pregrevao.

I thought it might be the fan,

Mislila sam da je do ventilatora,

I ordered a fan,

pa sam naručila nov,

I put the fan in, I turned it on,

zamenila stari, uključila laptop

and the fan went "whir"

i ventilator se zavrteo.

like, “Yes! That really worked.”

„Tako je! Popravka je uspela!”

It was a great feeling.

Odlično sam se osećala.

Now I know this kind of repair probably sounds very old-fashioned,

Sad, znam da ova vrsta popravke verovatno zvuči jako staromodno,

and I probably look a little old-fashioned,

i ja se verovatno činim pomalo staromodnom,

but it's much more than saving money.

ali po sredi je mnogo više od uštede para.

It's how we keep the things that we like in use.

Popravljanjem održavamo u funkciji stvari koje volimo.

It helps us keep things out of the trash.

To nam pomaže da ne bacamo stvari u smeće.

It helps bring jobs into our communities,

To donosi poslove u naše zajednice

and it can help solve the digital divide.

i može da nam pomogne da tehnologija postane dostupna svima.

Now, since 2013, I've been the executive director

Od 2013. godine sam izvršna direktorka

of the Digital Right to Repair Coalition,

Koalicije za digitalno pravo na popravku,

otherwise known as repair.org.

odnosno repair.org.

Our members do all the Rs:

Naši članovi rade u departmanu za „PR“:

We repair, we reuse, we resell and we recycle.

Mi popravljamo, ponovo koristimo, preprodajemo i recikliramo.

And in doing this work, I've come to realize

I baveći se ovim poslom shvatila sam

that repair is right now central

da je popravljanje stvari ključno

to all of our sustainability goals.

za ostvarenje svih naših ciljeva održivog razvoja.

If we can fix our stuff a little more frequently, keep it in use,

Ako češće popravljamo naše stvari, održavamo ih u funkciji,

we're keeping it out of the front of the waste stream at the front end.

nećemo ih davati u otpad.

So we'll have less to process at the back end.

Zbog toga ćemo imati manje da preradimo kasnije.

If we are going to have any control over our e-waste problem,

Ako želimo da imamo bilo kakvu kontrolu nad problemom EE otpada,

we have to talk about repair.

moramo da pričamo o popravljanju.

Let me give you a sense of scale.

Evo vam jedne perspektive.

Back in 2013,

Agencija za zaštitu životne sredine Sjedinjenih Država 2013. godine

the EPA estimated that the average US household

procenila je da prosečno domaćinstvo u Americi

already owned 28 digitally-driven gizmos and gadgets.

već ima 28 elektronskih naprava i uređaja.

It was everything from garage-door openers

Tu je bilo svega od uređaja za otvaranje vrata garaže

and hot tub controls to smart toasters.

i kontrola za džakuzi do pametnih tostera.

If we just do a little math and multiply

Ako samo malo izračunamo i pomnožimo,

28 times are roughly 123 million households,

28 uređaja puta otprilike 123 miliona domaćinstava,

we come up with a pretty staggering

dobijemo neverovatne

three and a half billion pieces of e-waste

tri i po milijarde komada EE otpada

kojima nije mesto na našim deponijama

that don't belong in our landfills,

and they are costly

i koji su skupi

and difficult to put back as raw materials

i koje je teško reciklirati u sirovine,

if those processes even exist.

ako procesi za tako nešto uopšte postoje.

When we look a little more closely at what's even possible with recycling,

Kada malo bolje pogledamo šta je uopšte moguće reciklirati,

I think we've been ignoring some really ugly truths.

mislim da ignorišemo neke veoma ružne istine.

By the time a laptop or a refrigerator

Dok laptop ili frižider

or even an electric toothbrush gets in our hands,

pa čak i električna četkica za zube dospeju u naše ruke,

almost all of the environmental damage has already been done.

skoro sva šteta po okolinu je već načinjena.

All the costs of mining and refining and smelting and transportation.

Tu su troškovi iskopavanja materijala, prečišćavanja, topljenja i transporta.

And we don't see these costs when we go to the store,

A mi ne vidimo te troškove kada odemo u radnju,

and we don't see the human costs of terrible labor conditions

niti posledice po ljude zbog očajnih uslova rada

and exposure to toxic materials.

i izlaganja toksičnim materijalima.

So even if we can't agree on how to calculate these costs,

Tako da, iako ne možemo da se složimo kako da izračunamo sve te troškove,

I think we can agree that fixing more and throwing away less just makes sense.

mislim da se možemo složiti da ima smisla popravljati više, a bacati manje.

There's a lot of other advantages of repairing things

Ima i mnogo drugih prednosti popravljanja stvari

other than just the obvious.

pored onih očiglednih.

Repair is what lets us keep our older devices in use,

Popravka nam omogućava da održimo naše starije uređaje u uptrebi

and it allows a secondary market for the products that we want to resell.

i omogućava sekundarno tržište za proizvode koje želimo da preprodamo.

And secondary markets are why used equipment is so affordable

A sekundarna tržišta su razlog iza tolike priuštivosti polovnih uređaja,

because the used seller has to compete with new.

zbog toga što preprodavac mora da se takmiči sa novim uređajima.

So if a new gadget is 1,000 dollars,

Pa ako novi uređaj košta 1 000 dolara,

we expect a pretty big discount to buy that same item used.

mi očekujemo veoma veliki popust za isti, polovni uređaj.

Let's start with 50 percent.

Počnimo od 50%.

So now we have an affordability capability

I tako uređaji mogu da budu priuštivi

that is central to crossing the digital divide.

što je ključno da tehnologija postane dostupna svima.

We had five million students that went to virtual school this past year

Imali smo 5 miliona studenata koji su prošle godine pohađali školu onlajn,

that didn't have enabling technology.

a nisu imali odgovarajuću tehniku za tako nešto.

And that's because parents and school districts couldn't buy new.

A to je zato što roditelji i škole nisu mogli da kupe nove uređaje.

We still have a lot of chip shortages,

Još uvek imamo manjak čipova

and these are going to be with us for a while.

i to će nas pratiti još neko vreme.

And I think we have to think very seriously about doing more repair,

Mislim da moramo veoma ozbiljno da razmislimo o popravljanju,

not just to make things last longer

ne samo da bi nam stvari trajale duže,

but also to be more resilient as an economy.

već i da bismo imali otporniju privredu.

Repair is also a point of entry for a lot of our engineers and innovators.

Mnogi ljudi postanu inženjeri i inovatori tako što prvo krenu da popravljaju stvari.

I heard Steve Wozniak speak very recently --

Nedavno sam slušala govor Stiva Voznijaka,

Apple Steve Wozniak --

Stiva Voznijaka iz Epla,

He spoke very recently about his growth and development

pričao je o tome koliko je napredovao

at a time when he was repairing things as a kid.

popravljajući stvari kao dečak.

I to je bilo ključno za njegov razvoj u polju inženjerstva.

And it was central to his development as an engineer.

He grew up pretty much the same time I did,

Odrastao je otprilike kada i ja,

where repairs were very ordinary.

kada su popravke bile sasvim uobičajene.

Consumers were empowered to take their vacuum tubes to the local store,

Potrošačima se govorilo da nose svoje elektronske cevi u lokalne radnje,

plug them in and see if they work

uključe ih, vide da li rade

and then buy a replacement on the spot.

i onda kupe zamenu na licu mesta.

And there were lots of options for repair within the community

Bilo je i mnogo prilika za popravku unutar zajednice

to help with the more difficult challenges.

koja bi pomogla pri težim popravkama.

I think you've probably noticed

Verovatno ste primetili

that these mom and pop businesses disappeared

da su takve porodične radnje nestale

or all but disappeared in our communities.

ili skoro pa nestale iz naših zajednica.

And it’s not because we don’t want to fix our stuff,

I ne zbog toga što ne želimo da popravljamo svoje stvari,

it's because they were not allowed to buy the essential repair materials

već zbog toga što im nije bilo dozvoljeno da kupe osnovne materijale za popravke

that enabled them to stay in business.

koji su im omogućavali da nastave sa radom.

So if we can back that back

Tako da ako možemo da vratimo to

and make it possible for our local repair shops

i omogućimo našim lokalnim radnjama za popravke

to buy parts and tools,

da kupe delove i alate,

then those businesses will come back

onda će se te radnje vratiti

and they will bring back with them jobs that feed families.

i vratiće sa sobom poslove koji prehranjuju porodice.

And our nerdy kids will be able to open things up,

I naša znatiželjna deca će moći da rasklapaju stvari,

figure out how they work

shvate kako one rade

and become the engineers and innovators of our future.

i postanu inženjeri i inovatori naše budućnosti.

Repair jobs, which I mentioned,

Popravljanje, kao što sam spomenula,

they’re great jobs,

odličan je posao

and they don't require an advanced degree.

i ne zahteva fakultetsku diplomu.

I'll give you an example.

Daću vam primer.

There's a charity in Minnesota called Tech Dump,

Postoji fondacija u Minesoti koja se zove Tek damp,

and they take in donated electronics,

i koja prima električne uređaje

and then they hire adults that are hard to employ,

i onda zapošljavaju odrasle koji teško nalaze posao,

many of whom coming out of the criminal justice system.

mnogi od kojih dolaze iz krivično-pravnog sistema.

They train them to make repairs.

Oni ih obučavaju da popravljaju stvari.

They then take the repaired goods,

a zatim popravljene stvari

sell them and use the proceeds to fund more training.

prodaju i iskoriste taj novac da finansiraju dalje obuke.

They’re keeping equipment out of the waste stream;

Zbog njih elektronika ne odlazi na otpad;

they’re bringing good-quality equipment to their community in a used format;

oni donose kvalitetnu elektroniku u njihove zajednice u polovnom stanju;

and they are bringing people out of poverty and into the workforce.

i izbavljaju ljude iz siromaštva vraćajući ih na tržište rada.

What's really got me irritated

Ono što me stvarno iritira

(Laughs)

(smeh)

is that at this point,

je to što trenutno

the vast majority of products on the market today

ogromnu većinu proizvoda na današnjem tržištu

cannot be repaired by any party

niko ne može da popravi,

without being totally dependent on the manufacturer.

a da u potpunosti ne zavise od proizvođača.

And the day the manufacturer decides they don't want you to fix it,

I onog dana kada proizvođači odluče da ne žele da popravljate bilo šta,

it's over.

gotovo je.

This is a completely artificial problem.

To je potpuno veštački izazvan problem.

Manufacturers used to provide comprehensive documentation

Proizvođači su nekada davali opsežnu dokumentaciju

and schematics and shipped it with every product.

i šeme koje su išle uz svaki proizvod.

It was expected that you could fix your stuff.

Očekivalo se od vas da možete da popravite svoje stvari.

Then once the internet allowed this documentation to be hosted online,

I onda kada je internet omogućio pristup toj dokumentaciji,

manufacturers stopped printing,

proizvođači su prestali da je štampaju,

which made sense because printing was expensive.

što je imalo smisla jer je štampanje bilo skupo.

And then somewhere along the line, somebody said,

A onda je u nekom trenutku neko rekao:

"Ah, we need to know who's using our website."

„Moramo da znamo ko koristi naš sajt“.

So they demanded a login.

Pa su onda tražili da se prijavite.

And then another bright light said,

A onda je drugi pametnjaković rekao:

"Oh, we can charge."

„Možemo da naplaćujemo sve to“.

So they put up a paywall.

Pa su onda krenuli i to da rade.

And then a third bright light said,

A onda je neko treći rekao:

"We can't let anybody have this information at all.

„Ne možemo da dopustimo nikome da ima ove informacije.

Možda će nam biti konkurencija“.

They might compete with us."

And that's where we are today.

I tako stvari stoje danas.

We can't get what we need to fix our stuff.

Ne možemo da dobijemo šta nam treba za popravku naših stvari.

Now, I can tell you because I've had a front-row seat,

Ali mogu da vam kažem, zbog toga što sam iz prve ruke videla,

this trend towards a throwaway economy is reversing all over the world.

da se širom sveta ljudi udaljavaju od trenda otpadne ekonomije.

And it's really fun to be able to tell you about it.

Super je što mogu da vam pričam o tome.

Back in 2014,

Još 2014. godine,

we put forward our very first digital “Right to Repair” bill,

predstavili smo naš prvi predlog zakona za digitalno „Pravo na popravku“

and that became the template for dozens of other bills.

i to je bio šablon za desetine drugih predloga zakona.

And this year, we've had 27 states take up the same legislation.

Ove godine, 27 država prihvatilo je iste predloge zakona.

These bills are starting to pass.

Ovi predlozi su počeli da se usvajaju.

There's been a lot of help from the Federal Trade Commission

Dobili smo mnogo pomoći od Federalne komisije za trgovinu,

and also the Biden administration,

kao i od Bajdenove administracije,

in saying we really, as a country,

u zagovaranju da mi kao zemlja zaista

need to be able to fix our stuff, and we need competition for repair.

moramo da imamo mogućnost da popravljamo stvari i da postoji konkurencija u tome.

It's not just us.

Ovo ne važi samo za nas.

Canada and Australia have got similar processes underway.

Kanada i Australija takođe imaju slične planove koje sprovode.

The European Union has put forward a set of regulations that just took effect

Evropska unija predstavila je niz uredbi koje su upravo stupile na snagu

that are limiting the use of adhesives in the construction of products

koje ograničavaju korišćenje lepka u pravljenju proizvoda

because if you can't get into the thing,

zbog toga što ako ne možeš da dođeš do unutrašnjosti,

you can't fix the thing.

ne možeš ni da je popraviš.

France has yet another idea.

Francuska ima još jednu ideju.

They are requiring manufacturers to rate themselves on their repairability,

Oni zahtevaju da proizvođači ocene sebe po lakoći popravke svojih uređaja

and then they are posting those scores for consumers to consider pre-purchase.

i da onda objave rezultate da kupci mogu da ih razmotre pre kupovine.

There are groups forming up all over the world

Grupe se formiraju širom sveta

koje pomažu ljudima da popravljaju stvari

that help people repair stuff

even without government or regulatory change.

čak i bez promena na državnom nivou.

You may have seen Repair Cafés advertised in your community.

Možda ste i videli reklame za Repair Cafés u vašoj zajednici.

That first Repair Café started in 2009 in Denmark.

Prvi takav kafić otvoren je 2009. u Danskoj.

There are now over 2,000 official chapters.

Sada ih postoji više od 2000.

There are web sites, YouTube

Postoje sajtovi, Jutjub

and a company called ifixit.com

i firma koja se zove ifixit.com,

that hosts tens of thousands of repair tutorials

gde imate na desetine hiljada priručnika za popravku

to help people learn how to fix their stuff.

koji pomažu ljudima da nauče da poprave svoje stvari.

Last year,

Prošle godine,

they recorded 116 million unique users on their website,

zabeležili su 116 miliona jedinstvenih korisnika na njihovom sajtu,

so I think it's pretty clear people do want to fix their stuff.

tako da mislim da je jasno da ljudi žele da popravljaju svoje stvari.

So I'm very encouraged by the fact that our throwaway economy,

Veoma me ohrabruje činjenica da je naša otpadna ekonomija

the trend is reversing.

trend od koga ljudi kreću da se udaljavaju.

And we are going to be able to fix our stuff.

I moći ćemo da popravljamo svoje stvari.

We're going to be able to use the things we want

Moći ćemo da koristimo stvari koje želimo

in the way that we want them.

onako kako želimo.

We will be able to cross the digital divide,

Tehnologija će biti dostupna svima

and we will have more jobs,

i imaćemo više poslova

and we will all get that great “Yes! I fixed it!” feeling.

i svi ćemo imati onaj sjajan „Tako je! Popravila sam!“ osećaj.

So the next time something around you breaks,

Tako da sledeći put kada se nešto oko vas pokvari,

don't take "broken" for an answer.

nemojte uzimati „pokvareno je“ za izgovor.

Go fix something.

Popravite to.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you.

Hvala vam!