How a new species of ancestors is changing our theory of human evolution | Juliet Brophy

302,719 views

2019-03-19 ใƒป TED


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How a new species of ancestors is changing our theory of human evolution | Juliet Brophy

302,719 views ใƒป 2019-03-19

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Leslie Gauthier Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ryuhyun Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
Human origins.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์›.
00:15
Who are we?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:16
Where do we come from,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์™”๊ณ ,
00:18
and how do we know?
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:20
In my field, paleoanthropology,
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์ œ ์ „๋ฌธ๋ถ„์•ผ์ธ ๊ณ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์—์„œ๋Š”
00:22
we explore human origins --
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
the "who" and "where" questions --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ "๋ˆ„๊ตฌ"์ด๊ณ  "์–ด๋””"์—์„œ ์™”๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
00:26
by analyzing fossils that date back thousands and even millions of years.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋…„, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ํ™”์„๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:32
In 2015, a team of colleagues and I named a new species in the genus Homo --
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2015๋…„, ์ €ํฌ ํŒ€์€ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ์† ์‹ ์ข…์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
our genus --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์†์ด์ฃ .
00:39
Homo naledi.
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ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ๋‚ ๋ ˆ๋””.
00:42
Let's take a step back and put that into context.
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์ž ์‹œ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ข€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
00:47
The last common ancestors between humans and chimps
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์€
00:50
date somewhere between six and eight million years.
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๋Œ€๋žต 6~8๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
The earliest hominins,
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ,
00:56
or earliest human ancestors,
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์ตœ์ดˆ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์€
00:57
evolved into a group known as the australopithecines.
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์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ž„๋กœํ”ผํ…Œ์ฟ ์Šค์†์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
The australopithecines evolved into the genus Homo
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์˜ค์Šคํƒˆ๋กœํ”ผํ…Œ์ฟ ์Šค์†์€ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:05
and eventually modern humans -- us.
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
01:09
With each new fossil discovery,
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๋งค๋ฒˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™”์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
01:11
we get a little bit closer to better understanding who we are
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ด๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์™”๋Š”์ง€
01:15
and where we came from.
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ํ•œ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋” ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
With these new fossil finds,
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™”์„์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ
01:19
we realize we now have to make changes to this tree.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:24
Until this discovery,
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์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
01:26
we thought we had a pretty good idea about the patterns of evolutionary change.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํŒจํ„ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ๋ฒ• ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:31
Current fossil evidence suggests
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ํ˜„์žฌ ํ™”์„ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š”
01:33
that the earliest populations of the genus Homo evolved in Africa
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์ตœ์ดˆ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
somewhere between two and three million years.
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๋Œ€๋žต 2~3๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฃ .
01:39
Fast-forward to approximately 300,000 years to where we see the origins
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์ตœ์ดˆ ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋žต 30๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
of the first modern humans.
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01:46
While the fossil record between these time frames in Africa
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์˜ ํ™”์„์€
01:49
is relatively sparse,
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๋น„๊ต์  ๋“œ๋ฌผ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:51
the fossils nonetheless demonstrated certain trends
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™”์„์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ƒ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์ƒ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊นŒ์ง€
01:54
from our earliest ancestors to modern humans.
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ํŠน์ • ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
For example, our brains were becoming larger
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด
02:01
relative the rest of our body.
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์ ์  ์ปค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
Our pelves were becoming more bowl-shaped,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์€ ์ ์  ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์˜ค๋ชฉํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ ,
02:06
and our hand-wrist morphology, or form,
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์†๋ชฉ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š”
02:09
suggested a change in our grip as we began to make and use stone tools
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์›€์ผœ์ฅ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:13
and spend less time in the trees.
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ ์š”.
02:16
These new fossils disrupt everything we thought we knew about these trends
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™”์„์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋†“์•˜๊ณ 
02:22
and force us to change the way that we think about human evolution.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
South Africa in general,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ,
02:30
but the Cradle of Humankind in particular,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์š”๋žŒ์—๋Š”,
02:32
contains numerous sites where hundreds of thousands of fossils have been found.
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™”์„์ด ๋ฐœ๊ตด๋œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
As an undergraduate student, I fell in love with one of them ...
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ํ•™๋ถ€์ƒ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋น ์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
02:40
Mrs. Ples.
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๋ฏธ์„ธ์Šค ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์Šค(Mrs. Ples),
02:41
The skull of a 2.1-million-year-old early human ancestor.
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210๋งŒ ๋…„์ด ๋œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
From that point on,
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
02:46
I was determined to go to South Africa and study human evolution.
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์ €๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
I first traveled there in 2003,
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2003๋…„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
02:52
and I did get to see my beloved Mrs. Ples.
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ์Šค ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:56
But words can hardly convey my excitement
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ ๋ง‰ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ์Œ“์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ
02:59
when I was chosen as an early career scientist
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๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ„๊ฑฐ(Lee Berger) ๊ต์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋ฒ…์ฐฌ ๊ฐ์ •์€
03:02
by Lee Berger,
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๋ง๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋„ค์š”.
03:04
a world-renowned paleoanthropologist,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž์ด์ž
03:06
to be one of the primary analysts of recently excavated unpublished fossils.
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์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ฐœํ‘œ ํ™”์„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ถ„์„์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ด์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
This treasure trove of fossils was being recovered from a new site
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์ด ๋ณด๋ฌผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™”์„์€ ๋ผ์ด์ง• ์Šคํƒ€ ๋™๊ตด์˜
03:18
called the Dinaledi Chamber in the Rising Star cave system.
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๋””๋‚ ๋ ˆ๋”” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Species are often named based on a skull, a lower jaw,
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์ข…์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ, ์•„๋ž˜ํ„ฑ๋ผˆ,
03:27
or, very rarely,
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๋˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
03:28
a handful of postcranial, or below-the-neck, elements.
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์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ›„๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๊ณจ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ชฉ ์•„๋žซ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด ๋ช…๋ช…๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
The fossils from Dinaledi were another story altogether.
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๋””๋‚ ๋ ˆ๋””์˜ ํ™”์„์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
An unprecedented approximately 1800 specimens --
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ
03:40
so far --
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์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ์•ฝ 1,800์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋“ค์ด
03:41
have been excavated from the Rising Star system,
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๋ผ์ด์ง• ์Šคํƒ€ ๋™๊ตด์—์„œ ์ถœํ† ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:44
representing at least 15 individual skeletons.
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์ ์–ด๋„ 15๋ช…์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
The research team that I was invited to join
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌํŒ€์—์„œ๋Š”
03:52
was tasked with describing, comparing and analyzing the fossils,
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์ด ํ™”์„์ด ์–ด๋А ์ข…์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
03:56
with the difficult goal of identifying to what species the fossils belonged.
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ํ™”์„์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
We were divided up into our different areas of expertise.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž ์ „๋ฌธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:04
We were divided up in different areas of the lab, too.
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
04:07
So there was "Hand Land," for the fossil hand people,
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์† ํ™”์„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ "์† ๋‚˜๋ผ"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”,
04:11
"Hip Heaven" for the pelvis ...
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๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์€ "์—‰๋ฉ์ด ์ฒœ๊ตญ"์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
04:13
I was in the "Tooth Booth."
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์ €๋Š” "์น˜์•„ ๋ถ€์Šค" ์†Œ์†์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:15
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:16
And after long, intense days in the lab,
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๊ธธ๊ณ  ์น˜์—ดํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‚ ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ 
04:19
the different teams would meet up at night and discuss our findings,
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์ €๋…์— ํŒ€๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:22
still consumed by questions from our analyses.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์— ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
04:25
It was incredible how different the interpretations were.
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๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ํ•ด์„์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:29
Each body part seemed to come from a different species,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋˜ ํ™”์„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด
04:32
based on what we knew from the fossil record.
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๊ฐ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
04:35
The suite of characteristics we were seeing didn't match any known species.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋“ค๊ณผ๋„ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
04:40
And if we had only recovered the skull, we might have called it one thing;
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ €์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
if we had only recovered the pelvis, we might have called it another.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:48
The anatomy of the skeletons didn't make sense
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๋ผˆ์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์ด ๋˜์งˆ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
04:51
with the framework of what we thought we knew of human evolution.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ํ‹€ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋Š”์š”.
04:55
Did it belong in the genus Homo?
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ํ˜ธ๋ชจ์†์ธ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?
04:58
Should it be an australopithecine?
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์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ž„๋กœํ”ผํ…Œ์ฟ ์Šค์†์ธ๊ฐ€?
05:00
Those bipedal, more apelike ancestors?
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๋‘ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๊ฑท๋Š”, ์œ ์ธ์›์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์กฐ์ƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
05:03
Or perhaps it should be its own species.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ข…์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:06
Ultimately, after much deliberation,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ˆ™๊ณ  ๋์—,
05:09
we decided the Rising Star specimens did indeed warrant a new species,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์ง• ์Šคํƒ€์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
which we called "Homo naledi."
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"ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ๋‚ ๋ ˆ๋””"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์˜€์ฃ .
05:16
From the head to the feet,
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๋๊นŒ์ง€
05:18
the fossils present a mosaic of primitive, or ancestral,
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ํ™”์„์€ ์›์‹œ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ
05:22
and derived or more modern-like features.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์ด ์„ž์ธ ๋ชจ์ž์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:25
The skull is quite derived,
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๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์€ ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ,
05:28
appearing most similar to early representatives of the genus Homo,
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ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ํ•˜๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋‚˜ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์ด๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ์† ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ
05:31
like Homo habilis and Homo erectus.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
However, the brain is scarcely half the size of a modern human one.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
One that is smaller than any other early Homo that has ever been found.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์ง€์š”.
05:45
As someone who studies teeth,
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์น˜์•„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ,
05:47
I might argue these are the coolest fossils found at the site.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ํ™”์„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
05:50
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:51
The assemblage consists of 190 whole or fragmentary teeth
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์˜จ์ „ํ•œ, ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฐ๋‚œ 190๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋นจ๋“ค๋กœ
05:54
that range in age from very old to very young.
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๋…ธ์ธ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•„์ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
Like the skeletons,
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ํ•ด๊ณจ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
05:59
the teeth present a mix of primitive and derived traits.
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์น˜์•„๋„ ์›์‹œ์  ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ํŒŒ์ƒ์  ํŠน์ง•์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌํ•ด์š”.
06:03
In modern humans,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š”
06:04
the third molar is typically the smallest, while the first molar is the biggest,
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์…‹์งธ ์–ด๊ธˆ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ œ์ผ ์ž‘๊ณ  ์ฒซ์งธ ์–ด๊ธˆ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ํฐ๋ฐ,
06:09
but Homo naledi has the primitive condition
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ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ๋‚ ๋ ˆ๋””๋Š” ์…‹์งธ ์–ด๊ธˆ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ํฌ๊ณ 
06:11
where the third molar is the biggest and the first molar is the smallest.
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์ฒซ์งธ ์–ด๊ธˆ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ์›์‹œ์  ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
The anterior teeth,
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์ „์น˜,
06:17
or the incisors and canines,
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์ฆ‰ ์•ž๋‹ˆ๋‚˜ ์†ก๊ณณ๋‹ˆ๋Š”
06:19
are small for the genus Homo,
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ํ˜ธ๋ชจ์† ์น˜๊ณ ๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณ ์š”.
06:22
and the lower canine has a cuspulid on it --
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์•„๋ž˜ ์†ก๊ณณ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋์ด ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ๋ฐ
06:25
an extra cuspule that gives it a distinct mitten-like shape
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์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:29
that it shares with some specimens of the early human, Homo erectus.
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์ด๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์ธ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์—๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ํŠน์ง•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
The overall shape of the teeth looked odd to me,
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์น˜์•„์˜ ์ „์ฒด์  ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ํŠน์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์„œ
06:38
so I performed crown-shape analysis
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์œ ์น˜, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•„๊ธฐ ์น˜์•„์˜
06:41
on the occlusal surfaces of deciduous teeth, or baby teeth --
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๊ตํ•ฉ๋ฉด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์น˜๊ด€ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:46
on your left --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒ ์™ผ์ชฝ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
06:47
and the permanent premolars and molars on your right.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์˜๊ตฌ ์†Œ๊ตฌ์น˜์™€ ์–ด๊ธˆ๋‹ˆ๋„์š”.
06:51
The deciduous teeth are especially narrow,
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์œ ์น˜๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์ข์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋ฉฐ
06:55
and the premolars are unique in their outline shape
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์†Œ๊ตฌ์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
06:58
compared to other hominids.
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์œค๊ณฝ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ๋…ํŠนํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
In fact, when I compare the outlines,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์œค๊ณฝ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
07:03
when I lay them on top of each other,
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์„œ๋กœ ๊ฒน์ณ ๋†“์•˜์„ ๋•Œ
07:04
they look very similar.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์˜€์–ด์š”.
07:07
We say they have "low intraspecific variations,"
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "๋‚ฎ์€ ์ข…๋‚ด ๋ณ€์ด",
07:10
so the variation within the species is low.
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์ข… ์•ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
When I compare this to groups like the australopithecines,
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์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ž„๋กœํ”ผํ…Œ์ฟ ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ
07:15
the intraspecific variation is much larger.
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์ข…๋‚ด ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ปธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
Postcranially, the team concluded
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๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
07:22
that the position of the shoulders suggesting naledi was a climber;
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๋‚ ๋ ˆ๋””์˜ ์–ด๊นจ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํƒ”์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
the flared pelvis and curved fingers are all primitive for the genus Homo.
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๋‚˜ํŒ” ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ํœ˜์–ด์ง„ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์€ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ์† ์น˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์›์‹œ์  ํŠน์ง•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
On the other hand,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด,
07:33
the humanlike wrist, long slender legs and modern feet
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์†๋ชฉ, ๊ธธ๊ณ  ๋‚ ์”ฌํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ๋ฐœ์€
07:37
are all consistent with other members of the genus.
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ํ˜ธ๋ชจ์† ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:42
In 2017, we announced more specimens of Homo naledi
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2017๋…„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ๋‚ ๋ ˆ๋”” ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
from the nearby Lesedi Chamber,
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๋ ˆ์„ธ๋”” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ,
07:49
also in the Rising Star cave system.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ๋ผ์ด์ง• ์Šคํƒ€ ๋™๊ตด ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:52
In addition, our geology team managed to produce an age estimate.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ ์ง€์งˆํ•™ ํŒ€์ด ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
The date's a big deal because, up until now,
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๋‚ ์งœ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
we had based our analysis solely on the morphology of the specimens,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™œ๊ณก์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:04
without previous knowledge of how old something is --
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๋‚˜์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „์ง€์‹ ์—†์ด
08:07
something which could unconsciously bias our interpretations.
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ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
With its small brain and flared pelvis,
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์ž‘์€ ๋‡Œ์™€ ๋‚˜ํŒ” ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด
08:14
we would not have been surprised
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ํ™”์„์ด 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋ช… ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:16
if the fossils turned out to be two million years old.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:19
Instead, the fossils dated
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๋Œ€์‹ , ํ™”์„์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋Š”
08:21
to 235 to 336 thousand years,
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23๋งŒ 5์ฒœ๋…„์—์„œ 33๋งŒ 6์ฒœ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ,
08:26
an incredibly young date for such a small-brained individual.
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์ž‘์€ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ ์น˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์งง์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
So think back to what I said earlier:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ์ „์— ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
08:31
we thought that our brains were becoming larger relative to the rest of our body.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ ์  ์ปค์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:35
Now we have a small-brained, young individual complicating this idea.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ์‹ ์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
What does all this mean?
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:44
Homo naledi has taught us
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ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ๋‚ ๋ ˆ๋””๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ์†์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€
08:45
that we need to reassess what it means to be in the genus Homo.
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์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
We need to rethink what it means to be human.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ์ง€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:51
In fact, most of the characteristics that we use to define the genus Homo,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ์†์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค,
08:56
such as brain size and hip morphology,
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๋‡Œ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
08:58
are no longer valid.
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ์œ ํšจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
No other species exists with this mix of primitive and derived traits.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋“ค์€ ์›์‹œ์ , ํŒŒ์ƒ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์„ž์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
09:07
Why is there so much morphological variation in the genus Homo?
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์™œ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ์†์—๋งŒ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
09:10
And what force is driving that variation?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์›์ฒœ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
09:14
Another implication for these fossils is that for the first time,
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์ด ํ™”์„์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š”
09:17
we have concrete evidence of a species coexisting in Africa,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ 30๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๊ณต์กดํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ข…๋“ค๊ณผ
09:21
at 300,000 years,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
with modern humans.
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09:25
Until this discovery,
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์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
09:26
we only had large-brained modern humans that existed in Africa.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ํฐ ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:33
Did they interbreed with each other?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๊ต๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:35
Did they compete with each other?
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์„œ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:38
Another implication that these fossils have
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๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”
09:42
is for the archaeologists studying stone tools in South Africa.
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๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ์ด ํ™”์„์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
Keep in mind that neither the Dinaledi nor the Lesedi Chambers
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๋””๋‚ ๋ ˆ๋””์™€ ๋ ˆ์„ธ๋”” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๋ชจ๋‘
09:49
have any artifacts in them.
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์œ ๋ฌผ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
09:51
However, they do overlap in time with several stone-tool industries,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์„๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ
09:56
the makers of which are considered to be either modern humans
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒน์ณ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„๊ธฐ ์ œ์กฐ์ž๋“ค์€
09:59
or direct human ancestors.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ง๊ณ„ ์กฐ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
This begs the question:
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‚ณ์ฃ .
10:04
Who made the stone tools of South Africa?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
10:07
Brain size has historically played a key role
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๋‡Œ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…๋“ค์„
10:09
in identifying a species as a tool user.
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๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
The idea is that you need to have a large brain
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋งŒํ•œ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ ค๋ฉด
10:14
to have even the capacity to make stone tools.
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ํฐ ๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
But that notion has been questioned.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๋‚จ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
Furthermore, Homo naledi, even with its small brain size,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ๋‚ ๋ ˆ๋””๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ž‘์€ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Œ์—๋„
10:22
has a hand-wrist morphology similar to other species
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์„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ
10:25
that did make and use stone tools,
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์†๋ชฉ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด
10:28
suggesting it had the capability.
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์„๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
With two species coexisting in Africa at 300,000 years,
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30๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…์ด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๊ณต์กดํ–ˆ๊ณ 
10:35
we can no longer assume we know the maker of tools
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์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ
10:38
at sites with no associated species.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„๊ตฌ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:43
So where does Homo naledi fit in our human evolutionary lineage?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ๋‚ ๋ ˆ๋””๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณ„๋ณด ์–ด๋”” ์ฏค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
10:47
Who is it most closely related to?
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ž‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ๊นŒ์š”?
10:49
Who did it evolve from?
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
10:51
We're still trying to figure all that out.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
It's ironic, because paleoanthropologists are renowned
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๊ณ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ ์€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค๊ฐ€
10:56
for having small sample sizes.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:58
We now have a large sample size,
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๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
11:00
and more questions than answers.
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์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆํ•˜์ฃ .
11:02
Homo naledi has taught us,
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ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ๋‚ ๋ ˆ๋””๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
11:04
has brought us a little bit closer
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋„๋ก
11:06
to better understanding our evolutionary past.
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๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
So while Mrs. Ples will always hold a special place in my heart,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์Šค ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ œ ๋งˆ์Œ ์† ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์ด๋ฉด์„œ
11:14
she now shares that space with several thousand others.
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์ด์ œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ตฐ์š”.
11:16
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:18
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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