Mads Tang-Christensen: The brain science of obesity | TED

54,345 views ใƒป 2021-12-13

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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Transcriber:
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sena Jung ๊ฒ€ํ† : JY Kang
์™œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ํ˜•์ œ์ž๋งค๋“ค์€
๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง‘์—์„œ ์‚ด๋ฉฐ
๊ฐ™์€ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋ฐ๋„
์ฒด์ค‘์ด ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:12
Have you ever wondered why a pair of siblings
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00:15
living in the same house with the same parents,
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์ œ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋งค๋“œ์Šค์ด๊ณ ,
์ €๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 25๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
00:18
with the same food,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์Œ์‹์„, ์–ธ์ œ, ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋จน๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
sometimes end up in opposite sides of the weight spectrum?
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00:24
My name is Mads
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ,
00:26
and for the last 25 years,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ž ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€
00:28
I've been studying what we eat, when we eat and how much we eat.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์Œ์‹๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:32
And probably more importantly,
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๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ๋น„๋งŒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
I've been studying how each of our unique bodies
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00:36
responds differently to the same food and the same environment.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ ๋ ˆ๋นˆ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
To be more precise, I study obesity.
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๊ทธ๋Š” 100๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฅ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์Œ์‹๋“ค์„ ๋จน์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:46
During my training as an MD, PhD,
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00:48
I was very fascinated by a series of experiments done by Barry Levin.
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•œ ํ›„,
์ข… ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๊ณ ,
00:53
He took 100 rats and subjected them to high-fat feeding.
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์ฒด์ค‘ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
์ผ๋ถ€ ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ์ฅ์™€, ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋น„๋งŒ์ธ ์ฅ,
00:58
After months of feeding,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
he ended up with a bell-shaped curve
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์ดํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ์ฅ๋“ค๋งŒ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ
01:02
and a weight distribution
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01:03
with some skinny rats and some obese rats
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์„œ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ ,
๋น„๋งŒ์ธ ์ฅ๋“ค๋„ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
and some in the middle.
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01:08
What he then did was to take the skinny rats
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ช‡ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œํ‚ค์ž ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
and breed them among themselves,
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๋น„๋งŒ์— ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฅ๋“ค๊ณผ
01:13
and the heavy rats.
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01:14
And he bred those among themselves.
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋งŒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ฅ๋“ค๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:16
And after rounds of breeding, he ended up with two distinct populations:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ดํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ์ฅ์™€ ๋น„๋งŒ์ธ ์ฅ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
01:21
a diet-resistant rat
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01:23
and an obesity-prone rat.
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๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋œ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
And here's the really interesting part.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ฅ๋“ค์˜ ์ฒด์ค‘์€ ์‹์ด ์š”๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
01:29
Then he took the skinny or the obese,
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์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
and either massively over- or underfed them.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์›๋ž˜ ์ฒด์ค‘ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜์ฃ .
01:36
And their weight would, of course, go up and down
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01:38
depending on the dietary regimen.
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์‹์ด ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ž,
01:41
But it was as if the little bodies would remember the same old weight trajectory.
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์ฅ๋“ค์˜ ์ฒด์ค‘์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฒด์ค‘ ํŒจํ„ด๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
So once the dietary regimen was stopped,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋น„๋งŒ์ธ ์ฅ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ์ฅ์˜ ํƒˆ์„ ์”Œ์›Œ๋‘์–ด๋„
01:52
the rats went right back to the initial weight trajectory.
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๋น„๋งŒ์ธ ์ฅ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋˜์ง€๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
It was like as if you could dress up the obese rat
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
in a skinny sheep's clothing.
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1,000๋ช…์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ์ฒด์ค‘์„ ์žฌ๋ฉด,
02:03
But the obese rat nature was still scratching to get out.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฒด์ค‘ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ข… ๋ชจ์–‘ ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
The same thing applies to humans.
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์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ฅด๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„, ๋˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋น„๋งŒ์ด์ฃ .
02:10
If you take a thousand kids and weigh them,
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02:12
their weight will also be distributed in a bell-shaped curve.
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ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€,
๋งˆ๋ฅธ ์•„์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ์ฒดํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ ,
02:16
Some skinny, some in the middle and some heavy.
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๋น„๋งŒ์ธ ์•„์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ ๋น„๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
We know that some of the skinny kids will remain skinny throughout life,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ฒด์ค‘์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
and some of the obese kids will stay obese throughout life.
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๋˜ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋น„๋งŒ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:30
You could argue that their weight, to some degree, has been predetermined.
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์ž ๊น, ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋น„๋งŒ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
๋„ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
You could also argue that obesity is a disease.
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๋น„๋งŒ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ €์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•œ ์ธ์ƒ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„
02:40
Wait, did I just say that obesity a disease?
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02:43
Yes.
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๋น„๋งŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์น˜์œ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
There's actually data and science that shows that.
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02:48
And I've made it my audacious life goal to come up with a solution
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ์™€ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์—๋Š”
02:53
to prevent, treat or even cure obesity.
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๋น„๋งŒ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
Let me explain.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด
๊ตญ์ œ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ WHO๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง์—
02:59
In the early 1980s and 1990s,
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03:01
obesity was considered a potential global problem,
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๋น„๋งŒ์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์œ ํ–‰๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ์ฃ .
์™œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋ง ์•ˆ ํ•ด๋„ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:05
a global problem of a magnitude
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03:07
that led WHO in the end of 1990s
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๋น„๋งŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹น๋‡จ์™€ ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••, ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์งˆ๋ณ‘,
03:10
to declare obesity a global pandemic.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์•”, ๊ณจ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ ,
03:13
And I probably don't have to tell you why.
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์‹ ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
Higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, even some cancers,
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๋น„๋งŒ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก,
03:22
osteoarthritis and a clear link to mental conditions such as depression.
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์•ž์„œ ๋งํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ๊ฒช๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์„ฑ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ 50% ์ด์ƒ์ด
03:28
So as the number of obese individuals grew,
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03:31
so did the number of people suffering from these diseases.
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๋น„๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
Today, more than 50 percent of the US adult population
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ด์ฃ .
03:39
are living with obesity or overweight.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋น„๋งŒ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„๋งŒ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:43
From a health perspective, that is devastating.
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03:48
But it's not only a US problem.
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์˜ํ•™๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
03:50
The obesity surge has made obesity a global health problem.
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๋น„๋งŒ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋งŒ์„ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Many inside and outside the medical community
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๊ณผ์‹๊ณผ ์ ์€ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜จ ์ฒดํ˜• ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:59
believe obesity is not a disease.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋น„๋งŒ์ธ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
They believe that obesity is a condition,
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04:04
a condition brought about by too much eating
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒด์ค‘์ด 100% ๋ณธ์ธ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
04:08
and too little exercise.
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04:10
As a matter of fact, a lot of people living with obesity think that too.
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์ด๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ๋น„๋‚œ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž์กด๊ฐ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๊ณ ,
04:14
They believe that their weight is 100 percent their own fault,
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์ˆ˜์น˜์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์„ฑ ํญ์‹์œผ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์—ญํšจ๊ณผ์ด๊ณ , ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๊ฐ€์Šด ์•„ํ”ˆ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
04:19
which can lead to self-blame and low self-esteem,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„๋งŒ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:23
and perhaps even shame or stress eating,
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04:26
which is both heartbreaking, as well as counterproductive.
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์˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋งŽ์ง€๋งŒ,
04:31
But where is the scientific proof that obesity is a disease?
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
Well, medically speaking, there's many ways to define disease,
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์€ ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•ด์น˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
but let me give you just three examples.
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๋น„๋งŒ๋„ ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์ฃ .
์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์˜๋Š”
04:44
As a process that impairs your functionality
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
and reduces life expectancy -- obesity, check.
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๋น„๋งŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
You can define disease as a process
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๋˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ €ํ•˜๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š”
04:55
that leaves you more susceptible to other diseases or causes disease.
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์  ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
Obesity, check.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ค‘๋ณต ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:01
Or you can define disease as a genetic impairment
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๋น„๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
that leads to functional impairment,
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๋ ™ํ‹ด ๊ฒฐํ•์ด๋‚˜ POMC ๊ฒฐํ• ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:08
like, for instance, a duplication of genes on chromosomes.
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05:12
There is clear evidence
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์—๋Š” ๋น„๋งŒ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” 2-3๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
that a single gene mutation can lead to obesity,
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05:16
such as, for instance, leptin deficiency and POMC deficiency.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ปจ๋Œ€, 2030๋…„์ด ๋˜๋ฉด
๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋น„๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
We also have two-three genes leading to obesity.
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05:24
And it's my prediction that we, by the year 2030,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„๋งŒ์„ ์œ ์ „์  ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:28
will be able to explain most obesity by the genetic makeup of the individual.
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ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์งš๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ‘์‹œ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
So obesity as a disease by this measure, check.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—์„œ์•ผ ๋น„๋งŒ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:40
Let me be clear.
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์ด๊ฑด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
05:42
We humans have had the same genes for decades.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์Œ์‹์ด์ฃ .
05:45
And just recently, obesity has become a bigger problem.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณ ์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
How do we then explain that?
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ, ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ํ•„์š” ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฑ„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
One obvious thing is actually food, especially calorie-rich food,
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05:57
which is much more readily available.
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ํŒจ์ŠคํŠธ ํ‘ธ๋“œ๋‚˜ ํฐ ์ปต์˜ ํƒ„์‚ฐ์Œ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:00
It's relatively easy and also relatively cheap
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06:03
to eat your entire daily need of calories by a fast food or big soft drinks.
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์œ ์ „์ž๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜์ง€๋งŒ,
ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋„ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ฃ .
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ์„ญ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด์–ด์„œ
06:11
So genes do play a role,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์ ์‘์„ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
but the environment also plays a huge role.
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06:17
The overabundance of calories in certain communities
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๊ณผ์ž‰๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ด์•„์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ
06:20
is a relatively new thing,
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์œ ์ „์  ์„ ํƒ์€ ๊ฒฐํ•์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:22
and our genes haven't quite adapted yet.
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ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:25
In the history of feast and famine,
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๊ตถ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋‚˜์˜์ง€๋งŒ,
06:28
genetic selection has prepared us much better for famine,
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๋น„๋งŒ๋„ ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋น„๋งŒ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
06:32
and for good reason.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ์น˜์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:34
Starvation is bad,
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06:36
but you could also argue obesity is bad.
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์ €๋Š” ๋‡Œ์— ํ•ด๋‹ต์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
And if obesity is a disease,
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06:41
how do we then prevent, treat or even cure it?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
๋‡Œ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์ „๊ธฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ค์ด
06:46
I believe that the brain holds the key.
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ํ–‰๋™์˜ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
I have always been fascinated
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06:51
with how small electrical signals in discrete parts of the brain
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋‡Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์นด๊ณค์–‘ ํŽฉํ‹ฐ๋“œ-1์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
lead to big behavioral changes.
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์ค„์—ฌ์„œ GLP-1 ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
GLP-1์€ ์œ„์™€ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ด์ž ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ถ„์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
And my study of the brain led me to Glucagon-Like Peptide 1,
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07:05
or GLP-1 for short.
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์œ„์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ , ์œ„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‡Œ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
GLP-1 is a hormone and a signal molecule
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07:10
that is produced both in the gut and in the brain.
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๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‡Œ์™€ ์œ„๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:15
The brain speaks to the gut and the gut speaks to the brain.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‡Œ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์— GLP-1์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
Yes, that's right.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน์„์ง€ ๋ง์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:21
Your belly and your brain are literally connected.
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๊ฐ€๋ น, GLP-1์˜ ์–‘์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
07:25
Our research led us to see that GLP-1 has an effect on nerve cells
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์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์‹ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด ์š•๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
sitting in areas that control whether we eat or not.
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07:32
So, for instance, if we increase the level of GLP-1,
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GLP-1์€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒํƒฑํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
07:37
the body's desire to eat or overeat food gets turned off.
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์ €๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ GLP-1์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ 
07:42
GLP-1 serves as the full signal in your car's gas tank.
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GLP-1์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
I've spent years and decades mapping the circuitry of GLP-1
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์Œ์‹ ์„ญ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ ,
07:53
and how GLP-1 interacts with other signal molecules and hormones.
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์ฒด์ค‘๊ณผ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
All of these things go together and control food intake,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
์ด์ œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž ์กฐ์ž‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
08:03
body weight and the control of eating behavior.
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ฒด์ค‘ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
And what does that all mean?
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08:08
Well, today, we have engineered and studied the molecule,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , GLP-1์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹ต์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
so we now have a molecule
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08:14
that can lead to a significant weight loss.
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์ €ํฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๊ณ ,
08:17
Obviously, GLP-1 is not the whole answer.
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๊ทธ๋“ค๋„ ์Œ์‹ ์„ญ์ทจ์™€ ์ฒด์ค‘ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
We and others have discovered numerous hormones
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๋“ค์ด
08:26
and other signal molecules
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GLP-1 ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
08:27
that are also pivotal for the regulation of food intake and body weight.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ...
08:32
And it may end up
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์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒ ์•„์ง ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
that these signal molecules and hormones are even more important than GLP-1.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ง ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์–ด์š”.
์ด๊ฒŒ ๋์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
So ...
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์•„์ง ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
There's plenty for us to do.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
08:43
There's still plenty for us to explore.
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08:46
So this is not the end.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ฒด์ค‘ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:49
It's not even the beginning to the end.
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ํฌ๋ง์ ์ธ ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:51
But perhaps this may be the end to the beginning.
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08:55
We may have a massive weight crisis on the planet today,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋น„๋งŒ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๊ณ ,
๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š”
08:59
but the good news is we are on the right path.
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๋น„๋งŒ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
We now have solutions for people living with obesity,
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์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:06
and the next steps will be to understand even better
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09:09
the problems people living with obesity are facing.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค ํ•ฉ์ณ์ ธ์„œ
09:14
To understand even better how genes and environment play together.
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์ฒด์ค‘์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:19
And understand, finally, how all these things come together
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๋น„๋งŒ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
09:23
and determine our body weight.
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๋น„๋งŒ์„ ๊ฒช๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜์œ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
Then, and maybe just then,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ์น˜์œ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:28
we will be able to come up with a prevention,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„์ง ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ €ํฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•œ ์ธ์ƒ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
a treatment or even a cure
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09:34
for people living with obesity,
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09:36
like we strive for with any other chronic disease.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
And this -- this still remains our audacious lifeโ€™s goal.
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09:45
Thank you.
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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