Why is colonialism (still) romanticized? | Farish Ahmad-Noor

73,741 views ・ 2020-07-13

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Shihwan Go κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
I promise you that I will not sing. I will spare you that, at least.
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λ…Έλž˜λŠ” ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ² λ‹€κ³  μ•½μ†λ“œλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€. 적어도 κ·Έκ±° ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 보μž₯ν•˜μ£ .
00:16
But I am a historian
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μ „ μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžμ΄κ³ 
00:20
with a background in philosophy,
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철학에 λŒ€ν•œ 배경지식도 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
and my main area of research is basically the history of Southeast Asia,
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μ£Όμš” 연ꡬ λΆ„μ•ΌλŠ” 기본적으둜 λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ˜ 역사이며
00:28
with a focus on 19th-century colonial Southeast Asia.
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19μ„ΈκΈ° μ‹λ―Όμ§€μ˜ λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ— 쀑점을 두고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
And over the last few years,
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μ§€λ‚œ λͺ‡ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
00:34
what I've been doing is really tracing the history of certain ideas
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μ œκ°€ ν•΄μ˜¨ 일은 νŠΉμ • μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μ˜ 역사λ₯Ό μΆ”μ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
that shape our viewpoint,
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우리의 관점을 ν˜•μ„±ν•΄μ˜¨ 방식이죠.
00:43
the way we in Asia, in Southeast Asia,
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μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ—μ„œ, λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ—μ„œ
00:45
look at ourselves and understand ourselves.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 우리 μžμ‹ μ„ 바라보고 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 방식말이죠.
00:48
Now, there's one thing that I cannot explain
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μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μ—†λŠ”
00:54
as a historian,
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ν•œ 가지가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
and this has been puzzling me for a long time,
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이것 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ ν˜ΌλΌμŠ€λŸ¬μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
and this is how and why certain ideas, certain viewpoints
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ, 그리고 μ™œ
νŠΉμ •ν•œ 아이디어, νŠΉμ •ν•œ 견해가
01:06
do not seem to ever go away.
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사라지지 μ•ŠλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ˜λ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
And I don't know why.
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ°μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
And in particular,
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특히,
01:14
I'm interested to understand why some people -- not all, by no means --
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μ™œ μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€, μ „λΆ€λŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
01:20
but some people in postcolonial Asia
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μ‹λ―Όμ§€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 독립 ν›„ λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
01:25
still hold on to a somewhat romanticized view of the colonial past,
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아직도 식민지 과거에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ‹€μ†Œ λ‚­λ§Œμ μΈ 관점을 κ³ μˆ˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€
01:32
see it through kind of rose-tinted lenses
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낙관적인 κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ
01:35
as perhaps a time that was benevolent or nice or pleasant,
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μžλΉ„λ‘­κ³  λ©‹μžˆκ±°λ‚˜ 즐거운 μ‹œκ°„μ΄λΌκ³  λ³΄λŠ”μ§€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
even though historians know the realities of the violence
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심지어 μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 폭λ ₯의 싀상과
01:45
and the oppression
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μ–΅μ••,
01:46
and the darker side of that entire colonial experience.
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그리고 식민지 μ‹œλŒ€λ₯Ό μ•„μš°λ₯΄λŠ” μ–΄λ‘μš΄ 면을 μ•Œκ³ λ„ 말이죠.
01:50
So let's imagine that I build a time machine for myself.
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μ œκ°€ 직접 νƒ€μž„λ¨Έμ‹ μ„ λ§Œλ“ λ‹€κ³  상상해 보죠.
01:54
(Makes beeping noises)
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(삐 μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ‚΄λ‹€)
01:55
I build a time machine,
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νƒ€μž„λ¨Έμ‹ μ„ λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
01:57
I send myself back to the 1860s,
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1860λ…„λŒ€λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
a hundred years before I was born.
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μ œκ°€ νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° 100λ…„ 전이죠.
02:03
Oh dear, I've just dated myself.
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μ €λŸ°! 방금 제 λ‚˜μ΄λ₯Ό λ§ν•΄λ²„λ Έλ„€μš”.
02:04
OK, I go back a hundred years before I was born.
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μ œκ°€ νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° 100λ…„ μ „μœΌλ‘œ 거슬러 μ˜¬λΌκ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
Now, if I were to find myself in the context of colonial Southeast Asia
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λ§Œμ•½ 19μ„ΈκΈ° 식민지 λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„λΌλŠ”
02:12
in the 19th century,
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μ‹œλŒ€μ  배경으둜 λŒμ•„κ°„ 것이면
02:15
I would not be a professor.
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μ €λŠ” κ΅μˆ˜κ°€ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
Historians know this.
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μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ‹€ μ•Œκ³  있죠.
02:19
And yet, despite that,
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κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ ,
02:23
there's still some quarters that somehow want to hold on to this idea
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그런 아이디어을 κ³ μˆ˜ν•˜λ €λŠ” λΆ„μœ„κΈ°κ°€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
that that past was not as murky,
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ κ³Όκ±°κ°€ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 어둑지 μ•Šκ³ 
02:30
that there was a romanticized side to it.
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λ‚­λ§Œμ μΈ 츑면이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 생각 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
Now, here is where I, as a historian,
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μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ
02:35
I encounter the limits of history,
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μ €λŠ” μ—­μ‚¬μ˜ ν•œκ³„μ— μ§λ©΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
because I can trace ideas.
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생각을 좔적할 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
02:40
I can find out the origins of certain clichΓ©s, certain stereotypes.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ§„λΆ€ν•œ 것듀, νŠΉμ • κ³ μ •κ΄€λ…μ˜ 기원을 찾을 μˆ˜λŠ” μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
I can tell you who came up with it, where and when and in which book.
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λˆ„κ°€, μ–΄λ””μ„œ, μ–Έμ œ, μ–΄λŠ μ±…μ—μ„œ 생각해 λƒˆλŠ”μ§€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
But there's one thing I cannot do:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν•œ κ°€μ§€λŠ” ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
I cannot get into the internal, subjective mental universe of someone
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€μ˜ 내면적이고 주관적인 정신세계에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ„œ
02:59
and change their mind.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 생각을 λ°”κΏ€ μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
And I think this is where and why, over the last few years,
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그리고 이것이 μ§€λ‚œ λͺ‡ λ…„κ°„
03:05
I'm increasingly drawn to things like psychology
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심리학과 μΈμ§€ν–‰λ™μΉ˜λ£Œμ™€ 같은 것듀에
03:08
and cognitive behavioral therapy;
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점점 더 λŒλ¦¬λŠ” 이유라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
because in these fields, scholars look at the persistence of ideas.
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ 이런 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μƒκ°μ˜ 지속성을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
Why do some people have certain prejudices?
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ™œ νŠΉμ •ν•œ νŽΈκ²¬μ„ 가지고 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:18
Why are there certain biases, certain phobias?
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μ™œ νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ„ μž…κ²¬κ³Ό 곡포증이 μžˆλŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
03:21
We live, unfortunately, sadly, in a world where, still, misogyny persists,
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λΆˆν–‰ν•˜κ²Œλ„, μ•ˆνƒ€κΉκ²Œλ„ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ—¬μ„±ν˜μ˜€κ°€ κ³„μ†λ˜κ³ 
03:27
racism persists, all kinds of phobias.
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인쒅차별이 μ§€μ†λ˜κ³ , λͺ¨λ“  μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 곡포증이 μžˆλŠ” 세상에 μ‚΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
Islamophobia, for instance, is now a term.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 이슬람 곡포증은 이제 μš©μ–΄κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
03:32
And why do these ideas persist?
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μ™œ 이런 생각듀이 μ§€μ†λ κΉŒμš”?
03:36
Many scholars agree that it's partly because, when looking at the world,
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λ§Žμ€ ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 일뢀 λ™μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 세상을 바라볼 λ•Œ
03:40
we fall back, we fall back, we fall back
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λ’€λ‘œ λ¬ΌλŸ¬μ„œκ³ , λ„˜μ–΄μ Έμ„œ
03:42
on a finite pool,
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μœ ν•œν•œ κΉŠμ€ 곳으둜 λŒμ•„κ°„λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
a small pool of basic ideas that don't get challenged.
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기본적인 생각이 도전을 받지 μ•ŠλŠ” 곳이죠.
03:48
Look at how we, particularly us in Southeast Asia,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€, 특히 λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ—μ„œ
03:52
represent ourselves to ourselves and to the world.
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μš°λ¦¬μžμ‹ κ³Ό 세계λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λŒ€λ³€ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
03:56
Look at how often,
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우리 μžμ‹ μ— λŒ€ν•΄, λ‚΄ 관점, λ‚΄ 정체성
03:58
when we talk about ourselves, my viewpoint, my identity, our identity,
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우리의 정체성에 λŒ€ν•΄ 말할 λ•Œ
04:02
invariably, we fall back, we fall back, we fall back, we fall back
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μ˜ˆμ™Έμ—†μ΄ λ’€λ‘œ λ¬ΌλŸ¬μ„œκ³ , λ¬ΌλŸ¬μ„œκ³ , λ¬ΌλŸ¬μ„œκ³ 
04:05
on the same set of ideas,
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각각 λ‚˜λ¦„μ˜ 역사λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€λŠ”
04:07
all of which have histories of their own.
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같은 μƒκ°μ˜ 집합에 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 자주 λΉ μ§€λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:12
Very simple example:
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맀우 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 예λ₯Ό 듀어보죠.
04:14
we live in Southeast Asia,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ— μ‚΄κ³  있고
04:16
which is very popular with tourists from all over the world.
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μ „ 세계 κ΄€κ΄‘κ°λ“€μ—κ²Œ 맀우 인기가 μžˆλŠ” 곳이죠.
04:19
And I don't think that's a bad thing, by the way.
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그게 λ‚˜μ˜λ‹€κ³ λŠ” μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
I think it's good that tourists come to Southeast Asia,
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관광객이 동남아λ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ” 것은 쒋은 일이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
because it's part and parcel of broadening your worldview
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세계관을 λ„“νžˆκ³ 
04:27
and meeting cultures, etc, etc.
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λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό λ§Œλ‚˜λŠ” λ“±μ˜ μΌν™˜μœΌλ‘œ 말이죠.
04:29
But look at how we represent ourselves
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 우리 μžμ‹ μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜μ§€ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:34
through the tourist campaigns, the tourist ads that we produce.
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κ΄€κ΄‘ μΊ νŽ˜μΈμ΄λ‚˜ κ΄€κ΄‘ κ΄‘κ³ λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ μ§€λŠ” 우리 이미지λ₯Ό 말이죠.
04:37
There will be the obligatory coconut tree, banana tree, orangutan.
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λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ μ½”μ½”λ„› λ‚˜λ¬΄, λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜ λ‚˜λ¬΄, μ˜€λž‘μš°νƒ„μ΄ λ‚˜μ˜€μ£ .
04:42
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:43
And the orangutan doesn't even get paid.
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μ˜€λž‘μš°νƒ„μ€ 심지도 λˆλ„ 받지 λͺ»ν•˜μ£ .
04:45
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:47
Look at how we represent ourselves. Look at how we represent nature.
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우리 μžμ‹ μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ”μ§€, μžμ—°μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:51
Look at how we represent the countryside.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‹œκ³¨μ„ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:53
Look at how we represent agricultural life.
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농경 μƒν™œμ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:56
Watch our sitcoms.
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μ‹œνŠΈμ½€μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:58
Watch our dramas. Watch our movies.
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λ“œλΌλ§ˆμ™€ μ˜ν™”λ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
05:01
It's very common, particularly in Southeast Asia,
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특히 λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„λ₯Ό 배경으둜 ν•˜λŠ”
05:05
when you watch these sitcoms,
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μ‹œνŠΈμ½€μ„ λ³Ό λ•Œ
05:08
if there's someone from the countryside, invariably, they're ugly,
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μ‹œκ³¨μ—μ„œ 온 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ˜ˆμ™Έμ—†μ΄ μΆ”μž‘ν•˜κ³ 
05:13
they're funny, they're silly,
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웃기고, 바보같고
05:15
they're without knowledge.
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μ•„λŠ”κ²Œ μ—†λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œ λ¬˜μ‚¬λ˜λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
It's as if the countryside has nothing to offer.
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마치 μ‹œκ³¨μ—λŠ” 쀄 게 아무것도 μ—†μ–΄ 보이죠.
05:22
Our view of nature,
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μžμ—°μ— λŒ€ν•΄
05:25
despite all our talk,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–˜κΈ°ν–ˆλ˜ 견해듀에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
05:27
despite all our talk about Asian philosophy, Asian values,
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μ•„μ‹œμ•„ μ² ν•™, κ°€μΉ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  이야기에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
05:32
despite all our talk about how we have an organic relationship to nature,
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μžμ—°μ— λŒ€ν•œ 유기적인 관계에 λŒ€ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  이야기에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
05:38
how do we actually treat nature in Southeast Asia today?
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ—μ„œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μžμ—°μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λŒ€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
05:41
We regard nature as something to be defeated and exploited.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μžμ—°μ„ νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜κ³  μ°©μ·¨ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:47
And that's the reality.
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이것이 ν˜„μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:49
So the way in which we live in our part of the world,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 일뢀 지역인
05:52
postcolonial Southeast Asia,
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λ…λ¦½λœ λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ—μ„œ μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” 방식은
05:53
in so many ways, for me,
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μ €μ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ, λ§Žμ€ λ©΄μ—μ„œ
05:57
bears residual traces to ideas, tropes,
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역사λ₯Ό 톡해 이어진 사상, λΉ„μœ 
06:03
clichΓ©s, stereotypes
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진뢀함, 고정관념에 λŒ€ν•œ
06:05
that have a history.
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흔적을 λ‚¨κΈ°λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
This idea of the countryside as a place to be exploited,
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μ‹œκ³¨μ„ μ°©μ·¨ν•  곳으둜
06:10
the idea of countryfolk as being without knowledge --
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μ‹œκ³¨ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 지식이 μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것
06:14
these are ideas that historians like me can go back,
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이런 생각듀은 저와 같은 μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 역사λ₯Ό 거슬러 μ˜¬λΌκ°€
06:17
we can trace how these stereotypes emerged.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이런 고정관념듀이 μƒκ²¨λ‚¬λŠ”μ§€ 좔적할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:20
And they emerged at a time
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그것듀은 λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„κ°€
06:24
when Southeast Asia
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식민지 자본주의의 논리에 따라
06:27
was being governed according to the logic of colonial capitalism.
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ν†΅μΉ˜λ˜κ³  있던 μ‹œκΈ°μ— λ“±μž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:31
And in so many ways,
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ
06:34
we've taken these ideas with us.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 생각듀을 μˆ˜μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
They're part of us now.
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μ΄μ œλŠ” 우리의 일뢀뢄이 λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
06:37
But we are not critical
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ μ‹¬λ¬Έν•˜κ³ 
06:40
in interrogating ourselves and asking ourselves,
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λ¬»λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œ λΉ„νŒμ μ΄μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
how did I have this view of the world?
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세상에 λŒ€ν•œ 이런 κ²¬ν•΄λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ°–κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
06:45
How did I come to have this view of nature?
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μžμ—°μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이런 관점은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
06:47
How did I come to have this view of the countryside?
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μ‹œκ³¨ 풍경을 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ°”λΌλ³΄κ²Œλœ μ΄μœ λŠ” λ©€κΉŒμš”?
06:50
How do I have this idea of Asia as exotic?
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μ™œ μ•„μ‹œμ•„λŠ” μ΄κ΅­μ μ΄λΌλŠ” 생각을 κ°–κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
06:53
And we, Southeast Asians in particular,
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특히 λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
06:56
love to self-exoticize ourselves.
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슀슀둜λ₯Ό 이ꡭ적으둜 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것을 μ’‹μ•„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:01
We've turned Southeast Asian identity into a kind of cosplay
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ˜ 정체성을 μΌμ’…μ˜ μ½”μŠ€ν”„λ ˆλ‘œ λ°”κΎΈμ–΄ λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:06
where you can literally go to the supermarket, go to the mall
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말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μŠˆνΌλ§ˆμΌ“μ΄λ‚˜ μ‡Όν•‘λͺ°μ— κ°€μ„œ
07:10
and buy your do-it-yourself exotic Southeast Asian costume kit.
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μ…€ν”„λ‘œν•˜λŠ” 이ꡭ적인 동남아 μ˜μƒ μ„ΈνŠΈλ₯Ό κ΅¬μž…ν•  수 있죠.
07:14
And we parade this identity,
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 정체성을 κ³Όμ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
not asking ourselves how and when
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그리고 이 νŠΉμ • 이미지가 μ–Έμ œ, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λŠ”μ§€
07:19
did this particular image of ourselves emerge.
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μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ 묻지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
They all have a history, too.
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이런 것듀 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” 역사λ₯Ό 가지고 있죠.
07:25
And that's why, increasingly,
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
07:27
as a historian, I find that as I encounter the limits of history,
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μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ 점점 μ—­μ‚¬μ˜ ν•œκ³„μ— λΆ€λ”ͺ히며
07:31
I see that I can't work alone anymore.
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더 이상 혼자 일할 수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
I can't work alone anymore,
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더 이상 ν˜Όμžμ„œλŠ” 일할 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:38
because there's absolutely no point in me doing my archival work,
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μ œκ°€ λ³΄κ΄€μž‘μ—…μ„ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:43
there's no point in me seeking the roots of these ideas,
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이런 μƒκ°μ˜ 근원을 μ°Ύκ³ ,
07:47
tracing the genesis of ideas
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μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μ˜ 기원을 μΆ”μ ν•˜κ³ 
07:49
and then putting it in some journal
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„Έλͺ…μ˜ μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ§Œμ΄ μ½λŠ”
07:51
to be read by maybe three other historians.
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λͺ‡ 편의 저널에 κΈ°κ³ ν•˜λŠ” 것은
07:53
There's absolutely no point.
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μ ˆλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:55
The reason why I think this is important is because our region, Southeast Asia,
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이것이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
08:00
will, I believe, in the years to come,
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ λͺ‡ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„λŠ”
08:03
go through enormous changes, unprecedented changes in our history,
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ λ³€ν™”, 역사상 μ „λ‘€μ—†λŠ” λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ²ͺ게 될 것이라고 λ―ΏκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:08
partly because of globalization,
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λΆ€λΆ„μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 세계화,
08:09
world politics, geopolitical contestations,
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세계 μ •μΉ˜, 지정학적 λ…ΌμŸ,
08:13
the impact of technology,
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기술의 영ν–₯,
08:15
the Fourth Industrial Revolution ...
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4μ°¨ μ‚°μ—…ν˜λͺ… λ“±μ˜ μΈν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:16
Our world as we know it is going to change.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³  있던 세상은 λ³€ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:20
But for us to adapt to this change,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 변화에 μ μ‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
08:23
for us to be ready for that change,
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κ·Έ 변화에 λŒ€λΉ„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
08:25
we need to think out of the box,
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κ³ μ •κ΄€λ…μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
and we can't fall back, we can't fall back, we can't fall back
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그리고 λ’€λ‘œ λ¬ΌλŸ¬μ„€ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:31
on the same set of clichΓ©d, tired, staid old stereotypes.
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μ§„λΆ€ν•˜κ³ , ν”Όκ³€ν•˜κ³ , κ³ λ£¨ν•œ κ³ μ •κ΄€λ…μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„κ°ˆ 순 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μˆ™κ³ ν•΄ λ³Ό ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:38
We need to think out,
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08:39
and that's why historians, we can't work alone now.
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이제 ν˜Όμžμ„œλŠ” 일할 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:42
I, I need to engage with people in psychology,
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심리학과 ν–‰λ™μΉ˜λ£Œν•™μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”
08:47
people in behavioral therapy.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:49
I need to engage with sociologists, anthropologists, political economists.
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μ‚¬νšŒν•™μž, 인λ₯˜ν•™μž, μ •μΉ˜κ²½μ œν•™μžλ“€κ³Ό ꡐλ₯˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
I need above all to engage with people in the arts
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무엇보닀 예술과 미디어에 μ’…μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό μ†Œν†΅ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:56
and the media,
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08:58
because it's there, in that forum,
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포럼과
09:01
outside the confines of the university,
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λŒ€ν•™μ˜ 경계 λ°–μ—μ„œ
09:04
that these debates really need to take place.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 토둠이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 이루어져야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:08
And they need to take place now,
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그리고 그런 일듀은 μ§€κΈˆ λ‹Ήμž₯ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:11
because we need to understand that the way things are today
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ν˜„μž¬μ˜ 상황이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ μ‘ŒλŠ”μ§€ 이해할 ν•„μš”κ°€ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
09:17
are not determined by some fixed,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  상황은 κ³ μ •λœ 였래된 철둜처럼
09:22
iron historical railway track,
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κ²°μ •λ˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
09:24
but rather there are many other histories,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ§Žμ€ 역사와
09:26
many other ideas that were forgotten, marginalized, erased along the line.
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μžŠν˜€μ§€κ³  μ†Œμ™Έλ˜κ³  μ§€μ›Œμ§„ λ§Žμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 생각듀에 μ˜ν•΄ κ²°μ •λœ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
Historians like me, our job is to uncover all this, discover all this,
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저와 같은 μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ“€μ˜ μž„λ¬΄λŠ” 이것듀을 λ°ν˜€λ‚΄κ³  λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:35
but we need to engage this, we need to engage with society as a whole.
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이런 문제λ₯Ό 닀루어야 ν•˜κ³  μ‚¬νšŒ 전체λ₯Ό μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œμΌœμ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:41
So to go back to that time machine example I gave earlier.
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쒀전에 μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•œ νƒ€μž„λ¨Έμ‹ μ˜ 예둜 λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„κ°€λ³΄μ£ .
09:46
Let's say this is a 19th-century colonial subject then,
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19μ„ΈκΈ° 식민지 μ‹œλŒ€κ°€ 주제라고 κ°€μ •ν•΄ 보죠.
09:50
and a person's wondering,
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그리고 μ˜κ΅¬μ‹¬μ΄ μžˆλŠ” ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:51
"Will empire ever come to an end?
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"제ꡭ이 멸망할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
09:53
Will there be an end to all this?
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이 λͺ¨λ“  것이 λλ‚˜κΈ΄ ν• κΉŒ?
09:55
Will we one day be free?"
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μ–Έμ  κ°€ μžμœ λ‘œμ›Œ 질 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?"
09:57
So the person invents a time machine --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ νƒ€μž„λ¨Έμ‹ μ„ 발λͺ…ν•΄
09:59
(Makes beeping noises)
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(삐 μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ‚΄λ‹€)
10:02
goes into the future
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미래둜 κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
and arrives here in postcolonial Southeast Asia today.
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식민지 ν›„ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ— λ„μ°©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:09
And the person looks around,
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그리고 κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ£Όμœ„λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
and the person will see,
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그리고 보게 λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
10:13
well yes, indeed,
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μ •λ§λ‘œ
10:15
the imperial flags are gone,
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제ꡭ의 κΉƒλ°œμ€ μ‚¬λΌμ‘Œκ³ 
10:18
the imperial gunboats are gone, the colonial armies are gone.
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제ꡭ의 포함도 식민지 κ΅°λŒ€λ„ λͺ¨λ‘ μ‚¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:22
There are new flags, new nation-states.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ꡭ기와 λ―Όμ‘±κ΅­κ°€κ°€ 생겼죠.
10:24
There is independence after all.
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κ²°κ΅­ 독립을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:27
But has there been?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλž¬λ‚˜μš”?
10:29
The person then watches the tourist ads
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그리고 λ‚˜μ„œ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ κ΄€κ΄‘μ—¬ν–‰ κ΄‘κ³ μ—μ„œ
10:34
and sees again the banana tree, the coconut tree and the orangutan.
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λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜ λ‚˜λ¬΄, μ½”μ½”λ„› λ‚˜λ¬΄, μ˜€λž‘μš°νƒ„μ„ 보게되죠.
10:39
The person watches on TV
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κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ TVλ₯Ό λ³΄λ©΄μ„œ
10:42
and watches how images of an exotic Southeast Asia
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이ꡭ적인 λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ˜ 이미지가
10:46
are being reproduced again and again by Southeast Asians.
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λ™λ‚¨μ•„μ‹œμ•„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ— μ˜ν•΄ λ°˜λ³΅ν•΄μ„œ μž¬ν˜„λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 보게되죠.
10:50
And the person might then come to the conclusion that, well,
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그리고 κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ κ²°κ΅­ 이런 결둠에 λ‹€λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:53
notwithstanding the fact that
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μ‹λ―Όμ£Όμ˜κ°€ λλ‚¬λ‹€λŠ”
10:59
colonialism is over,
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사싀에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
11:01
we are still in so, so many ways
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 아직도 λ§Žμ€ λ©΄μ—μ„œ
11:06
living in the long shadow of the 19th century.
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19μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ κΈ΄ κ·ΈλŠ˜μ—μ„œ μ‚΄μ•„κ°€κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀 말이죠.
11:11
And this, I think, has become my personal mission.
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그리고 이것은 이제 제 개인적인 사λͺ…이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:16
The reason why I think history is so important
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μ œκ°€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 역사λ₯Ό μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ—°μœ μ™€
11:19
and the reason why I think it's so important for history
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역사가 역사λ₯Ό λ›°μ–΄λ„˜λŠ” 것이
11:21
to go beyond history,
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μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
11:23
because need to reignite this debate about who and what we are,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λˆ„κ΅¬μ΄λ©° 무엇인지에 λŒ€ν•œ λ…ΌμŸμ„ μž¬μ ν™”ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:29
all of us.
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘ 말이죠.
11:30
We talk about, "No, I have my viewpoint, you have your viewpoint."
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"μ•„λ‹ˆμš”, 제 관점이 있고, λ‹Ήμ‹  관점이 μžˆλŠ” κ±°μ£ ."에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν–ˆμ£ .
11:34
Well, that's partly true.
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κΈ€μŽ„μš”, λΆ€λΆ„μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:35
Our viewpoints are never entirely our own individually.
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우리의 관점은 μ˜¨μ „ν•˜κ²Œ 우리 μžμ‹ λ§Œμ˜ 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:39
We're all social beings. We're historical beings.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μ‚¬νšŒμ  μ‘΄μž¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 역사적 μ‘΄μž¬μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•˜κ΅¬μš”.
11:41
You, me, all of us,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„, μ €, 우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ”
11:42
we carry history in us.
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우리 μ•ˆμ— 역사λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:44
It's in the language we use. It's in the fiction we write.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 언어에 μ†Œμ„€μ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:47
It's in the movies we choose to watch.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ„ νƒν•΄μ„œ λ³΄λŠ” μ˜ν™” 속에도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:49
It's in the images that we conjure when we think of who and what we are.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λˆ„κ΅¬μΈμ§€, 무엇인지 생각할 λ•Œ λ– μ˜¬λ¦¬λŠ” 이미지 μ•ˆμ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:52
We are historical beings.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 역사적은 μ‘΄μž¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:54
We carry history with us,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 역사와 ν•¨κ»˜ ν•˜κ³  있고
11:57
and history carries us along.
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역사도 μš°λ¦¬μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ κ°€κ³ μžˆμ£ .
11:59
But while we are determined by history,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 역사에 μ˜ν•΄ κ²°μ •λ˜λ”λΌλ„
12:02
it is my personal belief
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제 개인적인 λ―ΏμŒμ€
12:05
that we need not be trapped by history,
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역사에 κ°‡νž ν•„μš”λ„ μ—†κ³ 
12:08
and we need not be the victims of history.
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μ—­μ‚¬μ˜ ν¬μƒμžκ°€ 될 ν•„μš”λŠ” μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:12
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:13
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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