This deep-sea mystery is changing our understanding of life | Karen Lloyd

1,541,281 views ใƒป 2018-02-28

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hyeri Song ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
I'm an ocean microbiologist at the University of Tennessee,
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์ €๋Š” ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
and I want to tell you guys about some microbes
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
00:19
that are so strange and wonderful
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์•„์ฃผ ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด์—์š”.
00:22
that they're challenging our assumptions about what life is like on Earth.
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋†“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
So I have a question.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
00:27
Please raise your hand if you've ever thought it would be cool
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์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์† ๊นŠ์ˆ™์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:30
to go to the bottom of the ocean in a submarine?
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์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์งˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹  ๋ถ„, ์† ๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
00:34
Yes.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
00:35
Most of you, because the oceans are so cool.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์†์„ ๋“œ์…จ๋„ค์š”. ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋๋‚ด์ฃผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
00:37
Alright, now -- please raise your hand
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
00:40
if the reason you raised your hand to go to the bottom of the ocean
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ „์— ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์†์— ๊ฐ€๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์†์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€
00:44
is because it would get you a little bit closer
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ‘์— ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰์€ ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ง„ํ™์„
00:46
to that exciting mud that's down there.
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹  ๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์„ธ์š”?
00:49
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:50
Nobody.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†๋„ค์š”.
00:51
I'm the only one in this room.
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์ €๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‚˜๋ด์š”.
00:53
Well, I think about this all the time.
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์ €๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด์š”.
00:55
I spend most of my waking hours
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์ž  ์ž๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์™ธ์— ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
00:57
trying to determine how deep we can go into the Earth
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๊นŠ์ˆ™์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€
01:01
and still find something, anything, that's alive,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ๋„ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
01:05
because we still don't know the answer to this very basic question
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‹ต์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
01:08
about life on Earth.
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01:09
So in the 1980s, a scientist named John Parkes, in the UK,
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1980๋…„๋Œ€์— ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ์กด ํŒ์Šค๋„
01:13
was similarly obsessed,
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์ €์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:15
and he came up with a crazy idea.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:17
He believed that there was a vast, deep, and living microbial biosphere
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊นŠ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€
๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์†์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:23
underneath all the world's oceans
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01:25
that extends hundreds of meters into the seafloor,
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ํ•ด์ €์— ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ด์ƒ ํŽผ์ณ์ง„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ผ๋‹ˆ
01:27
which is cool,
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๋๋‚ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด์—์š”.
01:28
but the only problem is that nobody believed him,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”, ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:32
and the reason that nobody believed him
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
01:34
is that ocean sediments may be the most boring place on Earth.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท์†์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:40
There's no sunlight, there's no oxygen,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์†์—๋Š” ํ–‡๋น›๋„, ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋„ ์—†๊ณ 
01:43
and perhaps worst of all,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
01:44
there's no fresh food deliveries for literally millions of years.
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ์Œ์‹ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:49
You don't have to have a PhD in biology
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ผญ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„
01:50
to know that that is a bad place to go looking for life.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ์—” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:53
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:54
But in 2002, [Steven D'Hondt] had convinced enough people
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2002๋…„์— [์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ๋ˆํŠธ]๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“์‹œ์ผฐ์–ด์š”.
01:57
that he was on to something that he actually got an expedition
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์‹œ์ถ”์„ ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด ๋‚ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:01
on this drillship, called the JOIDES Resolution.
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์กฐ์ด๋””์Šค ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒํ—˜๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:05
And he ran it along with Bo Barker Jรธrgensen of Denmark.
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๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ๋ณด ๋ฐ”์ปค ์š”๋ฅด๊ฒ์Šจ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
And so they were finally able to get
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด
02:09
good pristine deep subsurface samples
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์ž์—ฐ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ๊นŠ์€ ํ•ด์ € ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:13
some really without contamination from surface microbes.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:16
This drill ship is capable of drilling thousands of meters underneath the ocean,
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์ด ์‹œ์ถ”์„ ์€ ํ•ด์ € ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์•„๋ž˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๋šซ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:21
and the mud comes up in sequential cores, one after the other --
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์ง„ํ™์€ ๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
long, long cores that look like this.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ธด ๊ด€์ธ๋ฐ์š”, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
This is being carried by scientists such as myself who go on these ships,
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์ €๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹œ์ถ”์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ด€์„ ์˜ฎ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
and we process the cores on the ships and then we send them home
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•œ ๋’ค
02:34
to our home laboratories for further study.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
So when John and his colleagues
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์กด๊ณผ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด
02:38
got these first precious deep-sea pristine samples,
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์‹ฌํ•ด์—์„œ ์ด ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
02:41
they put them under the microscope,
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:43
and they saw images that looked pretty much like this,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ดค์ฃ .
02:47
which is actually taken from a more recent expedition
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์ด๊ฑด ์ข€ ๋” ์ตœ๊ทผ ํƒ์‚ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ œ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • ํ•™์ƒ์ธ
02:50
by my PhD student, Joy Buongiorno.
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์กฐ์ด ๋ณธ์กฐ๋ฅด๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์ง‘ํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
You can see the hazy stuff in the background.
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๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ํ๋ฆฟํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
02:54
That's mud. That's deep-sea ocean mud,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™์ธ๋ฐ์š”, ๊นŠ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท์† ์ง„ํ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
and the bright green dots stained with the green fluorescent dye
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ํ˜•๊ด‘ ๋…น์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ผ์„œ ์–ผ๋ฃฉ๋œ๋ฃฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ
03:01
are real, living microbes.
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์ง„์งœ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
Now I've got to tell you something really tragic about microbes.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ง ์Šฌํ”ˆ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:08
They all look the same under a microscope,
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์•„ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
03:10
I mean, to a first approximation.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋Œ€์ถฉ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
03:11
You can take the most fascinating organisms in the world,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:15
like a microbe that literally breathes uranium,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธํกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜
03:19
and another one that makes rocket fuel,
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๋กœ์ผ“ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด
03:21
mix them up with some ocean mud,
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์ง„ํ™ ์†์— ์„ž์—ฌ์„œ
03:23
put them underneath a microscope,
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:25
and they're just little dots.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
03:27
It's really annoying.
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์ •๋ง ์งœ์ฆ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
03:28
So we can't use their looks to tell them apart.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒ‰๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
03:31
We have to use DNA, like a fingerprint,
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DNA๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:33
to say who is who.
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์ง€๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์›์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
03:35
And I'll teach you guys how to do it right now.
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DNA๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:37
So I made up some data, and I'm going to show you some data that are not real.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ข€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ด์—์š”.
03:41
This is to illustrate what it would look like
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๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ข€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:43
if a bunch of species were not related to each other at all.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”.
03:47
So you can see each species
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ข…์€
03:50
has a list of combinations of A, G, C and T,
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A,G,C,T์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, A,G,C,T๋Š”,
03:55
which are the four sub-units of DNA,
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DNA์˜ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์˜ˆ์š”.
03:56
sort of randomly jumbled, and nothing looks like anything else,
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๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์„ž์—ฌ์„œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์ฃ .
04:00
and these species are totally unrelated to each other.
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์ด ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์ข…๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
04:03
But this is what real DNA looks like,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ DNA์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
from a gene that these species happen to share.
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์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ข…๋“ค์ด ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž์ฃ .
04:08
Everything lines up nearly perfectly.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์–ด์„œ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:11
The chances of getting so many of those vertical columns
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋”ฑ ๋งž๋Š” ์„ธ๋กœ์ค„์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€,
04:14
where every species has a C or every species has a T,
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์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…์ด ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ C ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ T ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์„
04:18
by random chance, are infinitesimal.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์ฃ .
04:21
So we know that all those species had to have had a common ancestor.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ข…๋“ค์ด ๊ณตํ†ต ์กฐ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:26
They're all relatives of each other.
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์ด ์ข…๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ถ€ ์นœ์ฒ™์ธ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
04:28
So now I'll tell you who they are.
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์ด์ œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
04:30
The top two are us and chimpanzees,
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์œ„์ชฝ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
which y'all already knew were related, because, I mean, obviously.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์นœ์ฒ™์ธ ๊ฑด ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ์ฃ . ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ญ, ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ž–์•„์š”.
04:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:38
But we're also related to things that we don't look like,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒ‰๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๊ณผ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:40
like pine trees and Giardia, which is that gastrointestinal disease
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์†Œ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋‚˜ ํŽธ๋ชจ์ถฉ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”. ํŽธ๋ชจ์ถฉ์€ ์œ„์žฅ๋ณ‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ์œผ๋กœ
04:45
you can get if you don't filter your water while you're hiking.
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ํ•˜์ดํ‚น์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉด ๊ฐ์—ผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:48
We're also related to bacteria like E. coli and Clostridium difficile,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ ํด๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋“ ๋””ํ”ผ์‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ท ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ธ๊ท ๊ณผ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:53
which is a horrible, opportunistic pathogen that kills lots of people.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ๊ท ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์ด์ฃ .
04:56
But there's of course good microbes too, like Dehalococcoides ethenogenes,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ฐฉํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋””ํ• ๋กœ์ฝ”์ฝ”์ด์ฆˆ ์—ํ…Œ๋…ธ์ง„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€
05:01
which cleans up our industrial waste for us.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฐ์—… ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฒญ์†Œํ•ด์ค€๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
So if I take these DNA sequences,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๋Ÿฐ DNA๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
05:06
and then I use them, the similarities and differences between them,
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์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
05:09
to make a family tree for all of us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ณ„๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
05:11
so you can see who is closely related,
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์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
05:13
then this is what it looks like.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
So you can see clearly, at a glance,
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ํ•œ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:17
that things like us and Giardia and bunnies and pine trees
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํŽธ๋ชจ์ถฉ๊ณผ ํ† ๋ผ์™€ ์†Œ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘
05:23
are all, like, siblings,
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ํ˜•์ œ์ž๋งค์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ
05:25
and then the bacteria are like our ancient cousins.
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์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋จผ ์นœ์ฒ™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:28
But we're kin to every living thing on Earth.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์นœ์ฒ™์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
So in my job, on a daily basis,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€, ๋งค์ผ ๋งค์ผ
05:34
I get to produce scientific evidence against existential loneliness.
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์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณ ๋…์— ๋งž์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
So when we got these first DNA sequences,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ ํ•ญํ•ด์—์„œ ์ด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ DNA ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„
05:42
from the first cruise, of pristine samples from the deep subsurface,
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์‹ฌํ•ด์ €์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์—์„œ ์–ป์–ด๋ƒˆ์„ ๋•Œ
05:46
we wanted to know where they were.
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์™”๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:48
So the first thing that we discovered is that they were not aliens,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:51
because we could get their DNA to line up with everything else on Earth.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ DNA๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:54
But now check out where they go on our tree of life.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์ง€๋„์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋””์ฏค ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์ฃ .
05:59
The first thing you'll notice is that there's a lot of them.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์•Œ์•„์ฑŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:02
It wasn't just one little species
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์ด ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ƒ์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜
06:04
that managed to live in this horrible place.
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๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜ ์ ์€ ๋‹จ์ผ์ข…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:06
It's kind of a lot of things.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:08
And the second thing that you'll notice,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์•Œ์•„์ฑŒ ์ ์€
06:10
hopefully, is that they're not like anything we've ever seen before.
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์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ด์ „์— ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:15
They are as different from each other
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ƒ๋ฉด
06:17
as they are from anything that we've known before
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์š”.
06:20
as we are from pine trees.
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์†Œ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:22
So John Parkes was completely correct.
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์ฆ‰, ์กด ํŒ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ ์˜ณ์•˜๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:26
He, and we, had discovered a completely new and highly diverse
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๊ทธ์™€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์„ธ์ƒ์„
06:30
microbial ecosystem on Earth
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:32
that no one even knew existed before the 1980s.
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1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์„์š”.
06:37
So now we were on a roll.
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์ด์ œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กœ์› ์–ด์š”.
06:38
The next step was to grow these exotic species in a petri dish
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ ‘์‹œ์— ์ด ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•ด์„œ
06:43
so that we could do real experiments on them
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์‹ค์ œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:45
like microbiologists are supposed to do.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:48
But no matter what we fed them,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ค˜๋„
06:49
they refused to grow.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
06:51
Even now, 15 years and many expeditions later,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋„, ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํƒํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  15๋…„์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:55
no human has ever gotten a single one of these exotic deep subsurface microbes
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์ธ๊ฐ„๋„ ๊นŠ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ์˜จ ์ด ์‹ ๋น„ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ „ํ˜€
07:01
to grow in a petri dish.
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ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ ‘์‹œ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:02
And it's not for lack of trying.
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์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
07:05
That may sound disappointing,
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์‹ค๋ง์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:07
but I actually find it exhilarating,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ถ„๋ผ์š”.
07:08
because it means there are so many tantalizing unknowns to work on.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ์ผ์ด ์•„์ง ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:12
Like, my colleagues and I got what we thought was a really great idea.
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์ €์™€ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ •๋ง ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
07:16
We were going to read their genes like a recipe book,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์š”๋ฆฌ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ฝ์–ด์„œ
07:19
find out what it was they wanted to eat and put it in their petri dishes,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋จน๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ ‘์‹œ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:22
and then they would grow and be happy.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:24
But when we looked at their genes,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋‹ˆ
07:26
it turns out that what they wanted to eat was the food we were already feeding them.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋จน๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์คฌ๋˜ ์Œ์‹๋“ค์ด๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
07:30
So that was a total wash.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์™„์ „ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:32
There was something else that they wanted in their petri dishes
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ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ ‘์‹œ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒŒ ๋˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:35
that we were just not giving them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:38
So by combining measurements from many different places
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
07:41
around the world,
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์ธก์ •๊ฐ’์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ
07:43
my colleagues at the University of Southern California,
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๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ธ
07:46
Doug LaRowe and Jan Amend,
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๋”๊ทธ ๋ผ๋กœ์œ„์™€ ์–€ ์•„๋ฉ˜๋“œ๊ฐ€
07:48
were able to calculate that each one of these deep-sea microbial cells
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์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊นŠ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ์˜จ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€
07:53
requires only one zeptowatt of power,
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์ „๊ธฐ 1์ ญํ† ์™€ํŠธ์”ฉ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:56
and before you get your phones out, a zepto is 10 to the minus 21,
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ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ ๊บผ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์…”๋„ ๋ผ์š”. 1์ ญํ† ๋Š” 10์˜ -21์Šน์ด์—์š”.
08:00
because I know I would want to look that up.
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์ €๋„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:02
Humans, on the other hand,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„์€,
08:04
require about 100 watts of power.
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์•ฝ 100์™€ํŠธ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:06
So 100 watts is basically if you take a pineapple
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100์™€ํŠธ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์ธ์• ํ”Œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์žก์•„์„œ
08:10
and drop it from about waist height to the ground 881,632 times a day.
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ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ ๋†’์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 881,632๋ฒˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:16
If you did that and then linked it up to a turbine,
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ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ณ„์† ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:19
that would create enough power to make me happen for a day.
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์ €๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋™์•ˆ ์›€์ง์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
08:23
A zeptowatt, if you put it in similar terms,
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1์ ญํ† ์™€ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
08:25
is if you take just one grain of salt
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์†Œ๊ธˆ ์•Œ๊ฐฑ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:30
and then you imagine a tiny, tiny, little ball
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๊ณต์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
08:33
that is one thousandth of the mass of that one grain of salt
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์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์†Œ๊ธˆ ์•Œ๊ฐฑ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ 1000๋ถ„์˜ 1๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณต์„์š”.
08:37
and then you drop it one nanometer,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ณต์„ 1๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋งŒํผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ค์š”.
08:40
which is a hundred times smaller than the wavelength of visible light,
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1๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„  ํŒŒ์žฅ๋ณด๋‹ค 100๋ฐฐ ์ž‘์€ ๊ธธ์ด์—์š”.
08:44
once per day.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:46
That's all it takes to make these microbes live.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ˆ์š”.
08:50
That's less energy than we ever thought would be capable of supporting life,
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์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์œ ์ง€์— ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ž‘์€ ์–‘์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
08:56
but somehow, amazingly, beautifully,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์ฐŒ๋๋“ , ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„, ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ฒŒ๋„,
08:59
it's enough.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์–‘์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:01
So if these deep-subsurface microbes
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ๊นŠ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์† ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด
09:03
have a very different relationship with energy than we previously thought,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:06
then it follows that they'll have to have
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
09:08
a different relationship with time as well,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:10
because when you live on such tiny energy gradients,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
09:14
rapid growth is impossible.
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๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
09:15
If these things wanted to colonize our throats and make us sick,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชฉ์— ์นจ์ž…ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด๋„
09:18
they would get muscled out by fast-growing streptococcus
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๊ธ‰์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์‡„์ƒ๊ตฌ๊ท ์—๊ฒŒ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋ง ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:21
before they could even initiate cell division.
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์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ์‹œ์ž‘๋„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:23
So that's why we never find them in our throats.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ชฉ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:27
Perhaps the fact that the deep subsurface is so boring
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊นŠ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์†์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€
09:31
is actually an asset to these microbes.
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ž์‚ฐ์ผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:34
They never get washed out by a storm.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ํญํ’์— ์”ป๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ผ๋„ ์—†๊ณ ,
09:36
They never get overgrown by weeds.
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ํ•ด์ดˆ์— ๋’ค๋ฎ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋„ ์—†์–ด์š”.
09:39
All they have to do is exist.
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์ด๋“ค์ด ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
09:42
Maybe that thing that we were missing in our petri dishes
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์•„๋งˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ ‘์‹œ์—์„œ ๋†“์ณค๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
09:46
was not food at all.
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์Œ์‹์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:48
Maybe it wasn't a chemical.
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ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:50
Maybe the thing that they really want,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:51
the nutrient that they want, is time.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:56
But time is the one thing that I'll never be able to give them.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:59
So even if I have a cell culture that I pass to my PhD students,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘์„ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ ,
10:02
who pass it to their PhD students, and so on,
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๋˜ ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๊ณ„์† ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
10:05
we'd have to do that for thousands of years
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:08
in order to mimic the exact conditions of the deep subsurface,
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๊นŠ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์†๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”์š”.
10:11
all without growing any contaminants.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ค์—ผ์›๋„ ์—†์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
10:13
It's just not possible.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์ด์—์š”.
10:15
But maybe in a way we already have grown them in our petri dishes.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ ‘์‹œ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
10:18
Maybe they looked at all that food we offered them and said,
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์•„๋งˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค€ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
10:21
"Thanks, I'm going to speed up so much
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"๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ์š”. ์ € ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ์„œ"
10:23
that I'm going to make a new cell next century.
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"๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ •๋„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”."
10:25
Ugh.
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์–ดํœด
10:26
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:28
So why is it that the rest of biology moves so fast?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์›€์ง์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
10:33
Why does a cell die after a day
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์™œ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ฉด ์ฃฝ๊ณ 
10:35
and a human dies after only a hundred years?
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฐฑ ๋…„์ด๋ฉด ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
10:37
These seem like really arbitrarily short limits
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๊ธฐ์ค€์—†์ด ์งง์€ ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฐ™์•„ ๋ณด์ด์ž–์•„์š”.
10:40
when you think about the total amount of time in the universe.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด์š”.
10:43
But these are not arbitrary limits.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑด ์ œ๋ฉ‹๋Œ€๋กœ์ธ ๊ธฐํ•œ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
10:45
They're dictated by one simple thing,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋‹นํ•˜์ฃ .
10:48
and that thing is the Sun.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํƒœ์–‘์ด์—์š”.
10:51
Once life figured out how to harness the energy of the Sun
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์ผ๋‹จ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒœ์–‘์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์„ ๋•Œ
10:54
through photosynthesis,
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10:55
we all had to speed up and get on day and night cycles.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ ๋‚ฎ๊ณผ ๋ฐค์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์†์— ์‚ด์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:58
In that way, the Sun gave us both a reason to be fast
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํƒœ์–‘์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์™€
11:02
and the fuel to do it.
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์„œ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์คฌ์–ด์š”.
11:03
You can view most of life on Earth like a circulatory system,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณ„๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
11:06
and the Sun is our beating heart.
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ํƒœ์–‘์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋›ฐ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ์ด์ฃ .
11:09
But the deep subsurface is like a circulatory system
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊นŠ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์† ํ•ด์ €์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณ„๋Š”
11:11
that's completely disconnected from the Sun.
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
11:14
It's instead being driven by long, slow geological rhythms.
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๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์•„์ฃผ ๊ธธ๊ณ  ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์ง€์งˆํ•™ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ฃ .
11:19
There's currently no theoretical limit on the lifespan of one single cell.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์—๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
11:26
As long as there is at least a tiny energy gradient to exploit,
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:30
theoretically, a single cell could live
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์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
11:32
for hundreds of thousands of years or more,
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:34
simply by replacing broken parts over time.
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๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ณ„์† ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
11:38
To ask a microbe that lives like that to grow in our petri dishes
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์ ‘์‹œ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:42
is to ask them to adapt to our frenetic, Sun-centric, fast way of living,
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์ •์‹ ์—†๊ณ  ํƒœ์–‘ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ธ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
11:47
and maybe they've got better things to do than that.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ข‹์€ ํ•  ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
11:50
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:51
Imagine if we could figure out how they managed to do this.
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๊ทธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
11:55
What if it involves some cool, ultra-stable compounds
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์„œ
11:58
that we could use to increase the shelf life
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ฒด์˜ํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์  ์‘์šฉ์˜
12:01
in biomedical or industrial applications?
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์œ ํ†ต๊ธฐํ•œ์„ ์—ฐ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
12:03
Or maybe if we figure out the mechanism that they use
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ํ˜น์€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด
12:06
to grow so extraordinarily slowly,
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๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:09
we could mimic it in cancer cells and slow runaway cell division.
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์•”์„ธํฌ์— ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์—ด์ด ๋Š๋ ค์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:13
I don't know.
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์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
12:15
I mean, honestly, that is all speculation,
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์ œ ๋ง์€, ์†”์งํžˆ ์ „๋ถ€ ์ถ”์ธก์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:18
but the only thing I know for certain
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”
12:20
is that there are a hundred billion billion billlion
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ์–ต์— ๋˜ ์‹ญ์–ต์— ๋˜ ์‹ญ์–ต๋งŒํผ์˜
12:24
living microbial cells
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด
12:26
underlying all the world's oceans.
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์–‘ ์•„๋ž˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:29
That's 200 times more than the total biomass of humans on this planet.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค 200๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜์˜ˆ์š”.
12:33
And those microbes have a fundamentally different relationship
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๋งบ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š”
12:37
with time and energy than we do.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์š”.
12:39
What seems like a day to them
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๊ฐ€
12:42
might be a thousand years to us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒœ ๋…„์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
12:45
They don't care about the Sun,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํƒœ์–‘์„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
12:47
and they don't care about growing fast,
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๋น ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์—๋„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
12:49
and they probably don't give a damn about my petri dishes ...
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์•„๋งˆ ์ œ ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์ ‘์‹œ์—๋„ ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์—†์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:52
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:53
but if we can continue to find creative ways to study them,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ„์† ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:57
then maybe we'll finally figure out what life, all of life, is like on Earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
13:04
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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